Poliklinik für Kieferorthopädie, Präventive Zahnmedizin und Kinderzahnheilkunde
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Up to now, indices like the mean dmft/DMFT and the SiC (Significant Caries Index) have been used to depict caries experience in populations with high prevalence. With the caries decline, particularly for populations with low caries levels, these indices reach their statistical limits. This paper aims to introduce a specific term, the Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) for the risk groups in populations with low caries prevalence and to illustrate its use based on the consecutive German National Oral Health Survey (GNOHS) in children. In groups with a caries prevalence less than one-third of the population, many caries-free children (DMFT = 0) are included in the SiC (risk group), which calls for a new way of illustration. Mean caries experience (DMFT), caries prevalence, the SiC and SaC were portrayed for 12-year-olds in the GNOHS from 1994/95 to 2016. The SaC describes the mean caries experience (DMFT) in the group presenting caries experience (DMFT > 0). In 12-year-old 6th graders in Germany, the mean caries experience decreased from 2.4 (1994/95) to 0.4 DMFT (2016), with a recent prevalence of 21.2% (DMFT > 0, 2016). In 2016, the mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT > 0 (SaC) was 2.1, while the SiC including 12% DMFT-free children in the risk group was 1.3. The SiC fails to reflect the caries severity in children in a population with low caries prevalence. Therefore, the newly introduced term Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) may be used to describe accurately caries experience in caries risk children in populations presenting low caries prevalence.
Prediction models learn patterns from available data (training) and are then validated on new data (testing). Prediction modeling is increasingly common in dental research. We aimed to evaluate how different model development and validation steps affect the predictive performance of tooth loss prediction models of patients with periodontitis. Two independent cohorts (627 patients, 11,651 teeth) were followed over a mean ± SD 18.2 ± 5.6 y (Kiel cohort) and 6.6 ± 2.9 y (Greifswald cohort). Tooth loss and 10 patient- and tooth-level predictors were recorded. The impact of different model development and validation steps was evaluated: 1) model complexity (logistic regression, recursive partitioning, random forest, extreme gradient boosting), 2) sample size (full data set or 10%, 25%, or 75% of cases dropped at random), 3) prediction periods (maximum 10, 15, or 20 y or uncensored), and 4) validation schemes (internal or external by centers/time). Tooth loss was generally a rare event (880 teeth were lost). All models showed limited sensitivity but high specificity. Patients’ age and tooth loss at baseline as well as probing pocket depths showed high variable importance. More complex models (random forest, extreme gradient boosting) had no consistent advantages over simpler ones (logistic regression, recursive partitioning). Internal validation (in sample) overestimated the predictive power (area under the curve up to 0.90), while external validation (out of sample) found lower areas under the curve (range 0.62 to 0.82). Reducing the sample size decreased the predictive power, particularly for more complex models. Censoring the prediction period had only limited impact. When the model was trained in one period and tested in another, model outcomes were similar to the base case, indicating temporal validation as a valid option. No model showed higher accuracy than the no-information rate. In conclusion, none of the developed models would be useful in a clinical setting, despite high accuracy. During modeling, rigorous development and external validation should be applied and reported accordingly.
A 2-day workshop of ORCA and the IADR Cariology Research Group was organized to discuss and reach consensus on definitions of the most commonly used terms in cariology. The aims were to identify and to select the most commonly used terms of dental caries and dental caries management and to define them based on current concepts. Terms related to definition, diagnosis, risk assessment, and monitoring of dental caries were included. The Delphi process was used to establish terms to be considered using the nominal group method favored by consensus. Of 222 terms originally suggested by six cariologists from different countries, a total of 59 terms were reviewed after removing duplicates and unnecessary words. Sixteen experts in cariology took part in the process of reaching consensus about the definitions of the selected caries terms. Decisions were made following thorough “round table” discussions of each term and confirmed by secret electronic voting. Full agreement (100%) was reached on 17 terms, while the definitions of 6 terms were below the agreed 80% threshold of consensus. The suggested terminology is recommended for use in research, in public health, as well as in clinical practice.
