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Background and aims
Prevention measures for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have shifted their focus from lipoproteins to the immune system. However, low-grade inflammation and dyslipidemia are tightly entangled. The objective of this study was to assess the relations between a broad panel of inflammatory biomarkers and lipoprotein subclass parameters.
Methods
We utilized data from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND, n = 403). Plasma concentrations of 37 inflammatory markers were measured by a bead-based assay. Furthermore, we employed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure total cholesterol, total triglycerides, total phospholipids as well as the fractional concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, ApoA1, ApoA2 and ApoB in all major lipoprotein subclasses. Associations between inflammatory biomarkers and lipoprotein subclasses were analyzed by adjusted linear regression models.
Results
APRIL, BAFF, TWEAK, sCD30, Pentraxin-3, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, Osteocalcin, Chitinase 3-like 1, IFN-alpha2, IFN-gamma, IL-11, IL-12p40, IL-29, IL-32, IL-35, TSLP, MMP1 and MMP2 were related with lipoprotein subclass components, forming two distinct clusters. APRIL had inverse relations to HDL-C (total and subclasses) and HDL Apo-A1 and Apo-A2 content. MMP-2 was inversely related to VLDL-C (total and subclasses), IDL-C as well as LDL5/6-C and VLDL-TG, IDL-TG, total triglycerides as well as LDL5/5-TG and HDL4-TG. Additionally, we identified a cluster of cytokines linked to the Th1-immune response, which were associated with an atherogenic lipoprotein profile.
Conclusion
Our findings expand the existing knowledge of inflammation-lipoprotein interactions, many of which are suggested to be involved in the pathogeneses of chronic non-communicable diseases. The results of our study support the use of immunomodulatory substances for the treatment and possibly prevention of CVD.
Background and objectives
Various cross-sectional studies have observed an association between high circulating concentrations of the adipokine chemerin and an unfavorable metabolic profile. However, the prognostic value of chemerin for the risk of associated diseases and mortality was examined only in a few studies mostly using small and highly selected patient populations. We aimed to analyze the association between plasma chemerin concentrations and all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality in the general population.
Study design and methods
From the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), participants of two independent cohorts (SHIP-START-1 [n = 3037], SHIP-TREND-0 [n = 4193]) were followed up for 15 and 9 years (median), respectively. The association between plasma chemerin and all-cause mortality was analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models. Additionally, cause-specific hazards for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality were modeled considering competing events.
Results
A total number of 507 and 208 deaths occurred during follow-up in SHIP-START-1 and SHIP-TREND-0, respectively. Multivariable regression analyses revealed a significant association between high plasma chemerin concentrations and greater overall mortality that was independent of major confounders. Each 30 ng/mL increase in chemerin was associated with a 17% higher risk of all-cause mortality (95%-confidence interval: 1.10–1.26). Cause-specific analyses further showed that the chemerin concentration was significantly associated with cancer mortality but not with CVD mortality.
Conclusion
The present study detected a positive association between plasma chemerin concentrations and all-cause mortality in a large population-based study sample. Cause-specific analyses have shown that chemerin is likely to play a decisive role in cancer-related deaths. However, a direct association with cardiovascular mortality could not be established.
Abstract
Study Objective
Long‐term intake of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) might increase the risk of cardiovascular events. One suggested mechanism is that PPIs inhibit the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and thereby block the degradation of endothelial asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA). Excess ADMA in turn leads to impaired endothelial nitric oxide (NO) generation. So far, this mechanism has only been established in human cell cultures. Previous studies that examined this pathway in human populations measured circulating ADMA and found no association with PPI use and excess plasma ADMA. But in a recent study, plasma ADMA was not correlated with intracellular ADMA. We therefore focused on changes in plasma citrulline as an indicator for potential DDAH inhibition.
Design
We analyzed the association between regular daily PPI intake and flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery as well as plasma concentrations of citrulline, arginine, ADMA, and symmetric dimethylarginine using inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding and censoring.
Data Source
Data of 1298 participants from two independent cohorts of the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania were used.
Participants
Participants of the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania are a stratified random sample of the study region.
Exposure
Regular daily intake of PPIs.
Measurements
FMD of the brachial artery and plasma concentrations of citrulline, arginine, ADMA, and symmetric dimethylarginine.
Main Results
Eighty‐seven participants (57.5% female) were regular daily users of PPIs. In the fully adjusted models, associations were identified for FMD and plasma citrulline concentrations. PPI users revealed a 0.99% (95% CI: −1.96 to −0.02) lower FMD and 3.03 µmol/L (95% CI: −4.96 to −1.10) lower plasma citrulline levels as compared to non‐users.
