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Background: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both genders. More than 80% of patients suffer from significant weight loss at diagnosis and over time develop severe cachexia. Early nutritional support is therefore essential. Summary: This review evaluates the different nutritional therapies, such as enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition and special nutritional supplements, on nutritional status, quality of life and survival. Key Message: Due to the high prevalence of malnutrition and the rapid development of anorexia-cachexia-syndrome, early nutritional intervention is crucial and supported by clinical data. Practical Implications: Enteral nutrition should be preferred over parenteral nutrition. Omega-3 fatty acids and <smlcap>L</smlcap>-carnitine are promising substances for the prevention of severe cachexia, but further randomized controlled trials are needed to establish generally accepted guidelines on nutrition in pancreatic cancer.
Das Pankreaskarzinom zeichnet sich durch ein aggressives Tumorwachstum verbunden mit einer sehr geringen 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate und einem schlechten Ansprechen auf eine zytostatische Therpie aus. Eines der Merkmale von Tumorzellen ist ihre Resistenz gegenüber Apoptose. Heat Shock Proteine (HSPs) bilden eine große homologe Proteingruppe, die nicht nur zytoprotektive Funktionen haben, sondern auch in malignen Tumorzellen überexprimiert werden und die apoptotische Kaskade an mehreren Stellen hemmen können. In dieser Arbeit untersuchten wir, ob Heat Shock Proteine auch im Pankreaskarzinom überexprimiert sind und welchen Einfluss HSP70 auf die Apoptose in Pankreaskarzinomzellen hat. Die humanen duktalen Adenokarzinomzelllinien Panc-1, MIA PaCa-2, BxPC-3 und Capan-2 sowie nicht-transformierte duktale Pankreaszellen wurden hierfür verwendet. Mittels Western Blot und Immunzytochemie wurde die Expression von HSP70 detektiert, die Bestimmung der Zellproliferation erfolgte durch eine kolorimetrische Messung. Zur Inhibition von HSP70 wurden sowohl Quercetin, ein pflanzliches Polyphenol, als auch HSP70 spezifische siRNA verwendet. Die Apoptose wurde durch Messung der Caspasen-3 und -9, der Bestimmung des Anteils Annexin-V positiver Zellen in der Durchflusszytometrie und in situ durch TUNEL-Färbungen untersucht. Wir konnten nachweisen, dass HSP70 trotz identischer Kultivierungsbedingungen in Tumorzellen stärker exprimiert wird als in den duktalen Zellen. Thermischer Stress konnte die HSP70 Expression weiter steigern. Durch Quercetin gelang eine Inhibition der HSP70 Expression, die zu einer verrringerten Zellproliferation von Tumorzellen führte, nicht jedoch von normalen duktalen Zellen, die nur wenig HSP70 exprimierten. Dihydroquercetin, ein ineffektives Analogon von Quercetin ohne HSP70 reduzierende Eigenschaften, hatte weder in Tumorzellen noch in normalen pankreatischen duktalen Zellen eine Wirkung. In den Karzinomzelllinien Panc-1 und MIA PaCa-2 führte der Verlust von HSP70 durch Quercetin zu einer gesteigerten Apoptose, wie durch Caspase-3 und -9 Messung, Annexin-V Markierung und im TUNEL-Assay gezeigt wurde, während Dihydroquercetin in keiner der untersuchten Zelllinie Apoptose auslöste. Diese Ergebnisse konnten unter Verwendung von HSP70 spezifischer siRNA bestätigt werden. Nach 48 bzw. 72 Stunden wurde HSP70 in Panc-1 und MIA PaCa-2 fast vollständig inhibiert und eine gesteigerte Apoptoserate gemessen. Kontrollexperimente mit nicht-spezifischer „scrambled“ siRNA konnten keine Induktion der Apoptose nachweisen. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die Anwesenheit von Heat Shock Protein 70 die erhöhte Apoptoseresistenz von Pankreaskarzinomzellen miterklärt. Depletion von HSP70 leitet die Apoptose in pankreatischen Tumorzellen ein. Um mögliche andere pro-apoptotische Effekte von Bioflavonoiden zu umgehen, verwendeten wir RNA Interferenz, die ein gezieltes Ausschalten eines einzelnen Gens gewährleistet. Damit konnten wir unsere vorher mit Quercetin erzielten Ergebnisse bestätigen. Wir konnten zeigen, dass HSP70 anti-apoptotische Eigenschaften im Pankreaskarzinom hat, HSP70 inhibierende Substanzen könnten daher ein therapeutisches Potential in der Behandlung des Pankreaskarzinoms haben.
