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Global change is one of the major challenges our society faces in recent times and is becoming increasingly noticeable in all aspects of our lives. In the last ten years, reports about droughts in Europe increased, contrary to expected natural climate variations and are attributed as indicators of climate change. Droughts resulted in a severe decrease in water levels of lakes, rivers and reservoirs, posing socio-economic and environmental challenges. Climate scenarios by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) project increasing temperatures, more frequent, longer and/or more intense heat waves and warm spells, and an increase in aridity with short-term droughts in the upcoming decades for Western and Central Europe. Some areas – such as Northeast Germany – are already affected by negative water balances and the lowering of lake and groundwater levels. Additionally to possible challenges in water availability, excess nutrients and heavy metals from industrial emissions, agricultural fertilisers and land use changes lead to declining water quality. In the past century, extensive eutrophication and environmental pollution have become major water quality issues in many freshwater bodies.
Nonetheless, water and its availability in a sufficient quantity and quality are prerequisites for life and must be prioritised in future development. The European Union aims for a good status in all surface and groundwater bodies by 2027 regarding their ecological, chemical and quantitative status. However, a profound understanding of eutrophication, pollution sources, and water bodies' reference conditions – referring to pre-anthropogenic conditions – should be available for each system to apply integrated restoration strategies. Moreover, an in-depth understanding of long-term climate variability and its dynamics is indispensable to approach these climate change challenges and reliably predict water availability.
During the past decades, numerous paleoenvironmental studies have been carried out on Northern German sediment archives, using mainly lacustrine sediments to reconstruct hydroclimatic variability, often inferring lake-level variations as key indicators. However, most studies were carried out in areas affected by more maritime or continental climate. Studies from the transition zone are rare. Only few existing studies offer high-resolution records and/or robust chronologies, which limits the understanding of past environmental changes significantly. Besides, the Northern German lowlands have been anthropogenically affected since at least the Neolithic (~5.6 ka cal BP) and, in particular, forest composition and density have recently been shown to have at least partially an impact on lake-level variations. However, a reliable distinction between climatic impacts and anthropogenic interferences is widely missing, which is a problem because many studies were conducted on rather small lacustrine systems in which expected anthropogenic signals are higher, and single events may overprint the climatic signals. These biases lead to an incoherent picture of the past hydroclimatic variability in Northern Germany during the Holocene. To overcome this situation, it is inevitable to identify a suitable sedimentary archive from the transition zone – preferably a large lacustrine system in which natural (supra-)regional paleoenvironmental signals are expected to be not overprinted by single events. Moreover, it is necessary to establish robust chronologies and apply high-resolution methods to infer past environmental changes in a high temporal resolution. Taken together, this could contribute to an enhanced understanding of past environmental and climatic changes in Northern Germany.
This thesis consolidates the evidence for Schweriner See to act as a suitable sedimentary archive in Northern Germany for (supra-)regional climate reconstructions. Schweriner See is a large lowland lake in Northern Germany located within the transition zone from maritime to continental climate. In the first step, (paleo)lacustrine landforms, i.e. beach ridges, subaerial nearshore bar, and a silting-up sequence, are investigated along the north-eastern shoreline using a combined approach of sedimentology (e.g. grain size variations) and the relatively novel method of luminescence profiling offering relative age determinations to understand depositional processes and their chronological framework. Absolute age information is mainly inferred by OSL dating. Secondly, an important prerequisite to interpreting information obtained from lacustrine sediment archives is a thorough understanding of processes controlling sedimentation. Schweriner See is characterized by a complex morphometry, which influences in-lake processes, i.e. i) in-lake productivity, ii) carbonate precipitation and iii) wind- and wave-induced processes, resulting in a distinct spatial heterogeneity. This thesis shows that it is crucial first to understand sedimentary depositional processes and controlling mechanisms to i) select suitable coring location(s) and ii) reconstruct paleoenvironmental and hydroclimatic variations reliably.
Based on bathymetric considerations and inferred in-lake processes, two main coring locations were identified to infer i) the anthropogenic impacts and ii) hydroclimatic variations. Short sediment records from the shallow water areas (< 15 m water depth) cover the most recent environmental history of Schweriner See. A well-dated sedimentary record (210Pb/137Cs and 14C dating) links distinct sedimentary and geochemical changes with historical events. Schweriner See was extensively affected by lake-wide eutrophication and contamination, closely related to sewage and population dynamics within the catchment. The water quality only improved after the German Reunification in 1990 CE when sewage was precluded from Schweriner See. Contamination trends at Schweriner See showed similar trends to different archives along the southern Baltic Sea, implying a common regional driving mechanism, e.g. environmental legalisation.