Conclusion
Our data provide evidence that long‐term intake of PPIs might inhibit human DDAH activity, resulting in impaired endothelial NO production and reduced vascular function. In the long run, this might explain an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases associated with long‐term PPI use.
The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a population-based study from a rural state in northeastern Germany with a relatively poor life expectancy, supplemented its comprehensive examination program in 2008 with whole-body MR imaging at 1.5 T (SHIP-MR). We reviewed more than 100 publications that used the SHIP-MR data and analyzed which sequences already produced fruitful scientific outputs and which manuscripts have been referenced frequently. Upon reviewing the publications about imaging sequences, those that used T1-weighted structured imaging of the brain and a gradient-echo sequence for R2* mapping obtained the highest scientific output; regarding specific body parts examined, most scientific publications focused on MR sequences involving the brain and the (upper) abdomen. We conclude that population-based MR imaging in cohort studies should define more precise goals when allocating imaging time. In addition, quality control measures might include recording the number and impact of published work, preferably on a bi-annual basis and starting 2 years after initiation of the study. Structured teaching courses may enhance the desired output in areas that appear underrepresented.
Context: 3,5-Diiodo-<smlcap>L</smlcap>-thyronine (3,5-T<sub>2</sub>) is a thyroid hormone metabolite which exhibited versatile effects in rodent models, including the prevention of insulin resistance or hepatic steatosis typically forced by a high-fat diet. With respect to euthyroid humans, we recently observed a putative link between serum 3,5-T<sub>2</sub> and glucose but not lipid metabolism. Objective: The aim of the present study was to widely screen the urine metabolome for associations with serum 3,5-T<sub>2</sub> concentrations in healthy individuals. Study Design and Methods: Urine metabolites of 715 euthyroid participants of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND) were analyzed by <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectroscopy. Multinomial logistic and multivariate linear regression models were used to detect associations between urine metabolites and serum 3,5-T<sub>2</sub> concentrations. Results: Serum 3,5-T<sub>2</sub> concentrations were positively associated with urinary levels of trigonelline, pyroglutamate, acetone and hippurate. In detail, the odds for intermediate or suppressed serum 3,5-T<sub>2</sub> concentrations doubled owing to a 1-standard deviation (SD) decrease in urine trigonelline levels, or increased by 29-50% in relation to a 1-SD decrease in urine pyroglutamate, acetone and hippurate levels. Conclusion: Our findings in humans confirmed the metabolic effects of circulating 3,5-T<sub>2</sub> on glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and enhanced drug metabolism as postulated before based on interventional pharmacological studies in rodents. Of note, 3,5-T<sub>2</sub> exhibited a unique urinary metabolic profile distinct from previously published results for the classical thyroid hormones.
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide and is caused by multifactorial interactions between host and oral bacteria. Altered cellular metabolism of host and microbes releases a number of intermediary end products known as metabolites. There is an increasing interest in identifying metabolites from oral fluids such as saliva to widen the understanding of the complex pathogenesis of periodontitis. It is believed that some metabolites might serve as indicators toward early detection and screening of periodontitis and perhaps even for monitoring its prognosis in the future. Because contemporary periodontal screening methods are deficient, there is an urgent need for novel approaches in periodontal screening procedures. To this end, we associated oral parameters (clinical attachment level, periodontal probing depth, supragingival plaque, supragingival calculus, number of missing teeth, and removable denture) with a large set of salivary metabolites (n = 284) obtained by mass spectrometry among a subsample (n = 909) of nondiabetic participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-Trend-0). Linear regression analyses were performed in age-stratified groups and adjusted for potential confounders. A multifaceted image of associated metabolites (n = 107) was revealed with considerable differences according to age groups. In the young (20 to 39 y) and middle-aged (40 to 59 y) groups, metabolites were predominantly associated with periodontal variables, whereas among the older subjects (≥60 y), tooth loss was strongly associated with metabolite levels. Metabolites associated with periodontal variables were clearly linked to tissue destruction, host defense mechanisms, and bacterial metabolism. Across all age groups, the bacterial metabolite phenylacetate was significantly associated with periodontal variables. Our results revealed alterations of the salivary metabolome in association with age and oral health status. Among our comprehensive panel of metabolites, periodontitis was significantly associated with the bacterial metabolite phenylacetate, a promising substance for further biomarker research.
