@phdthesis{Kunz2015,
  author    = {Katrin Kunz},
  title     = {Sexual selection in sexually dimorphic dwarf spiders},
  journal    = {Sexuelle Selektion bei sexualdimorphen Zwergspinnen},
  url       = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-002310-0},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Dwarf spiders (Linyphiidae, Erigoninae) are especially suitable for sexual selection research as many of them exhibit sexual dimorphism, with males possessing modified prosomata. In those species that have been investigated in detail the modified structures are equipped with a glandular tissue that produces secretions, which the females contact and take up during courtship/copulation. The time of secretion release, and refilling of the reservoirs was analysed on an ultrastructural level in male Oedothorax retusus. The results suggest that the main function of the secretions is gustatorial courtship and not the emission of volatile pheromones for mate attraction. Mating decisions and reproductive success are influenced by secondary sexual traits that evolved under sexual selection. However, an individual´s nutritional status is also important for mate choice. Since spiders are regularly exposed to limited prey availability, adult feeding status can be considered an important component of spider mating behaviour. In order to test for the effects of dietary restriction, females of the closely related species O. retusus and O. apicatus were subject to a short period of food shortage. The effects of low- (LD) vs. high-diet (HD) treatment on courtship, mating probability and behaviour, and reproduction were analysed. We found that short phases of diet restriction as adults have a high impact on copulation and reproduction in the two dwarf spider species. Whenever females mate with more than one male, and sperm is stored prior to fertilization, males may suffer from sperm competition. Mating plugs that block the female genital openings after mating are a male strategy to avoid sperm competition. Although mating plugs occur in many species, their function and origin has hardly been investigated. O. retusus males transfer amorphous material onto the female genitalia during mating. We investigated the location of plug production using x-ray microtomography (μCT) as well as light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, we asked whether males are limited in the production of the amorphous plug material in successive matings. The plug material is produced in a gland inside the male pedipalp and stored close to the blind end of the sperm storage compartment. The size of the first plug a male produced significantly influenced the size of subsequent plugs. Obviously, males do not possess unlimited amounts of plug material in a certain period, which may severely limit their ability to secure paternity through subsequent mating plugs. Even though mating plugs seem to be an obvious means to secure paternity, their potential in securing paternity depends on their mechanical efficacy and persistence. Consequently, the influence of the size of the plug material (mating duration as a proxy) and the age of the mating plug (time interval between successive copulations) on its efficacy was investigated. Small and fresh plugs were least effective, whereas large plugs were highly effective. We were able to show that mating plugs in O. retusus are a powerful mechanical safeguard whose efficacy varies with plug size and age. Genitalia in animals with internal fertilization are complex, species-specific, and underlie rapid evolution. In spiders, male and female genitalia are paired, and have to interact during mating, which results in an even higher complexity. Pedipalps (transformed pair of legs) in male spiders are used as secondary sperm transfer organs that are not directly connected to the gonads. Due to the high complexity of male pedipalps, it has been taken for granted that pedipalps are side specific and cannot be used flexibly into either female copulatory opening. We investigated potential flexible pedipalp use in O. retusus. Our findings demonstrate a flexible insertion mode in a dwarf spider with complex pedipalps but relatively simple female genitalia. Our findings corroborate sexual selection as the selective regime for the evolution of complex and diverse genitalia. The results of this thesis show how complex sexual selection acts in the dwarf spiders O. retusus and O. apicatus. It shapes the evolution of male and female genitalia, affects mate choice (pre- and postcopulatory), mating behaviour, and influences mating success and reproduction. All these factors and traits affect an individual´s evolutionary fitness, and their interactions help to understand how sexual selection acts.},
  language  = {en}
}