A well-dated sediment record from the profundal zone (52 m water depth) allowed the reconstruction of large-scale atmospheric conditions during the past 3 ka cal BP by inferring winter temperature variability, the moisture source region and/or evaporative lake water enrichment, which resemble variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO greatly influences the Central European climate, affecting, for example, surface air temperature, precipitation or storm tracks. During 3-2.8 ka and 2.1-0.8 ka cal BP, predominantly positive NAO conditions are reconstructed, which are characterized by warmer winter temperatures, moisture conditions bringing isotopically enriched precipitation from the southern/central North Atlantic to Northern Central Europe and/or warmer temperatures that may result in a higher evaporative isotopic lake water enrichment as a result of northwards displaced westerlies. Conversely, during 2.8-2.1 ka and 0.8-0.1 ka cal BP, results correspond to predominantly negative NAO phases influenced by southwards displaced westerlies. Frequent atmospheric blocking allows for the intrusion of northerly or easterly winds, resulting in colder winter temperatures, isotopically depleted precipitation from the Northern Atlantic and Arctic region and/or a lower evaporative lake water enrichment. In addition to these long-term changes in atmospheric conditions, short-term hydroclimatic variations have been reconstructed, mainly reflecting lake-level variations in conjunction with precipitation variability, with the proxy signal being additionally amplified by wind speed and wave motion. Comparisons with other archives support these results.
So far, the paleoenvironmental reconstruction is limited to the Late Holocene, but initial dating results imply possible interferences until the Late Pleistocene. Therefore, future studies should focus on extending the profundal record from Schweriner See further back in time, providing a high-resolution record covering both the Holocene and possibly the Late Pleistocene.
Im Mitteldevon wurde im heutigen Gebiet von Rügen-Hiddensee und der östlich angrenzenden Ostsee eine über 1500 m mächtige Abfolge kontinentaler und rand- bis flachmariner Sedimente abgelagert, die durch 10 Bohrungen einer Untersuchung zugänglich geworden sind. Unterdevon fehlt; die Abfolge lagert mit großer Lücke und diskordant kaledonisch deformierten ordovizischen Schichten auf. Sie geht kontinuierlich in Oberdevon über. Geröll-, Lithoklasten und Quarzkorn-Analysen belegen die Herkunft der Sedimente von einem sedimentär-metamorphen Liefergebiet - den Mitteleuropäischen Kaledoniden im SW bis W des devonischen Rügen-Beckens. Geochemische und petrographische Ergebnisse unterstreichen ihre Ablagerung im Übergang eines aufgearbeiteten Orogens zu einem Kontinentalgebiet im Vorfeld der kaledonischen Hochlage. Faziesanalysen führen zu dem Schluss, dass Sedimentfazies und -zyklizität durch eine materialliefernde Hochlage im SW, variierende Subsidenz, klimatische Variationen (saisonale bis episodische Niederschläge, Austrocknung) sowie durch Transgressionen aus einem marinen Gebiet im SE bestimmt waren. So ergeben sich zwei große Faziesbereiche: (1) terrigene Red-Beds mit Molasse-Charakter – die Old Red-Fazies (ORF) im eigentlichen Sinn; (2) eine rand- bis flachmarine Fazies – die so bezeichnete Litoral-Marine Fazies (LMF). Zwischen beiden existieren Verzahnungen und Übergänge mit transgressivem bzw. regressivem Charakter. Aufgrund einer generellen „Absenkung“ veränderte sich Sedimentationsraum von einer vorwiegend kontinentalen Ebene im tieferen Mitteldevon über einen sandigen Flachschelf am Ende des Mitteldevons zu einem Karbonatschelf im Oberdevon. Diese Entwicklung korreliert gut mit den Phasen des globalen Meeresspiegelanstiegs in diesem Zeitraum. Die sedimentologischen, petrographischen, geochemischen und mineralogischen Analysen erlauben eine detaillierte Rekonstruktion der Ablagerungsmilieus. Das Material der terrigenen Red Beds (ORF) wurde durch ephemere Ströme und Schichtfluten auf eine weite flache Alluvialebene gebracht und auf ephemeren Überschwemmungsebenen sowie distal auf terrigenen Mud Flats und in ephemeren Tümpeln abgelagert. Dabei unterlagen die oberflächennahen Sedimente saisonaler Austrocknung und Evaporation (Bildung von Trockenriss-Feldern, Calcretes, teils Spuren von Gips/Anhydrit). Demgegenüber bezeugen lokal verbreitet auftretende grüne und graue Horizonte mit gehäuften Pflanzenresten und Sporen zeitweilig wasserbedeckte Gebiete und Bedingungen erhöhter Humidität und bevorzugten Pflanzenwuchses (Küstenniederungen). Zahlreiche marine Einschübe, die den SE-Teil des Arbeitsgebietes bereits im Eifel erreichten, und mit der Zeit im zunehmenden Maße auch den Westteil beeinflussten, signalisieren die marginale Lage des Rügen-Beckens zu einem sich im SE anschließenden marinen Ablagerungsraum. Sie führten zu einer zunehmenden Marinität der mitteldevonischen Abfolgen und zur Bildung des zweiten Faziesbereiches (LMF) aus tidal-lagunären und litoralen bis flachmarinen Sedimenten. Phasenweise ansteigende fluviatile Transportkraft führte zur Schüttung gröberer, vorrangig sandiger, seltener konglomeratischer Sedimente und zur Kompensation der Beckensubsidenz, was sich in Abfolgen progradierender Küstenlinien und deltaischen Küstenvorbaus widerspiegelt. Des weiteren führt die intraformationelle Aufarbeitung der Sedimente zur Bildung zahlreicher Intraklasten-Horizonten. Die Klimaproxies signalisieren semiaride Bedingungen in Übereinstimmung mit der paläogeographischen Lage Vorpommerns und Balticas im Devon im südlichen Trockengürtel bis äquatorialen Feuchtgürtel. Mittels der Faziesverteilung, der Sediment- und base level-Zyklizität und der Milieuentwicklung ist es möglich, ein zeitlich-räumliches Faziesmodell zu konstruieren mit Rückschlüssen auf die generelle Entwicklung des vorpommerschen Mitteldevons. Paläogeographisch existieren enge Verbindungen zu den polnischen Devonvorkommen; vorrangig zur Koszalin-Chojnice-Zone (NW-Polen), darüber hinaus in SE’ Fortsetzung vermutlich bis zur Radom-Lublin-Region und dem Heilig-Kreuz-Gebirge. Sie sind an den Südrand des Old Red-Kontinents einzuordnen und wurden in einem perikratonalen, sich nach SE vertiefenden Becken entlang dessen Peripherie abgelagert. Variierende Subsidenz und Mobilität kaledonischer Grundgebirgsblöcke modifiziert die Faziesmuster in diesem Becken. Während die Sedimentation in Südpolen bereits im Unterdevon begann bzw. sich teils kontinuierlich an das Silur anschließt, wurde der vorpommersche Ablagerungsraum erst ab der Wende Ems/Eifel in das Sedimentationsgeschehen einbezogen. So bildete die Rügen-Senke den nordwestlichsten Ausläufer des polnischen Perikratonalraumes. Ihre ursprüngliche Ausbreitung nach Südwesten, Nordwesten und Nordosten ist aufgrund post-devonischer Denudation nicht rekonstruierbar, jedoch wahrscheinlich begrenzt durch das Fennoskandische Hoch im N und einer materialliefernden kaledonischen Grundgebirgshochlage im SW.