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 4th leading cause of cancer death worldwide and compared to other malignancies its share in cancer mortality is expected to rise further. This is due to a lack of sensitive diagnostic tools that would permit earlier detection in a potentially curable stage and the very slow progress in finding effective drug treatments for pancreatic cancer. Key Messages: Aside from genetic predispositions and environmental agents, chronic pancreatitis is by far the greatest risk factor for PDAC. It also shares several etiological factors with pancreatic cancer and represents its most challenging differential diagnosis. Biomarkers that can distinguish between chronic pancreatitis and PDAC may therefore be suitable for the latter's early detection. Moreover, targeting the natural history of chronic pancreatitis would be one approach to prevent PDAC. Targeting tumor-cell signaling directly by interfering with receptor tyrosine kinases has shown some efficacy, although the results in clinical trials were less encouraging than for other cancers. Other compounds developed have targeted the formation of extracellular matrix around the tumor, the proteolytic activity in the tumor environment, histone deacetylases, hedgehog signaling and heat shock proteins, but none has yet found its way into routine patient care. Attempts to individualize treatment according to the tumor's somatic mutation profile are novel but so far impractical. Conclusions: Progress in the treatment of pancreatic cancer has been exceedingly slow and mostly dependent on improved pharmaceutical preparations or combinations of established chemotherapeutic agents. The promise of major breakthroughs implied in targeting tumor signal transduction events has so far not materialized.
Chronic pancreatitis has long been thought to be mainly associated with immoderate alcohol consumption. The observation that only ∼10% of heavy drinkers develop chronic pancreatitis not only suggests that other environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke, are potent additional risk factors, but also that the genetic component of pancreatitis is more common than previously presumed. Either disease-causing or protective traits have been indentified for mutations in different trypsinogen genes, the gene for the trypsin inhibitor SPINK1, chymotrypsinogen C, and the cystic fibrosis transmembane conductance regulator (CFTR). Other factors that have been proposed to contribute to pancreatitis are obesity, diets high in animal protein and fat, as well as antioxidant deficiencies. For the development of pancreatic cancer, preexisting chronic pancreatitis, more prominently hereditary pancreatitis, is a risk factor. The data on environmental risk factors for pancreatic cancer are, with the notable exception of tobacco smoke, either sparse, unconfirmed or controversial. Obesity appears to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in the West but not in Japan. Diets high in processed or red meat, diets low in fruits and vegetables, phytochemicals such as lycopene and flavonols, have been proposed and refuted as risk or protective factors in different trials. The best established and single most important risk factor for cancer as well as pancreatitis and the one to clearly avoid is tobacco smoke.
Background and Aims: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare malignancies but the most common mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging and an increasing incidence will confront us more frequently with stromal tumors. This single center study aimed to characterize GIST patients in terms of tumor location, clinical presentation, metastasis formation, as well as associated secondary malignancies. Methods: In a retrospective study, 104 patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of GIST, collected between 1993 and 2011, were characterized for several clinical features. Results: The most common GIST location was the stomach (67.6%) followed by the small intestine (16.2%). Gastrointestinal bleeding (55.8%) and abdominal pain (38.5%) were the most frequently reported symptoms whereas about one-third of patients remained clinically asymptomatic (31.6%); 14.4% of patients had either synchronous or metachronous metastases and there was a significant prevalence also in the low risk group. The proportion of secondary malignant associated neoplasms was 31% in our GIST cohort, among which gastrointestinal, genitourinary tumors, and breast cancer were the most prevalent. Conclusion: There was a considerable risk for metastasis formation and the development of secondary neoplasias that should encourage discussion about the appropriate surveillance strategy after surgery for GIST.
