@phdthesis{Schipf2014,
  author    = {Sabine Schipf},
  title     = {Regional disparities in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in Germany: Results from DIAB CORE},
  journal    = {Regionale Unterschiede in der Pr{\"a}valenz und Inzidenz des Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus und assoziierte Risikofaktoren in Deutschland: Ergebnisse aus DIAB-CORE},
  url       = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-002059-3},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most challenging health problems for the next decades. The impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on health care systems is largely driven by the increasing prevalence, the management of the disease and subsequent comorbidities, even in people with prediabetes or undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. An early detection of high risk groups is necessary to identify and modify risk factors such as obesity, physical inactivity or cigarette smoking which showed regional disparities in their distribution within a country. This leads to the assumption that there might be regional disparities regarding the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus as well. For Germany as for other countries, comparable data on possible regional disparities in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus are missing. The aim of the present dissertation is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on regional level within Germany, and to estimate the smoking prevalence as a modifiable risk factor in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus using data from the Diabetes Collaborative Research of Epidemiologic Studies consortium (DIAB CORE) within the Competence Net Diabetes in Germany. Well comparable data of five regional studies and one nationwide reference study are included: the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP); the Cardiovascular Disease, Living and Ageing in Halle Study (CARLA); the Dortmund Health Study (DHS); the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNR); the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg Study (KORA); and the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 (GNHIES 98). First, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was estimated. Data from five regional population-based studies and one nationwide study conducted between 1997 and 2006 with participants aged 45 to 74 years were analyzed. Type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence estimates based on self-reports (standardized to the German population for the regional studies, reference date 2007/12/31) were compared. Of 11,688 participants of the regional studies, 1,008 had a known type 2 diabetes mellitus, corresponding to a prevalence of 8.6\% (95\% confidence interval [CI] 8.1\% 9.1\%). The standardized prevalence was highest in the East with 12.0\% (95\% CI 10.3\% 13.7\%) and lowest in the South of Germany with 5.8\% (95\% CI 4.9\% 6.7\%).Second, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was estimated. Data from participants (baseline age 45 to 74 years) from five regional population-based studies were included. The incidence rates per 1,000 person-years (95\% CI) and the cumulative incidence (95\% CI) from regional studies were directly standardized to the German population (reference date 2007/12/31) and weighted by inverse probability weights for losses to follow-up. Of 8,787 participants, 521 (5.9\%) developed type 2 diabetes mellitus corresponding to an incidence rate of 11.8 per 1,000 person-years (95\% CI 10.8 12.9). The incidence of known type 2 diabetes mellitus showed regional disparities within Germany. The incidence was highest in the East and lowest in the South of Germany with 16.9 (95\% CI 13.3 21.8) vs. 9.0 (95\% CI 7.4 11.1) per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Third, the smoking prevalence in participants aged 20 to 79 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the regional SHIP and the nationwide GNHIES 98 was estimated. Prevalence estimates of cigarette smoking were calculated using weights reflecting the European adult population (reference date 2005/12/31). The overall prevalence of current smoking was lower among participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus than among participants without type 2 diabetes mellitus (17.3\% vs. 38.0\% in SHIP and 24.7\% vs. 32.1\% in GNHIES 98). In both studies, the prevalence of current smoking was highest in men aged 20 to 39 years, in particular among men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To conclude, considerable disparities in prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus indicate the need for interventions on the regional level within Germany. Former smoking was more prevalent among both men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison to current and non-smoking. This finding probably reflects behavioural changes secondary to the disease onset and medical counselling. The finding that men aged 20 to 39 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus were more often current smokers than men without type 2 diabetes mellitus underpins the importance of smoking as one of the main modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus.},
  language  = {en}
}