A large portion of the earth's surface is covered with various vegetation classes (i.e. grassland, wetland and agricultural area, forest) of many diverse species and canopy configurations. The ability to assess and to monitor canopy parameters, such as biomass, leaf area index, and vegetation water content, is of vital importance to the study of different agronomic processes. Remote sensing techniques provide a unique capability towards probing different vegetation types and canopy by operating at different bands, observation angle etc. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in remote sensing techniques of land processes specially vegetation characteristics through development of advanced ground-based, airborne and space-borne microwave sensors, methods and approaches such as theoretical, semi-empirical and empirical models, needed for analyzing the data. These activities have sharply increased in recent years since the launch of different active and passive satellites and sensors. Remote Sensing (RS) science and techniques combined with ground truth data can provide new tools for advanced agricultural crop applications. It has been demonstrated that RS has the ability to estimate biophysical parameters of agricultural crops over time at local, regional, and global scales. In this study, RS images in visible/near infrared (VIS/NIR) domain as well as microwave domain combined with ground truth data were used to assess biophysical parameters of agricultural crop during their whole growing season at Durable Environmental Multidisciplinary Monitoring Information Network (DEMMIN) test site in North East Germany. Ground truth studies were carried out for 31 weeks during 17th April – 13th November 2013 over three crop lands including winter wheat, barley and canola. Landsat 8 OLI, Landsat 7 ETM+ were used for the VIS/NIR studies and TerraSAR-X synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images were used to study biophysical parameters of agricultural crops in microwave part of electromagnetic spectrum. The analysis was conducted by calculating different vegetation indices (VIs) to estimate the biomass (fresh and dry), LAI, and vegetation water content (VWC) of three crops using Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 7 ETM+ combined with ground truth data. A new concept of Soil Line retrieval from Landsat 8 image was also developed to estimate plant biophysical parameters using soil line related vegetation indices in optical domain of electromagnetic spectrum. Different approaches including univariate, multivariate stepwise regression and semi-empirical water cloud model was also used to estimate the biophysical parameters of agricultural crop using TerraSAR-X data in microwave domain of electromagnetic spectrum. Perhaps the most important conclusion of this study is that the RS approach can provide useful information about estimating agricultural crop parameters over time and local scale, which can therefore provide valuable information to aid the agronomy community.
Wadi Wurayah area is located in the north of Fujairah Emirates between the towns of Khor Bidiyah Fakkan and Oman on the Gulf Coast Line in Fujairah Emirates, United Arab Emirates. It lies within a priority World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF) Global 200 Ecoregions ( ecoregion 127, Arabian Highland Woodlands and Shrublands ), a rich diversity of sheltering rare and endangered mountainous and freshwater habitats and species , and providing opportunities for the revival and sustenance of local livelihoods. However, as most of the United Arab Emirates and the region , the area is undergoing dramatic changes linked to economic diversification and promotion of tourism. The United Arab Emirates in 1999 approved the programmed of work from the UN convention of Biological Diversity ( CBD). This momentum must be used wants it or disappear. In a first move , the United Arab Emirates established the federal Environment Agency ( FEA) that produced the Environmental Law of 1999 with the role to encourage each to Emirates assess its land and coastal / marine resources, formulate plans for establishing protected areas , upgrade those that may already exist , and help implement the environment law. In early 2006, UAE created its first Ministry of Environment and Water ( MEW ), which was before the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Environmental issues and a greater role of the civil society are now higher on the agenda of the United Arab Emirates government , partner of the Emirates Wildlife Society ( EWS ), the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF) - UAE Project Office is the only international conservation NGOs operating in the UAE that plays a pioneering role in partnering with local- governmental institutions to establish win- win solutions. The United Arab Emirates is making tremendous efforts in diversification is the development of tourism. Too often tourism mass , With all of its negative environmental consequences is privileged. However, the more traditional Emirates are seeking alternatives that would preserve their environment and respect the traditional lifestyles of the local communities. This study aims to help a sustainable biosphere reserve integrating oneself local traditional and lifestyle with the conservation of biodiversity and habitat inimitable by providing a model of economical incentives unique to the region . In order to further the implementation of the Wadi Wurayah Biosphere Reserve, this study will: • Implement a set of carefully - targeted actions in Wadi Wurayah and its hinterland and therefore Fujairah Emirates. • Work to demonstrate the feasibility and viability of combining environmental protection in a sensitive area with the preservation of traditional activities. • Support the capacity building of key national and local authorities and selected partners in the Emirates of Fujairah and the UAE So that they have the awareness and skills to fully realize the aims of the study . To set out and develop options for sustainable natural resource management in the proposed Wurayah Biosphere Reserve , one of the UAE as examples of marginal dry lands , building on environmental information system was the best choice using Geographic information systems (GIS ) as a tool. This has been classified to there steps of work: Field Survey and Analysis Lab Office work. As a first step, this study used to survey this area in the light of the work done by the EWSWWF and the Fujairah Municipality, to evaluate the potential and the feasibility of the creation of a Biosphere Reserve. The traditional field survey has been carried out in three batches between January 2007 and January , 2009 for sample collection using specially tailored database forms that suit the properties and nature of the variables measured, and the database . Design The information obtained from field survey included the Landscape and their local classification and distribution , local habitats , water catchments areas , local rangeland systems and indigenous agro -ecological zones. This information in addition to the laboratory analysis has then be transformed into GIS format, and overlaid with the base maps of the study area in order to produce a georeferenced maps. Various types of maps required according the selected works related to area of study have been used as an input data for the GIS system An integrated management methodology / approach has been proposed associated with the plan of work throughout the forthcoming years. The plan of work is designed to be as consistent as possible with that of the concept of the UNESCO 's Man and Biosphere Program.