A 2-day workshop of ORCA and the IADR Cariology Research Group was organized to discuss and reach consensus on definitions of the most commonly used terms in cariology. The aims were to identify and to select the most commonly used terms of dental caries and dental caries management and to define them based on current concepts. Terms related to definition, diagnosis, risk assessment, and monitoring of dental caries were included. The Delphi process was used to establish terms to be considered using the nominal group method favored by consensus. Of 222 terms originally suggested by six cariologists from different countries, a total of 59 terms were reviewed after removing duplicates and unnecessary words. Sixteen experts in cariology took part in the process of reaching consensus about the definitions of the selected caries terms. Decisions were made following thorough “round table” discussions of each term and confirmed by secret electronic voting. Full agreement (100%) was reached on 17 terms, while the definitions of 6 terms were below the agreed 80% threshold of consensus. The suggested terminology is recommended for use in research, in public health, as well as in clinical practice.
40-Year Longitudinal Caries Development in German Adolescents in the Light of New Caries Measures
(2019)
This study assessed the 40-year longitudinal caries development in German adolescents in the light of the sixth National Oral Health Survey in Children (NOHSC, 2016) employing initial DMFT (IDMFT), Significant Caries Index (SiC) and Specific Affected Caries Index (SaC). On the basis of the current NOHSC (randomized cluster selection using school list or regional community school surveys, 55,956 12-year-old sixth-graders examined by 482 calibrated community/study dentists) DMFT, SiC, a novel IDMFT including initial lesions (IT) and the recently introduced SaC were calculated and also recalculated for national and international surveys from the last 4 decades. In 2016, 78.8% of children were caries-free (DMFT = 0), 65.5% including IT lesions. The mean DMFT was 0.44 (single components: DT = 0.14, MT = 0.02, FT = 0.29, IT = 0.52) showing a clear association with the school type as marker for the socio-economic status. The mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT >0 was 2.07 (SaC) in comparison to almost 9 teeth in the 1970s. The current care index on the tooth level was 66.3%, leaving only 7.7% of children with restorative treatment needs. Longitudinally, a continuous caries decline of more than 80%, including the risk groups (SiC/SaC), to an internationally extremely low level was observed. In conclusion, the National Oral Health Surveys reveal a continuous caries decline to a very low caries level in 12-year-old 6th-graders in Germany even if IT lesions are included (IDMFT). In spite of proportional reductions in the risk groups (SiC/SaC), the polarized caries distribution according to socio-economic parameters reveals the need for targeted preventive programmes.
Long-term nationally representative caries data in the primary dentition are rare, but nonetheless central to assess needs in caries prevention and treatment. This study evaluated the prevalence and trends of caries levels in the primary dentition of 6- to 7-year-olds in Germany as a whole and its federal states individually. In 2016, employing a randomized cluster selection, 6- to 7-year-old first graders were included in the National German Oral Health Survey performed regularly since 1994/95. Children were examined by 482 calibrated dentists in all 17 German regions using the WHO criteria for the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) including the assessment of initial carious lesions (it). In total, 151,555 6- to 7-year-olds were examined. Caries prevalence in the primary dentition dropped from 65% in 1994 to 44% in 2016, while the mean caries experience dropped from 2.89 to 1.73 dmft (dt = 0.74, mt = 0.19, ft = 0.80). When initial lesions were included, the mean caries experience increased to idmft = 2.12 (it = 0.38). In 2016, 49.7% of the examined 6- to 7-year-olds were caries-free including initial lesions. The Care Index at the tooth level was 57.5%, and the Significant Caries Index was 4.84 dmft. Depending on the German region, the mean dmft varied considerably, ranging from 1.37 to 2.31. In conclusion, despite the overall caries decline in 6- to 7-year-olds in Germany, only minor caries reductions were observed over the last decade, with a still existing high proportion of untreated dental decay. This calls for more effective preventive and restorative efforts with focus on the primary dentition in Germany.
Up to now, indices like the mean dmft/DMFT and the SiC (Significant Caries Index) have been used to depict caries experience in populations with high prevalence. With the caries decline, particularly for populations with low caries levels, these indices reach their statistical limits. This paper aims to introduce a specific term, the Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) for the risk groups in populations with low caries prevalence and to illustrate its use based on the consecutive German National Oral Health Survey (GNOHS) in children. In groups with a caries prevalence less than one-third of the population, many caries-free children (DMFT = 0) are included in the SiC (risk group), which calls for a new way of illustration. Mean caries experience (DMFT), caries prevalence, the SiC and SaC were portrayed for 12-year-olds in the GNOHS from 1994/95 to 2016. The SaC describes the mean caries experience (DMFT) in the group presenting caries experience (DMFT > 0). In 12-year-old 6th graders in Germany, the mean caries experience decreased from 2.4 (1994/95) to 0.4 DMFT (2016), with a recent prevalence of 21.2% (DMFT > 0, 2016). In 2016, the mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT > 0 (SaC) was 2.1, while the SiC including 12% DMFT-free children in the risk group was 1.3. The SiC fails to reflect the caries severity in children in a population with low caries prevalence. Therefore, the newly introduced term Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) may be used to describe accurately caries experience in caries risk children in populations presenting low caries prevalence.