Das Immunsystem hat die Aufgabe körperfremde von körpereigenen Strukturen zu unterscheiden. Es gewährt dem Organismus die spezifische Abwehr gegenüber krankheitsauslösenden Strukturen (Bakterien, Viren, Gifte). In seiner Komplexität führen Fehlfunktionen des Immunsystems zu verschiedenen Erkrankungen. Richtet sich die Immunantwort gegen körpereigene Strukturen und versagt die Unterscheidung zwischen Eigen und Fremd, so spricht man von Autoimmunerkrankungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der Epidemiologie von (1) Allergien und (2) Autoimmunerkrankungen der Schilddrüse (AIT). (1) Parodontitis und Allergien HINTERGRUND: Parodontitis ist eine unter Erwachsenen weit verbreitete lokale, orale Infektion, die systemische Auswirkungen hat. In der Ätiologie von Allergien wird seit den 80iger Jahren die sogenannte Hygiene-Hypothese diskutiert. Diese besagt, dass Infektionen im Kindesalter präventiv auf die Entstehung von Allergien wirken. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen Parodontitis und allergischen Erkrankungen (Heuschnupfen, Hausstauballergie und Asthma) in der Allgemeinbevölkerung Vorpommerns und einem Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 Patientenkollektiv untersucht. METHODEN: Für die erste Analyse wurden Daten von 2837 Männern und Frauen im Alter zwischen 20 und 59 Jahren aus der bevölkerungsrepräsentativen „Study of Health in Pomerania“ (SHIP) herangezogen. Das Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 Patientenkollektiv beinhaltete 170 Patienten im Alter zwischen 17 und 80 Jahren. Der Attachmentverlust (AV) wurde gemessen und das Ausmaß der Parodontitis mittels des Prozentsatzes an Fläche mit einem AV über 3mm erfasst (gesunder Parodontalstatus, geringer AV, moderater AV, schwerwiegender AV). ERGEBNISSE: In SHIP berichteten 326 Personen Heuschnupfen, 111 Personen eine Hausstauballergie und 114 Personen waren von Asthma betroffen. In dem untersuchten Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 Patientenkollektiv litten 22 Patienten an mindestens einer der drei allergischen Erkrankungen. In SHIP wurde nach Kontrolle für ausgewählte Konfounder ein inverser Zusammenhang zwischen dem Schweregrad der Parodontitis und dem Vorhandensein von Heuschnupfen sowie Hausstauballergie gefunden. Mit steigendem AV nahm die Wahrscheinlichkeit für Heuschnupfen (ptrend<0,05) und Hausstauballergie (ptrend<0,05) ab. Hinsichtlich Asthma zeigte sich kein signifikanter Trend (ptrend=0,11), jedoch konnte auch hier mit steigendem AV eine gleichzeitige Abnahme der Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten von Asthma beobachtet werden. Die Analysen im Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 Patientenkollektiv bestätigten diese Ergebnisse. Auch hier nahm die Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten einer Allergie mit zunehmenden AV ab. FAZIT: Sowohl in der Allgemeinbevölkerung Vorpommerns als auch in Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 Patienten wurde eine inverse Assoziation zwischen dem Parodontalstatus und allergischen Erkrankungen dargelegt. Diese Ergebnisse befürworten die Hygiene-Hypothese. (2) Anzahl an Schwangerschaften und AIT HINTERGRUND: Frauen sind häufiger von AIT betroffen als Männer. Darüber hinaus ist bekannt, dass das Risiko für einen AIT während der Schwangerschaft und in der Post-Partum-Periode steigt. Das Ziel der Analysen war es, die Assoziation zwischen der Anzahl an Schwangerschaften und AIT zu untersuchen. METHODEN: Daten von 2837 Frauen im Alter zwischen 20 und 79 Jahren aus der bevölkerungsrepräsentativen „Study of Health in Pomerania“ (SHIP) wurden analysiert. Serum Anti-Thyreoperoxidase-Antikörper (anti-TPO) und Thyrotropin Titer wurden bestimmt. Weiterhin wurde eine Schilddrüsensonographie durchgeführt. Eine AIT lag beim gleichzeitigen Vorliegen eines echoarmen Schilddrüsenmusters und eines positiven anti-TPO Titers (>200 IU/ml) vor. ERGEBNISSE: Multivariable Zusammenhangsanalysen zeigten, dass die Chance für eine AIT (OR 4,7 [95%-KI 1,4-15,6], p<0,05) bei Frauen mit mindestens einer Schwangerschaft im Vergleich zu Frauen, die niemals schwanger waren, erhöht war. Ähnliche Ergebnisse zeigten sich auch für ein echoarmes Schilddrüsenmuster (OR 1,7 [95%-KI 1,0-2,8], p<0,05) und positive anti-TPO Werte (OR 1,9 [95%-KI 1,0-3,3], p<0,05). FAZIT: In der untersuchten Studienpopulation stieg das Risiko für eine AIT mit dem Durchleben der ersten Schwangerschaft an.