Underground hard coal mining operations irreversibly disrupt the pre-existing mechanical equilibrium of the geological media. The employment of high-recovery methods modifies the stress field of the sedimentary sequence, generating movement and faulting of the rock layers above and below mined seams. These new fracture zones do affect the original conditions of the hydrogeological system by modifying flow pathways and increasing the permeability of the rock sequence. Moreover, the surface area of rock exposed to air and water is increased, conditioning the water-rock interaction. Despite this rather clear conceptualization, flow and reactive transport processes in fractured overburdens are rarely modeled simultaneously. Discrete setups that consider fractures and porous matrix require extensive characterization of both media, which is impractical for regional case studies. As a result, most post-mining models explicitly ignore fracture structures by employing the equivalent porous approach or even both media with lumped parameter models. However, omitting either medium represents a delicate simplification, considering that mining-related fractures control the rate and direction of water flow within moderately permeable but relatively highly porous rock sequences.
In this dissertation, the specific contribution of fractured and matrix continua to the transient discharge and water quality of a post-mining coal zone is quantified and evaluated. For this purpose, dual and multiple interacting continua models are employed to simulate fluid flow and reactive mass transport in fractured and variable water-saturated rock sequences. The effectiveness of the models is evaluated by simulating the origin, generation and transport of acid mine drainage (i.e., water with elevated concentrations of hydrogen, iron, sulfate and chloride) within the shallow overburden of the Ibbenbüren Westfield. Compared to other coal districts in Germany, this area is strongly delimited by the local geology and topography, resulting in a well-defined hydrogeological system to test the models. Petrographic and chemical analyses performed on core samples from the area show the strong influence of mining-derived fractures on the water-rock interaction within the Carboniferous sequence. The presence of oxidized pyrite along with amorphous iron hydroxide phases in weathering fronts on both sides of the fractures demonstrates the exchange of solutes and gases between the fractured and the porous matrix media.
Based on the previous evidence, the TOUGHREACT software is employed to characterize flow and reactive transport processes in the Westfield. However, each of the two processes is simulated at separate stages to have more control in the adjustment of sensitive parameters for which little information is available. For the flow component, a dual continuum model, with Richard’s equations is used to characterize the unsaturated water flow in both fractured and matrix media. Under this approach, the model adequately reproduces the bimodal flow behavior of the discharges measured in the mine drainage for the years 2008 and 2017. Simulation results show how the fractured continuum generates intense discharge events during the winter months while the rock matrix controls smooth discharge limbs in summer, when water is slowly released back to the fractures. With the flow component calibrated, the second part of the study incorporates the geochemical processes into the model based on actual data from the rock samples. Their simulation requires extending the two-continuum setup to a multiple continua model with five nested block strings: one for the fractures and four for the rock matrix. This further subdivision prevents under-representations of kinetic reactions with short equilibrium length scales and numerical instabilities due to lack of chemical and flow gradients. As a result, the new multiple continua model provides good agreement with respect to long- and short-term concentrations and discharge trends measured in the mine drainage. The flow of oxygen and meteoric water through the fractured continuum leads to a high and steady release of hydrogen, iron and sulfate ions derived from pyrite oxidation in the matrix continua closest to the fractures. Moreover, high chloride concentrations result from the mixing and gradual release of relatively immobile solutes in the matrix as they interact with percolating water in the fracture. Both findings are equally congruent with the reactive pyrite oxidation and iron hydroxide precipitation fronts identified in the fractured core samples.
In the end, the multiple continua models, the simulation procedure and the results of the benchmark and sensitivity analysis scenarios developed for the Westfield pave the way for the application of the approach in other mining zones. The first candidate emerges in the Ibbenbüren Eastfield, where a coupled elemental-isotopic approach included in this thesis has confirmed that water-conducting fracture zones are primary elements for solute generation and transport in the first 300 meters of the overburden. In the latter case, calibration and verification of the models can be complemented with measurements of δ34S in sulfates and δ18O, δ2H, and Tritium in water.