Das Anliegen dieser Studie war es, die mögliche Interaktion zwischen Okulomotorik und orofacialem System zu untersuchen.Der Einfluss der dentalen Okklusion auf das muskuloskelettale System wurde durch viele Publikationen eingehend untersucht. Wir stellten uns die Frage nach Auswirkungen der Okklusion und Kaumuskelaktivität auf die äußeren Augenmuskeln.
Zunächst konnte durch die Literaturrecherche ein intensiver Austausch zwischen diesen funktionell und anatomisch eng verknüpften Kompartimenten dargestellt werden. Die durchgeführten optometrischen Tests zeigten signifikante Änderungen während der Messungen mit Bissmanipulation durch Zinnfolien im Vergleich zu denen ohne Intervention. Es wurde der Konvergenznahpunkt und die Fusionsbreite in der Horizontalen bei 100 Probanden bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse legen eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Augenbewegung und Kaumuskulatur nahe. Für weiterführende Studien wäre eine interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit mit Optometristen empfehlenswert.
Ziel:
Aussagen zur Scherhaftfestigkeit und Torsionsstabilität 3D-gedruckter Polymethacrylat-Brackets mit makroretentiver bzw. mikroretentiver Basis im Vergleich zu konventionell
hergestellten Kunststoff-Brackets.
Material und Methode:
Die mit der Software FreeCad 0,16 (freecadweb.org) konstruierten
Brackets (Standard Edgewise-Bracket mit 22 inch Slotgröße, Torque 0°, und Tip 0°) wurden im DLP-Verfahren aus einem medizinisch zugelassenen Polymethacrylat (SHERAprint ortho Plus, SHERA, Lemförde) 3D-gedruckt.
Die Nachhärtung erfolgte in zwei Zyklen unter Stickstoff Schutzatmosphäre (1,5bar, je 3000 Blitze, 10/sec, 200 Watt, 280 bis 580nm) (Otoflash G171, NK Optik, Baierbrunn) nach einer
Reinigung im Ultraschallbad (2 x 2min, 90% Ethanol).
Zur Untersuchung der Scherhaftfestigkeit wurden bei 40 dieser Brackets Retentionsrillen in die Basis konstruiert (Makroretention). Weitere 40 Brackets erhielten eine glatte Bracketbasis, die 3 Sekunden lang mit Aluminiumoxidkristallen sandgestrahlt wurde (Mikroretention). Als Kontrollgruppe dienten konventionelle Kunststoffbrackets vergleichbarer Größe (Brilliant, Forestadent, Pforzheim). Die Brackets aller drei Versuchsgruppen wurden im Standard-etch- Verfahren mit lichtpolymerisierendem Adhäsiv auf bovinen Zahnprüfkörpern befestigt und einem Thermocycling unterzogen (1000 Zyklen, je 30sec, 5/55°C). Die Ermittlung der Scherhaftfestigkeit erfolgte gemäß DIN 13990-246 in einer Universalprüfmaschine (Zwick BZ050/TH3A, Zwick Roell, Ulm). Zur statistischen Auswertung wurden eine einfaktorielle Varianzanalyse (ANOVA), der t-Test und der Mann-Whitney-Test durchgeführt. Zur Durchführung der Torsionsstabilitätversuche wurden die bereits in den Scherversuchen verwendeten Bracketgrundkörper um einen Lastarm erweitert. Eine in die Universalprüfmaschine eingespannte Haltekonstruktion diente der Fixierung eines senkrecht zur Druckrichtung ausgerichteten geraden Stangendrahts (Querschnitt von 0,019 inch x 0,025 inch), an dem der Bracketanteil der Prüfkörper mit einer kieferorthopädischen Stahlligatur befestigt wurde. Die Torque- und Tipbewegung entstand durch Kraftapplikation des Druckscherbügels auf den Lastarm des Prüfkörpers.
