@phdthesis{Nuebel2018,
  author    = {Claudia N{\"u}bel},
  title     = {The development of biosensors based on functional nucleic acids},
  journal    = {Entwicklung von Biosensoren auf Basis funktioneller Nukleins{\"a}uren},
  url       = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:9-002977-4},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The overarching goal of this work was to develop a biosensor based on functional nucleic acids. The biosensor should be modular, such that by exchange of the recognition unit, tailored biosensors could be created, allowing detecting a variety of analytes on demand. In the context of the cooperation with a company, initially, TNFalpha was chosen as an analyte. In a previous work, it was tried to build a modular aptazyme for TNFalpha that was based on four aptamers that were developed by SELEX. Here, these aptamers were investigated more closely by different methods (SPR, QCM). In the present work, it was proven beyond doubt that this attempt was not feasible. The aptamers were not able to bind the biologically active form of TNFalpha. An even more interesting finding was that a common tool to immobilize molecules to investigate their interactions with a binding partner, namely the streptavidin-biotin interaction, can strongly influence the result of the assay and causing false-positive results. Afterwards, it was decided to continue the work with a DNAzyme and modular approach was strictly refrained. It was tried to build aptazymes for TNFa or creatinine by in vitro selection, which failed. Most likely, the crucial factors were the ligands itself and the high demand on in vitro selection to select two functionalities (aptamer and catalytic activity) in parallel. This was the reason, to develop a new and a different method with streptavidin as a model analyte. The new strategy was to combine in vitro selection and rational design. The 17E-DNAzyme was chosen as catalytically active module. In preparation of the in vitro selection work, its properties were analyzed. An oligo-based inhibitor of the 17E-DNAzyme was rationally designed and its functionality was experimentally evaluated. Then, a library was designed which contained the 17E-DNAzyme, a randomized domain, and the inhibitor and its functionality was experimentally proven. The in vitro selection for the aptamer and the catalytic function were separated in two steps where the substrate strand was introduced in the second step. The knowledge about in vitro selection procedures, which was gained in the first trials with TNFalpha and creatinine was applied and could be substantially broadened. The crucial factors for the success of this process were identified. Most important steps are the amplification steps between the rounds and the in vitro selection pressure. The template concentration in the PCR has to be very low; the selection pressure has to be high. However, in fact, the exact quantity of \"low\" and \"high\" is difficult to determine exactly, it has to be individually evaluated for every amplification step, and this makes in vitro selection a method that requires a lot of experimental skills, optimization procedures, and experience. An EMSA was established and performed to qualitatively prove the affinity of the library for streptavidin in the first step of the in vitro selection method. For the second step, the in vitro selection of the catalytic function, considerable effort was done, but the in vitro selection did not succeed. Using the Biacore, the dissociation constant of the pool, which was applied in the second step of in vitro selection, was determined to be KD = 38 nM. This is very low, and by sequencing the pool it was found that the sequence variability was too low. The sequences share a cramp-like stem-loop structure, which hold the DNAzyme in an inactive conformation. This work presents valuable results for the development of biosensors based on nucleic acids, applying in vitro selection and rational design. Aptamers for streptavidin were selected. The library, which was used for this in vitro selection was structurally constrained. This obviously, represented an exceptionally good starting point for the in vitro selection. In this work, a lot of information about the development of in vitro selection systems was gained. Important work was done on establishing a click chemistry-based immobilization strategy. This work is going to fundamentally facilitate a new in vitro selection approach based on this immobilization strategy.},
  language  = {en}
}