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6.1 Zusammenfassung Ziel der prospektiven Dissertation war die Analyse von Korrelationen zwischen sonographischem Hüftbefund zum Zeitpunkt der U2 (4.-6. Lebenstag), familiärer Vorbelastung, Geschlecht und intrauterinem Lagetyp. Im Rahmen der Surveillance of Neonates in Pommerania (SNiP), einer populationsbasierten Studie zu Prävalenz und Inzidenz neonataler Morbiditätsfaktoren, wurden zwischen Mai 2002 und März 2004 insgesamt 2256 Neugeborene Kinder registriert (2030 termingeborene Kinder und 226 Frühgeborene Kinder). Davon erhielten 1053 Reifgeborene einen Hüftgelenksultraschall zum Zeitpunkt der U2 (4.-6. Lebenstag), sowie seit Oktober 2003 auch Frühgeborene (n=45) im korrigierten Alter von 4-5 Tagen. Die sonographische Einteilung der Befunde erfolgte nach Graf. Bei 4,9% der untersuchten Kinder wurde ein therapiepflichtiger Befund (ab Typ IIc und höher nach Graf) diagnostiziert. Bei 3,2% der Kinder fand sich ein einseitiger, bei 1,7 % ein beidseitiger pathologischer Befund. Die Analyse der Geschlechtsverteilung zeigte ein signifikant gehäuftes Auftreten bei Mädchen (6,5% w / 3,4% m, p <0,023). Es ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede bezüglich betroffener Seite und intrauterinen Lagetyp. Analysen zur familiären Belastung wiesen eine nicht-signifikante mütterliche Prädisposition (p<0.083) aus. Signifikanter Risikofaktor für eine therapiepflichtige Hüftgelenksdysplasie ist das weibliche Geschlecht. Daneben findet sich intrafamiliär eine durch die Mutter vermittelte Prädisposition. Der frühzeitige Nachweis einer therapiepflichtigen Hüftdysplasie (zum Zeitpunkt U2) in Kenntnis relevanter Risikofaktoren erbringt möglicherweise einen prognostischen Vorteil für das Behandlungsergebnis. Prospektive Untersuchungen auf Basis größerer Fallzahlen sind erforderlich.

Background: Newborns are prone to infections, which are independent predictors of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are structures composed of chromatin and antimicrobial molecules that capture and kill pathogens. NETs may play an important role in the innate immune system and, thus, might be associated with impaired neonatal immune function. Objectives: This study aimed to compare NET formation between term neonates and healthy adults. We additionally investigated the effects of gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery, gender, and perinatal infections. Methods: We collected cord blood from 57 term infants (mean gestational age, 39.1 weeks) and 9 late preterm infants (35 weeks), and peripheral blood from 18 healthy adult donors. Neutrophils were isolated, and then NET formation was induced using three different stimulants: N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or lipopolysaccharide. NETs were immunohistochemically stained and analyzed with regard to NET percentage and NET area. Results: With all three stimuli, healthy term infants showed a lower NET percentage than the adult control group (p < 0.0001 each). The groups also differed in NET area, but the significance level was lower. Following PMA stimulation, we observed greater reductions in NET percentage and NET area in preterm than term infants. Conclusions: The lower NET formation observed in term infants compared to adults likely contributes to the reduced neonatal immune response. NET formation appeared to be even further decreased in late preterm neonates. There remains a need for further investigations of NET formation in more immature preterm infants.

Abstract Background The health status of newborns is a major concern for parents and medical personnel. Recent studies have provided increasing evidence that factors from the foetal and perinatal periods of life influence health later in life. The “Follow‐up of the Survey of Neonates in Pomerania” (SNiP‐I‐Follow‐up) is the first follow‐up of the population‐based birth cohort study, SNiP‐I, established in north‐east Germany. Objectives The primary aim of SNiP‐I‐Follow‐up study was the collection of longitudinal data on children and adolescents. The associations will be analysed between risk factors in pregnancy and the perinatal period and health status in infancy and later childhood. Population The population‐based cohort study SNiP‐I was conducted in Pomerania in north‐east Germany between February 2002 and November 2008. All mothers from the SNiP‐I birth cohort were recontacted when their children were from 9 to 15 years of age. Design The SNiP‐I‐Follow‐up study was carried out between December 2016 and August 2017 and is a questionnaire‐based survey. Methods Physical development, health status, and social behaviour (school and leisure behaviour) of children were analysed using a questionnaire comprising medical, epidemiological, and socio‐economic data, associated health care risk factors, and life circumstances of newborns, children, and their parents. Preliminary results Out of 5725 children invited to participate in the SNiP‐I‐Follow‐up study between December 2016 and August 2017, 29% (n = 1665) children participated in the SNiP‐I‐Follow‐up study, providing data on 1665 mothers‐child dyads. Responders had higher socio‐economic status, especially in relation to maternal education status. Conclusion As a longitudinal birth cohort from rural Germany, the SNiP cohort will be a resource to address urgent research needs and contribute to overall population health.

Introduction: Breastfeeding is a recognized preferred method of infant feeding; however, for many women, difficulties in breastfeeding result in termination before the recommended period of time. Acupuncture is suggested to be a promising option to treat lactation insufficiency and enhance the production of maternal milk. Main Issue: We have reported the case of a woman with lactation insufficiency due to Caesarean section and congenital unilateral invaginated nipple. Milk production started on the 3rd day following delivery. The newborn was not provided with any food or fluids other than mother’s milk. At 5 days of life, the newborn required long feeding periods and lost 4% of his birth weight, with the participant reporting lactation insufficiency described by the perception of inadequate milk production. Management: Despite the implementation of conventional measures to improve lactation, the difficulties in breastfeeding persisted. Acupuncture was tried on Day 6 of life, and enhanced milk production was observed, which could be measured as the volume of residual milk extracted using the breast pump each time after the newborn achieved satiety. After acupuncture treatment there was an augmentation of maternal milk production from both breasts and successful lactation. Conclusion: This case study provides information that might be useful for prospective investigation of acupuncture’s efficacy in women with lactation insufficiency.