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Vielfältig lässt sich die Bedeutung von Vorstrafen zeigen; jenseits ihrer gesellschaftlichen Wirkungen beschäftigen sie Straf-, Arbeits- und Zivilgerichte. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, welche Implikationen die Registrierung einer Verurteilung hat. Dabei soll aus strafrechtlicher wie auch aus grundrechtlicher Perspektive belegt werden, dass der Staat als Autor der Verurteilung alle ihre Folgen bedenken und bestimmten Konsequenzen gegebenenfalls entgegenwirken muss. Zur Einstimmung sollen fünf Fallskizzen Schlaglichter auf den Problemkreis werfen:
Kriminalgeschichten aus dem europäischen Norden, die unter dem Label Nordic Noir laufen, haben nun schon seit geraumer Zeit Hochkonjunktur, sei es in
visueller oder gedruckter Form. Somit widmete sich das Literaturwissenschaftliche Kolloquium des Nordischen Klangs im vergangenen Jahr auch einmal diesem Thema, und zwar aus einer überwiegend flmanalytischen Perspektive und
mit Fokus auf bekannte Fernsehserien aus Skandinavien und Island. Das Motto des Kolloquiums lautete jedoch nicht einfach „Nordic Noir“, sondern „Nordic
Schwarz/Weiß“. Warum diese spezielle Teilformulierung? Um diese zu erläutern,
muss ich zunächst beim Ausgangsbegrif ansetzen:
AbstractThis paper takes concepts from spatial theory and globalization discourse and uses them in order to analyze the narrative function of descriptions of nature in romantic Icelandic poetry from the beginning of the 19th century and an Icelandic TV-Series from 2015. In Iceland’s romantic poetry of the early 19th century, especially in poems written by Bjarni Thorarensen, sublime nature is described as a form of guardian against foreign influences that threaten the way of living on the peripheral island. This romantic concept of Icelandic nature is closely connected to narrative patterns in the process of the Icelandic Nation-Building, as it characterizes Icelanders as simultaneously defined and protected by the harsh conditions on the island. The paper takes a comparative look at the underlying narrative concepts of nature in two of Bjarni Thorarensen’s poems and a recent Icelandic TV series, Baltasar Kormákur’s Ófærð (2015), that presents a different concept of Icelandic nature in its relation to a (threatening) global influence. The series depicts a globalized world in which crime does not only affect remote communities as an evil from the outside but as a local evil connected to forces on global scale. Nature as a narrative device in the TV series thus does not protect Icelanders from global forces, as it did in Bjarni Thorarensens poems in the early 19th century, but instead functions a catalyst that reveals the evil from the outside and the evil from within.
Determination of the Pathological Features of NPC1 Variants in a Cellular Complementation Test
(2019)
Niemann-Pick Type C (NP-C) is a rare disorder of lipid metabolism caused by mutations
within the NPC1 and NPC2 genes. NP-C is a neurovisceral disease leading to a heterogeneous,
multisystemic spectrum of symptoms in those affected. Until now, there is no investigative tool to
demonstrate the significance of single variants within the NPC genes. Hence, the aim of the study
was to establish a test that allows for an objective assessment of the pathological potential of NPC1
gene variants. Chinese hamster ovary cells defective in the NPC1 gene accumulate cholesterol in
lysosomal storage organelles. The cells were transfected with NPC1-GFP plasmid vectors carrying
distinct sequence variants. Filipin staining was used to test for complementation of the phenotype.
The known variant p.Ile1061Thr showed a significantly impaired cholesterol clearance after 12 and
24 h compared to the wild type. Among the investigated variants, p.Ser954Leu and p.Glu1273Lys
showed decelerated cholesterol clearance as well. The remaining variants p.Gln60His, p.Val494Met,
and p.Ile787Val showed a cholesterol clearance indistinguishable from wild type. Further, p.Ile1061Thr
acquired an enhanced clearance ability upon 25-hydroxycholesterol treatment. We conclude that the
variants that caused an abnormal clearance phenotype are highly likely to be of clinical relevance.
Moreover, we present a system that can be utilized to screen for new drugs.
GPR68 (OGR1) belongs to the proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors that are involved
in cellular adaptations to pH changes during tumour development. Although expression of GPR68
has been described in many tumour cell lines, little is known about its presence in human tumour
entities. We characterised the novel rabbit monoclonal anti-human GPR68 antibody 16H23L16
using various cell lines and tissue specimens. The antibody was then applied to a large series of
formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal and neoplastic human tissue samples. Antibody specificity
was demonstrated in a Western blot analysis of GPR68-expressing cells using specific siRNAs.
Immunocytochemical experiments revealed pH-dependent changes in subcellular localisation of the
receptor and internalisation after stimulation with lorazepam. In normal tissue, GPR68 was present in
glucagon-producing islet cells, neuroendocrine cells of the intestinal tract, gastric glands, granulocytes,
macrophages, muscle layers of arteries and arterioles, and capillaries. GPR68 was also expressed
in neuroendocrine tumours, where it may be a positive prognostic factor, in pheochromocytomas,
cervical adenocarcinomas, and endometrial cancer, as well as in paragangliomas, medullary thyroid
carcinomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Often, tumour
capillaries were also strongly GPR68-positive. The novel antibody 16H23L16 will be a valuable tool for
basic research and for identifying GPR68-expressing tumours during histopathological examinations.