Mind the gap: Information gaps and bridging options in assessing in-situ conservation achievements
(2008)
The biodiversity crisis has gained political attention on a global level. The “2010 Target” of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) aims to significantly reduce the loss of biodiversity by 2010. In order to achieve this, a network of representative and effectively managed protected areas is to be established. The effectiveness of protected areas thus represents one indicator for progress towards the CBD’s 2010 Target. However, indicators require information. The present study, in a first step, reviews the availability of open access long-term ecological data for assessing protected area effectiveness. This review shows two parallel – though contradictory – phenomena: data overkill and data scarcity. While the number of online databases providing open access data on biodiversity has grown tremendously, no long-term ecological data for a larger set of protected areas can be openly accessed. Reasons for this data scarcity are discussed. Based on this lack of information, in a second step, a method to bridge information gaps through social science research is aspired. An innovative Conservation Success Framework is developed, which defines and relates conservation needs, conservation capacity and conservation actions, its three main components. The basic assumption is that conservation can only be successful where the conservation capacity exists that is required to implement the conservation actions determined by the conservation needs. The framework was used to develop open and closed questionnaires for application in two Mexican biosphere reserves, the Sierra Gorda and the Sierra de Manantlán. As "conservation success" is often immeasurable in protected areas in practice due to unspecific conservation objectives the term is for the case studies substituted by “conservation achievements”, i.e. clearly noticeable effects from conservation actions. Overall, almost 60 interviews were conducted with different stakeholder groups. The gained information is validated through social science research techniques, such as triangulation of perspectives and active and passive observation. Based on this, conservation needs are identified and conservation capacities summarised and discussed for both case study sites. Implemented conservation actions addressing identified conservation needs and conservation capacity constraints are then analysed. In addition, noticeable effects from conservation actions on the state of biodiversity at case study sites, i.e. the conservation achievements, are described. Where locally available, non-open access data (as opposing open access data) are used to verify the findings from the social science research. Identified conservation achievements at both case study sites are evident both from quantitative information (for example forest cover increase according to non-open access data) and qualitative information (for example perceived change in the occurrence of illegal activities according to interviews). In addition, rather “intangible” indicators that can only be revealed through qualitative surveys are identified for both sites. This study thus highlights the crucial importance of integrating different types of data, ecological and socio-economic, as well as quantitative and qualitative ones. The present study concludes with a series of recommendations 1) to local practitioners at the two case study sites, and 2) to the international conservation community. Local practitioners may benefit from the present study because its results provide for each site a) an overview of existing conservation needs and implemented conservation actions; b) an easy way to identify action gaps; c) a baseline to identify progress indicators; and d) an overview of diverse perspectives on the current effectiveness of the biosphere reserves. These benefits are considered of particular importance as they can be influential in the revision of the site’s management plans, which both are now approximately ten years old and will soon be revised. The international conservation community will not be able to make a clear statement in the year 2010 about the effectiveness of protected areas on a global level due to a lack of information and transparency. However, the year 2010 should not be considered an end point for measuring progress in in-situ conservation; instead protected area quality standards must be created, effectiveness evaluations institutionalised and efforts to foster regular reporting must continue. Consequently, a scheme of consolidated actions from local to national and international level is proposed that could help to sustainably bridge existing information gaps and close them on the long run. In the end, progress reporting on the effectiveness of protected areas, and other indicators, can only improve if different governance levels “mind the information gaps” in cooperation, until continued information gathering and sharing hopefully closes these gaps one day.
