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Hintergrund: Vorangehende Studien haben versucht, Subtypen der Zwangserkrankung in Hinblick auf das Ersterkrankungsalter zu identifizieren. In einigen Studien waren Zwangsstörungen mit Spektrumserkrankungen wie Tic-Störungen assoziiert. Spät- und Früherkrankung der Zwangsstörung sind in der Vergangenheit unterschiedlich definiert worden und zeigen heterogene biologische und klinische Besonderheiten. Diese Studie wurde durchgeführt, um die Subtypen der Zwangsstörung in unterschiedlichen Erkrankungsaltern zu differenzieren und um die Hypothese zu prüfen, ob unterschiedliche Erkrankungsalter mit unterschiedlichen Mustern an Komorbiditäten assoziiert sind. Methode: 252 Zwangsprobanden wurden in direkten Interviews untersucht mit dem halbstrukturierten Fragebogen der deutschen Übersetzung des SADS-LA (Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia- Lifetime Anxiety Version), der nach DSM-IV adaptiert wurde für Zwangs-, Tic-, Tourette-, Ess-, Körperdysmorphe und Impulskontrollstörungen. Subgruppen mit unterschiedlichen Erkrankungsaltern aus der Literatur wurden untersucht mit Altersgrenzen im 10., 15. und 18. Lebensjahr. Ergebnisse: Probanden mit einem frühen Erkrankungsbeginn vor dem 10. Lebensjahr hatten eine erhöhte Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit von neurologischen Erkrankungen (odds ratio (OR): 3,46; p=0,001; 95% Konfidenzintervall (KI) 1,72-6,96) – im Besonderen Tic- und Tourette-Störungen (OR: 4,63; p=0,002; 95% KI 1,78-12,05) – als Probanden, die nach dem 10. Lebensjahr an einer Zwangsstörung erkrankten. Schlussfolgerung: Für die meisten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen wie z.B. affektive Störungen und Angststörungen konnte keine altersabhängige Assoziation mit der Zwangsstörung identifiziert werden. Allerdings zeigte sich in der Früherkrankten-Gruppe (<=10. Lebensjahr) ein signifikanter Anstieg von komorbiden Tic- und Tourette-Störungen. Weitere Studien sind notwendig, um potentielle neurobiologische Besonderheiten der früherkrankten Zwangsstörung zu untersuchen. Frühe Diagnostik und Behandlung der Zwangsstörung und ihrer Komorbidität können die Einschränkung der Lebensqualität im späteren Verlauf verringern. Ebenso können sozioökonomische Belastungen vermindert werden. Eine akkurate Erfassung der Symptomatik ist notwendig, um die Forschung der Ätiologie und die Therapie der Zwangsstörung zu ermöglichen.
Introduction
The number of mentally altered patients a dentist meets in practice is increasing and interaction with them can be very challenging. As a baseline for an interventional study, we want to assess the attitude of dental students and identify areas of improvement in patient communication. This work compares the attitude of dental students towards people suffering from dementia to the attitudes of trained medical caregivers and the general population. Our aim is to use the results to assess the need for training in communicating with mentally altered patients.
Materials and Methods
Fourth-year dental students attended two lectures on dementia given by a psychiatrist as part of the geriatric dentistry lecture and were questioned afterwards using the Dementia Attitude Scale. In 2016 and 2017, 73 students at the University of Greifswald were interviewed. The response rate was 84%. Using a factor analysis, the Dementia Attitude Scale's validated questions were interpreted and compared with data from nursing staff from Switzerland and the USA.
Results
The factor analysis of the data showed the same two-factor loadings as the comparative groups, and that dental students' attitude is more comparable to the general population than to medically trained nursing staff.
Conclusion
Given the results, we conclude that the implementation of a communication module can serve in improving the attitude of dental students towards patients with dementia.
Background: Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by difficulties in identifying and describing emotions and associated with various psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies found evidence for morphological and functional brain alterations in alexithymic subjects. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying alexithymia remain incompletely understood. Methods: We study the association of alexithymia with cortical correlation networks in a large community-dwelling sample of the Study of Health in Pomerania. Our analysis includes data of n = 2,199 individuals (49.4% females, age = 52.1 ± 13.6 years) which were divided into a low and high alexithymic group by a median split of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Cortical correlation networks were constructed based on the mean thicknesses of 68 regions, and differences in centralities were investigated. Results: We found a significantly increased centrality of the right paracentral lobule in the high alexithymia network after correction for multiple testing. Several other regions with motoric and sensory functions showed altered centrality on a nominally significant level. Conclusions: Finding increased centrality of the paracentral lobule, a brain area with sensory as well as motoric features and involvement in bowel and bladder voiding, may contribute to explain the association of alexithymia with functional somatic disorders and chronic pain syndromes.
Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Objective
Obesity, often associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by an imbalance between energy expenditure and food intake, which is also reflected by desensitization of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). FGF21 is strongly influenced, among others, by TNFα, which is known to be upregulated in obesity-induced inflammation. Successful long-term treatments of NAFLD might be dietary modification, exercise, or fasting.
Materials and methods
Whether succeeded NAFLD recovery is linked with improved FGF21 sensitivity and finally reverted FGF21 resistance was the focus of the present study. For this purpose, mice received a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 months to establish obesity. Afterward, the mice were subjected to three different weight loss interventions, namely, dietary change to low-fat diet (LFD), treadmill training, and/or time-restricted feeding for additional 6 months, whereas one group remained on HFD.
Results
In addition to the expected decrease in NAFLD activity with dietary change, this was also observed in the HFD group with additional time-restricted feeding. There was also an associated decrease in hepatic TNFα and FGF21 expression and an increase in ß-klotho expression, demonstrated mainly by using principal component analysis. Pearson correlation analysis shows that independent of any intervention, TNFα expression decreased with improved NAFLD recovery. This was accompanied with higher FGF21 sensitivity, as expressed by an increase in β-klotho and FGFR1c expression and concomitantly decreased FGF21 levels.
Conclusion
In summary, we conclude that successful NAFLD therapy is associated with a reversion of the TNFα-triggered FGF21-resistant state or desensitization.