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) have emerged as a public health problem worldwide with a limited number of efficient therapeutic options despite advances in medical therapy. Although changes in the gut microbiota composition are recognized as key drivers of dysregulated intestinal immunity, alterations in bile acids (BAs) have been shown to influence gut homeostasis and contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we explore the interactions involving BAs and gut microbiota in IBDs, and discuss how the gut microbiota–BA–host axis may influence digestive inflammation.
Genetic testing is associated with many ethical challenges on the individual, organizational and macro level of health care systems. The provision of genetic testing for rare diseases in particular requires a full understanding of the complexity and multiplicity of related ethical aspects. This systematic review presents a detailed overview of ethical aspects relevant to genetic testing for rare diseases as discussed in the literature. The electronic databases Pubmed, Science Direct and Web of Science were searched, resulting in 55 relevant publications. From the latter, a total of 93 different ethical aspects were identified. These ethical aspects were structured into three main categories (process of testing, consequences of the test outcome and contextual challenges) and 20 subcategories highlighting the diversity and complexity of ethical aspects relevant to genetic testing for rare diseases. This review can serve as a starting point for the further in-depth investigation of particular ethical issues, the education of healthcare professionals regarding this matter and for informing international policy development on genetic testing for rare diseases.
Objectives: To investigate the co-occurrence of 4 behavioral health risk factors (BHRFs), namely tobacco smoking, alcohol at-risk drinking, physical inactivity and unhealthy diet and their association with sick days prior to hospitalization in general hospital patients.
Methods: Over 10 weeks (11/2020-04/2021), all 18-64-year-old patients admitted to internal medicine, general and trauma surgery, and otorhinolaryngology wards of a tertiary care hospital were systematically approached. Among 355 eligible patients, 278 (78.3%) participated, and 256 (72.1%) were analyzed. Three BHRF sum scores were determined, including current tobacco smoking, alcohol use, physical inactivity and 1 of 3 indicators of unhealthy diet. Associations between BHRF sum scores and sick days in the past 6 months were analyzed using multivariate zero-inflated negative binomial regressions.
Results: Sixty-two percent reported multiple BHRFs (≥2). The BHRF sum score was related to the number of sick days if any (p = 0.009) with insufficient vegetable and fruit intake as diet indicator.
Conclusion: The majority of patients disclosed multiple BHRFs. These were associated with sick days prior to admission. The findings support the need to implement interventions targeting multiple BHRFs in general hospitals.
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by chronic inflammation and the progressive fibrotic replacement of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic tissue. We identify Treg cells as central regulators of the fibroinflammatory reaction by a selective depletion of FOXP3-positive cells in a transgenic mouse model (DEREG-mice) of experimental CP. In Treg-depleted DEREG-mice, the induction of CP results in a significantly increased stroma deposition, the development of exocrine insufficiency and significant weight loss starting from day 14 after disease onset. In CP, FOXP3+CD25+ Treg cells suppress the type-2 immune response by a repression of GATA3+ T helper cells (Th2), GATA3+ innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2) and CD206+ M2-macrophages. A suspected pathomechanism behind the fibrotic tissue replacement may involve an observed dysbalance of Activin A expression in macrophages and of its counter regulator follistatin. Our study identified Treg cells as key regulators of the type-2 immune response and of organ remodeling during CP. The Treg/Th2 axis could be a therapeutic target to prevent fibrosis and preserve functional pancreatic tissue.