Im neoliberalen Wettbewerb um Einwohner, Touristen und Unternehmen gehören diskursive Repräsentationen zu den wichtigsten Zuschreibungen von Städten und Regionen. Dies trifft besonders auf schrumpfende Regionen zu, welche dem Druck des interregionalen und internationalen Wettbewerbs besonders ausgesetzt sind. Diese Repräsentationen werden dabei durch sprachliche Äußerungen und Handlungen erschaffen. Diese Dissertation untersucht anhand der drei Städte Rostock, Stralsund und Greifswald, welche unterschiedlichen diskursiven Repräsentationen sich jeweils aus den Sprecherpositionen der überregionalen Printmedien, des Stadtmarketings und der touristischen Angebotsseite durch Airbnb-Angebote ergeben. Durch den methodischen Ansatz der lexikometrischen Diskursanalyse werden verschiedene schriftliche Produkte analysiert. Während die Berichterstattung in den Medien Rostock und Greifswald eine starke und dynamische Stadtentwicklung zuschreibt und sie sich damit von den Stigmata der schrumpfenden Städte und Regionen lösen, nimmt Stralsund eine untergeordnete Rolle ein und scheint tatsächlich eher durch einen Schrumpfungsdiskurs geprägt zu sein. Die Selbstdarstellung der Städte durch das Stadtmarketing hebt erwartungsgemäß die positiven Aspekte der jeweiligen Stadt hervor. Dabei wird jedoch durch jede Stadt ein anderer Schwerpunkt gewählt. Auch die touristischen Darstellungen der Städte durch die Airbnb-Angebote erzeugen trotz räumlicher Nähe und damit ähnlichen Ausgangssituationen jeweils sehr unterschiedliche Aspekte des städtischen Tourismus hervor. Während in Rostock das Flair und Ambiente der studentisch geprägten Quartiere hervorgehoben wird, wird in Greifswald der klassische Strandurlaub am Bodden beworben. Stralsund profitiert in der touristischen Darstellung stark von seinem Status als UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe.
Although the Pleistocene deposits exposed in the steep coastal cliffs of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern have been studied for more than a century, the depositional conditions of many lithostratigraphic units remain unclear. There is, in particular, a question whether the individual tills (locally more than 9 successive till units) are mainly subglacial deposits or resedimented (mass flows) in origin (at least in part). The Pleistocene deposits preserve information concerning the former glacial depositional processes. Detailed micromorphological analysis of these deposits can provide key information regarding these processes and thereby aid in the reconstruction of former glacial environments. The island of Rügen is located on the southwestern Baltic Sea coast and was situated in the marginal zone of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet during the last glacial period (Weichselian). Therefore, the region is considered as an ideal area for reconstructing the complex fluctuations in the position of the margin of this ice sheet as it expanded across the Baltic Sea and into northern Germany. Successive glacial advances and retreats of the ice sheet can be reconstructed by specific glacial sedimentation processes and flow-direction criteria derived from a variety of glacial deposits. The investigation area is located near Sassnitz on Rügen, where an imbricated and folded Weichselian succession disconformably overlies Maastrichtian chalk bedrock. The individual till units were sampled for micromorphological analyses to identify the former depositional conditions. Detailed description of the sedimentology and variation in facies, the description of macroscale deformation structures provides the context for the detailed micromorphology study. The three dimensional analysis of the microfabrics is based on the microstructural mapping methodology which enables the identification and interpretation of polyphase deformation within subglacial sediments.
Die Idee von UNESCO-Biosphärenreservaten besteht darin, den Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt mit der nachhaltigen Regionalentwicklung unter Beteiligung der Bevölkerung zu verbinden. Inwiefern die Idee unterstützt und in der eigenen Lebensweise berücksichtigt wird, wurde exemplarisch für die Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister aus drei Regionen analysiert. In Deutschland sind die UNESCO-Biosphärenreservate im Bundesnaturschutzgesetz rechtlich gesichert und gehören in den Zuständigkeitsbereich der Landesumweltministerien. Damit fehlt es ihnen oftmals an Zuständigkeiten, Personal und Geldern über naturschutzfachliche Themen hinaus. Mit dem Auftrag der Gewerbeförderung und dem Ausbau der Infrastruktur ergänzen die Gemeinden die naturschutzfachlichen Kompetenzen der deutschen UNESCO-Biosphärenreservate. Daher ist eine Zusammenarbeit für den Erfolg entscheidend. Die Forschungsfrage lautet somit: Wie ist die Idee der UNESCO-Biosphärenreservate in dem Wissen, den Einstellungen und dem Handeln der Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister aus den UNESCO-Biosphärenreservaten Schaalsee, Schorfheide-Chorin und