Fatemeh Baghbani Abootaleb

• This study investigates a closed-loop supply chain network design and planning problem, integrating environmental goals and resilience strategies using a novel columnwise robust optimization approach combined with fuzzy and stochastic programming methods. The closed-loop supply chain network encompasses all processes and activities, including supply, production, recycling, and transportation, emphasizing environmentally friendly criteria at both the customer and supply chain levels. The research presents a quantifiable green scale value using the customer greenness tendency index and the supply chain greenness level to optimize environmental objectives while minimizing the overall costs within the supply chain network. The study adopts five resilience strategies to mitigate supply and production disruptions: backup supplier contracting, raw material prepositioning, and multiple sourcing for supply disruptions. Final product prepositioning and backup production facility strategies are utilized for production-related disruptions. To address disruption and uncertainties, robust optimization approaches are used through a hybrid robust-fuzzy-stochastic programming method, incorporating two-stage scenario-based stochastic programming, fuzzy chance-constrained programming, and a novel robust columnwise uncertainty approach. The robust column-wise approach shifts from the constraint-wise perspectives to a columnwise approach, addressing budget uncertainty independently for each constraint. The augmented epsilon constraint method is used as a solution approach for the bi-objective mathematical model, with implementation examples solved using the GAMS solver. Practical applications of this approach demonstrate its effectiveness in improving supply chain robustness and adaptability through parameter-tuning exercises and scenario analyses. This research contributes to green supply chain management by addressing gaps such as customer behavior, supply chain greenness performance, energy resource modes, hybrid formulations for uncertainties, resilience strategies, and demand uncertainty management. These insights guide supply chain practitioners toward more environmentally responsible and resilient practices, emphasizing the importance of incorporating customer preferences and highlighting the economic implications of prioritizing customer satisfaction.