Renal drug transporters such as the organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic anion
transporters (OATs) and multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) play an important role in the tubular
secretion of many drugs influencing their efficacy and safety. However, only little is known about
the distinct protein abundance of these transporters in human kidneys, and about the impact of
age and gender as potential factors of inter-subject variability in their expression and function.
The aim of this study was to determine the protein abundance of MDR1, MRP1-4, BCRP, OAT1-3,
OCT2-3, MATE1, PEPT1/2, and ORCTL2 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based
targeted proteomics in a set of 36 human cortex kidney samples (20 males, 16 females; median age
53 and 55 years, respectively). OAT1 and 3, OCT2 and ORCTL2 were found to be most abundant
renal SLC transporters while MDR1, MRP1 and MRP4 were the dominating ABC transporters.
Only the expression levels of MDR1 and ORCTL2 were significantly higher abundant in older donors.
Moreover, we found several significant correlations between different transporters, which may
indicate their functional interplay in renal vectorial transport processes. Our data may contribute to
a better understanding of the molecular processes determining renal excretion of drugs.
Salivary glands provide secretory functions, including secretion of xenobiotics and among
them drugs. However, there is no published information about protein abundance of drug transporters
measured using reliable protein quantification methods. Therefore, mRNA expression and absolute
protein content of clinically relevant ABC (n = 6) and SLC (n = 15) family member transporters in the
human parotid gland, using the qRT-PCR and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
(LC−MS/MS) method, were studied. The abundance of nearly all measured proteins ranged between
0.04 and 0.45 pmol/mg (OCT3 > MRP1 > PEPT2 > MRP4 > MATE1 > BCRP). mRNAs of ABCB1,
ABCC2, ABCC3, SLC10A1, SLC10A2, SLC22A1, SLC22A5, SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A8, SLCO1A2,
SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3 and SLCO2B1 were not detected. The present study provides, for the first time,
information about the protein abundance of membrane transporters in the human parotid gland,
which could further be used to define salivary bidirectional transport (absorption and secretion)
mechanisms of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics.
Determining the effect of a changing climate on tree growth will ultimately depend on our understanding of wood formation processes and how they can be affected by environmental conditions. In this context, monitoring intra-annual radial growth with high temporal resolution through point dendrometers has often been used. Another widespread approach is the microcoring method to follow xylem and phloem formation at the cellular level. Although both register the same biological process (secondary growth), given the limitations of each method, each delivers specific insights that can be combined to obtain a better picture of the process as a whole. To explore the potential of visualizing combined dendrometer and histological monitoring data and scrutinize intra-annual growth data on both dimensions (dendrometer → continuous; microcoring → discrete), we developed DevX (Dendrometer vs. Xylogenesis), a visualization application using the “Shiny” package in the R programming language. The interactive visualization allows the display of dendrometer curves and the overlay of commonly used growth model fits (Gompertz and Weibull) as well as the calculation of wood phenology estimates based on these fits (growth onset, growth cessation, and duration). Furthermore, the growth curves have interactive points to show the corresponding histological section, where the amount and development stage of the tissues at that particular time point can be observed. This allows to see the agreement of dendrometer derived phenology and the development status at the cellular level, and by this help disentangle shrinkage and swelling due to water uptake from actual radial growth. We present a case study with monitoring data for Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica L., and Quercus robur L. trees growing in a mixed stand in northeastern Germany. The presented application is an example of the innovative and easy to access use of programming languages as basis for data visualization, and can be further used as a learning tool in the topic of wood formation and its ecology. Combining continuous dendrometer data with the discrete information from histological-sections provides a tool to identify active periods of wood formation from dendrometer series (calibrate) and explore monitoring datasets.
Formation of singly and doubly charged Arq+ and Tiq+ (q = 1,2) and of molecular Ar 2 +, ArTi+, and Ti 2 + ions in a direct current magnetron sputtering discharge with a Ti cathode and argon as working gas was investigated with the help of energy-resolved mass spectrometry. Measured ion energy distributions consist of low-energy and high-energy components resembling different formation processes. Intensities of Ar 2 + and ArTi+ dimer ions strongly increase with increasing gas pressure. Addition of oxygen gas leads to the formation of positively charged O+, O2 +, and TiO+ and of negatively charged O− and O2 - ions.
Abstract
We propose a setup enabling electron energy loss spectroscopy to determine the density of the electrons accumulated by an electropositive dielectric in contact with a plasma. It is based on a two-layer structure inserted into a recess of the wall. Consisting of a plasma-facing film made out of the dielectric of interest and a substrate layer, the structure is designed to confine the plasma-induced surplus electrons to the region of the film. The charge fluctuations they give rise to can then be read out from the backside of the substrate by near specular electron reflection. To obtain in this scattering geometry a strong charge-sensitive reflection maximum due to the surplus electrons, the film has to be most probably pre-n-doped and sufficiently thin with the mechanical stability maintained by the substrate. Taking electronegative CaO as a substrate layer we demonstrate the feasibility of the proposal by calculating the loss spectra for Al2O3, SiO2, and ZnO films. In all three cases we find a reflection maximum strongly shifting with the density of the surplus electrons and suggest to use it for charge diagnostics.