Südost-Rügen verankert? Den Anforderungen der qualitativen Sozialforschung entsprechend, wurden die Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister der drei UNESCO-Biosphärenreservate 2010 interviewt. Das neuartige Konzept Verankerung der UNESCO-Biosphärenreservats-Idee bei Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeistern ergab sich aus einem abduktiven Forschungsprozess: Er bestand aus einem Wechselspiel zwischen der Analyse von 45 leitfadengestützten Interviews nach der Grounded-Theory-Methodologie und dem Studium der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschungen zu Akzeptanz, Partizipation und Governance in Schutzgebieten. Das Konzept Verankerung umfasst drei Dimensionen: Wissen, Einstellung und Handeln. Diese wurden mit jeweils vier bis fünf Kategorien gefüllt, die durch die explorative Analyse der Interviews identifiziert wurden. Orientiert an der Gesamtbeurteilung der Vor- und Nachteile des UNESCO-Biosphärenreservates vor Ort konnten die Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister in fünf unterschiedliche Typen der Verankerung unterteilt werden: Für die Unterstützer bringt das Biosphärenreservat vor Ort deutlich mehr Vorteile als Nachteile. Sie verfügen über umfangreiches Wissen zum Biosphärenreservat und zeigen eine hohe Eigeninitiative zur Umsetzung der Biosphärenreservats-Idee. Für die Befürworter überwiegen ebenso die Vorteile gegenüber den Nachteilen, jedoch nicht so deutlich wie bei den Unterstützern. Sie wissen weniger genau über das Biosphärenreservat vor Ort Bescheid, beteiligen sich aber bei Projekten der Biosphärenreservats-Verwaltung. Für die Unentschiedenen sind die Vor- und Nachteile des Biosphärenreservates ausgewogen. Sie kennen im Prinzip die Aufgaben von Biosphärenreservaten, konkrete Aktivitäten vor Ort sind ihnen aber kaum bekannt. Bei formellen Beteiligungsverfahren haben sie negative Erfahrungen in der Zusammenarbeit mit der Biosphärenreservats-Verwaltung gemacht. Sie loben jedoch einzelne Projekte. Für die Kritiker überwiegen die Nachteile gegenüber den Vorteilen des Biosphärenreservates. Sie bemängeln die Beteiligung der Gemeinden bei der Ausweisung des Biosphärenreservates als unzureichend und beanstanden die Zusammenarbeit mit der Biosphärenreservats-Verwaltung in formellen Beteiligungsverfahren. Sie sind Einheimische und haben im Alltag sehr starke Einschränkungen durch das Biosphärenreservat erfahren. Die Unbeteiligten können weder Vor- noch Nachteile des Biosphärenreservates benennen. Sie wissen kaum etwas über die Aktivitäten der Biosphärenreservats-Verwaltung und arbeiten selten mit ihr zusammen. In der komparatistische Analyse der Typen in den drei Biosphärenreservaten zeigen sich folgende Unterschiede: Im Biosphärenreservat Schaalsee sind die meisten Unterstützer und Befürworter zu finden, so dass dort die Biosphärenreservats-Idee am stärksten bei den Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeistern verankert ist. Im Gegensatz dazu sind im Biosphärenreservat Südost-Rügen die meisten Kritiker. Im Biosphärenreservat Schorfheide-Chorin ist der Anteil der Unentschiedenen am größten. Diese Unterschiede sind eine Momentaufnahme und unterliegen einem ständigen Wandel. Da es durch die Kommunalwahlen regelmäßig zu neuen Konstellationen kommt, sollte diese Untersuchung nach jeder Wahl wiederholt werden. Die Ergebnisse können nicht mit der Verankerung der Biosphärenreservats-Idee bei der Bevölkerung gleichgesetzt werden, wie eine Gegenüberstellung mit den Ergebnissen einer Bevölkerungsbefragung aus 2010 gezeigt hat. Alles in allem liefert das Konzept Verankerung der Biosphärenreservats-Idee und die Differenzierung der Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister in Typen der Verankerung einen neuen Ansatz zur Analyse von Stakeholdern im Schutzgebietsmanagement. Es gibt dem Management eine bessere Handlungsorientierung: Es geht darum, eigenverantwortliches Handeln der Bürgerinnen und Bürger differenziert anzuregen und zu unterstützen.
Coastal and marginal seas – like the Baltic Sea – serve as natural reaction sites for the turnover and accumulation of land-derived inputs. The main location for the modification and deposition of the introduced material is, in most cases, not the water mass, but the sediment. Its key function as central reactor in the interaction between land and sea has so far been insufficiently studied and assessed. This study was part of the interdisciplinary SECOS project that aimed to identify and evaluate the service functions of sediments in German coastal seas in the context of human use with a focus on the Baltic Sea. One of its goals was to assess sediment functions related to the intermediate storage or final sink of imported material like nutrients and contaminants, and quantify their inventory as well as their mass accumulation rates on multi-decadal to multi-centennial time scales. For that, a detailed examination of the natural and anthropogenic processes that interfere with sediment accumulation in the south-western Baltic Sea basins is essential.