Ergebnisse:
3D-gedruckte Brackets mit makroretentiver Basis zeigten eine Scherhaftfestigkeit von 3,89 ± 1,0663MPa. Bei 3D-gedruckten Brackets mit mikroretentiver Basis wurde eine signifikant geringere Scherhaftfestigkeit von 3,09 ± 1,0454MPa ermittelt.
Die Kontrollgruppe mit konventionell hergestellten Kunststoffbrackets zeigte eine vergleichbare Scherhaftfestigkeit von 3,84 ± 0,995MPa. Die in der Literatur beschriebene minimale Scherhaftfestigkeit von 6MPa wurde von keiner der Versuchsgruppen erreicht. Die Torsionsstabilität 3D-gedruckter Bracket zeigte beim maximalen Torque einen Mittelwert von 51,10 ± 9,40Nmm, das mittlere maximale Tipdrehmoment betrug 32,42 ± 5,43Nmm.
Schlussfolgerungen:
Die Scherhaftfestigkeitswerte 3D-gedruckte Brackets mit Makroretention ähneln denen von konventionell hergestellten Kunststoffbrackets. Um den klinischen Anforderungen besser gerecht zu werden, bedarf es hier allerdings noch einer Steigerung. Die Bruchfestigkeit 3D-gedruckter Brackets in Bezug auf die Torsionsbelastung, sowohl unter Torque- als auch unter Tipbewegung, scheint für den klinischen Gebrauch hingegen angemessen zu sein. In-office verwendbare 3D-Drucker könnten zukünftig für die Herstellung individualisierter Multibracket-Apparaturen genutzt werden.
Kieferorthopädische Behandlungen mit individell gefertigten aktiven Elementen führen zu besseren Behandlungsergebnissen in kürzerer Behandlungszeit bei gleichzeitig geringeren Nebenwirkungen. Mit CAD-Programmen und FE-Simulationen werden individuelle kieferorthopädische Elemente entworfen, die schnell und kostengünstig durch die RapidPrototyping-Technologie und speziell den 3D-Druck produziert werden können. Diese Studie zeigt dabei, dass es möglich ist, Objekte z. B. in Form von Federn und Bögen mit vorberechneter Kraftentfaltung zu planen und zu drucken. Die Druckparameter und die Parameter der gewählten Simulation sind entscheidend für die Qualität und die Eigenschaften des gedruckten Objektes. In dieser Studie wurden zwei verschiedene Versuchsaufbauten entwickelt, welche die Kraftentfaltung der Elemente mit einem Gelsensor bzw. mit einer Wägezelle gemessen hat. Es wurden Versuchsobjekte im Design eines Expansionsbogens aus den Materialien PLA und PETG sowie Zugfedern/Elastikketten aus den Materialen TPU und Filaflex mit 3D-Druckern produziert.
Es wurde festgestellt, das Gelsensoren infolge fehlender Konstanz zur Messung von Kräften in der Zahnmedizin ungeeignet sind, während sich Wägezellen als geeignet erwiesen haben. Geplante/simulierte Kraftentwicklungen korrelierten mit r=0,995 bzw r=0,998 nach Pearson signifikant zu den Kraftentwicklungen von gedruckten Expansionsbögen aus den Materialien PLA und PETG. Weiterhin wurde für elastische Ketten/Federn aus TPU eine signifikante Korrelation mit r=0,980 von simulierter zu gemessener Kraft nachgewiesen. Das Material TPU war geeignet zur individuellen Produktion von elastischen Zugfedern als Ergänzung zu konventionellen elastischen Ketten, deren Kräfte nicht exakt planbar sind. Die Experimente zeigten, dass Langzeitbelastung und Aufbewahrung in Wasser zu geringen Kraftverlusten der TPU-Federn führten. Es wurde das Potential der Rapid-Prototyping-Technologie kombiniert mit FE-Simulationen veranschaulicht. Die ständige Weiterentwicklung dieser Technologie ermöglicht schnell und kostengünstig individuelle Behandlungselemente zu produzieren bei geringerer Nebenwirkungsrate, so dass diese Technik in der Kieferorthopädie zunehmend wichtig wird.