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Die vorliegende kumulative Promotionsarbeit basiert auf drei Originalmanuskripten, die am Ende der Arbeit eingebunden sind. Arterielle Hypertonie ist eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland und ein wichtiger Prädiktor für kardiovaskuläre Morbidität und Mortalität. Das Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron System (RAAS) nimmt bei der Blutdruckregulation sowie bei der Aufrechterhaltung des Wasser- und Elektrolythaushalts eine Schlüsselrolle ein. Das RAAS kann durch verschiedene Ursachen gestört werden und dadurch zum Auslöser einer arteriellen Hypertonie werden. So weisen Patienten mit primärem Hyperaldosteronismus (PAL) eine vom RAAS autonome, erhöhte Aldosteronproduktion auf. PAL wird im Großteil der Fälle durch Aldosteron-produzierende Adenome in der Nebenniere bzw. uni- oder bilaterale Hyperplasie der Nebennieren verursacht. Man vermutet, dass der PAL die häufigste Form der sekundären Hypertonie ist. Die exakte Prävalenz des PAL ist allerdings unbekannt. Als Screeningtest wird der Aldosteron-Renin-Quotient (ARR) empfohlen, der einen relativen Aldosteronüberschuss im Vergleich zum Renin anzeigen kann. Die in diversen Studien ermittelten ARR Grenzwerte für das PAL Screening unterscheiden sich deutlich. Diese Grenzwerte wurden überwiegend anhand von Vergleichen des ARR von Patienten mit und ohne PAL ermittelt. Eine andere Möglichkeit um zwischen einem physiologischen und pathophysiologischen ARR zu unterscheiden liefern Referenzbereiche. Ziel der ersten Analyse war es Referenzwerte für den ARR aber auch die Plasma Aldosteronkonzentration (PAC) sowie die Plasma Reninkonzentration (PRC) zu ermitteln. Aldosteron nimmt auch bei der Pathogenese weiterer kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen eine bedeutende Rolle ein, da es prooxidative, proinflammatorische und profibrotische Effekte ausübt. Die exakten Mechanismen die diesen Effekten unterliegen, sind bisher nur teilweise geklärt. Ziel der vorgestellten Studie war es herauszufinden, ob die PAC oder der ARR in einer großen Studie mit Probanden aus der Hintergrundsbevölkerung mit einer eingeschränkten flussvermittelten Vasodilatation (FMD) einhergehen. Neben der Vielzahl an Studien die Effekte des RAAS auf das kardiovaskuläre System beschreiben, mehren sich in den letzten Jahren Untersuchungen, die den Einfluss des RAAS auf den Metabolismus analysieren. Das RAAS wird dabei im Zusammenhang mit pathologischen Veränderungen des Glukosemetabolismus, des Fettstoffwechsels und der Insulinresistenz gesehen. Das Metabolische Syndrom (MetS) bezeichnet das gemeinsame Auftreten von multiplen metabolischen Veränderungen. Zur Definition des MetS werden die Faktoren viszerale Adipositas, erhöhter Blutzucker, erhöhte Triglyceride, erniedrigtes HDL-Cholesterol sowie erhöhter Blutdruck herangezogen. Bei Vorliegen von mindestens drei dieser Komponenten kann ein MetS festgestellt werden. Ziel der vorgestellten Analyse war es die Assoziation zwischen der PAC und dem MetS sowie seinen Einzelkomponenten in zwei großen deutschen Studien zu prüfen. Die der Arbeit zugrundeliegenden Daten stammen aus der ersten Follow-up Untersuchung der Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-1). Die Assoziation zwischen der PAC und dem MetS wurde in SHIP-1 und dem F4 Survey der Kooperativen Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA F4) analysiert. Die Referenzwerte für die PAC, PRC und den ARR wurden in einer Population bestehend aus 1347 Probanden ermittelt. Es wurden geschlechts- und altersgruppenspezifische (25-54 Jahre und 55-74 Jahre) Referenzwerte berechnet. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der PAC bzw. dem ARR und der FMD in der SHIP-1 Studie wurde anhand der Daten von 972 Probanden im Alter zwischen 25 und 88 Jahren geprüft. Es wurde ein inverser Zusammenhang zwischen dem ARR und der FMD bei Probanden beobachtet. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der PAC und dem MetS wurde in SHIP-1 anhand der Daten von 2830 Probanden und in KORA F4 anhand der Daten von 2901 Probanden geprüft. Sowohl in SHIP-1 als auch in KORA F4 wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen der PAC und dem MetS sowie Fettstoffwechselstörungen detektiert. Eine hohe PAC war mit erhöhten Odds Ratios für ein MetS, niedriges HDL-Cholesterol und erhöhte Triglyceride assoziiert. Zusammenfassend bekräftigen die durchgeführten Analysen die Hypothese, dass Störungen des RAAS mit pathophysiologischen kardiovaskulären und metabolischen Veränderungen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung einhergehen.
The Membrane Transporter OAT7 (SLC22A9) Is Not a Susceptibility Factor for Osteoporosis in Europeans
(2020)
Bone production, maintenance, and modeling are a well-balanced process involving mineralization by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Sex steroid hormones, including their conjugated forms, contribute majorly to maintaining this balance. Recently, variants in the SLC22A9 gene have been associated with osteoporosis in Korean females. We had recently shown that SLC22A9, encoding organic anion transporter 7 (OAT7), is an uptake transporter of estrone sulfate and identified several genetic variants in Europeans leading to functional consequences in vitro. We therefore hypothesized that SLC22A9 genetic variants may contribute to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in Europeans. To test this hypothesis, we examined the associations of SLC22A9 variants with bone quality, fractures, and bone turnover markers. We genotyped SLC22A9 variants in 5,701 (2,930 female) subjects (age range, 20–93 years) extracted from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP and SHIP-TREND) covered by the Illumina Infinium HumanExome BeadChip version v1.0 (Exome Chip). Descriptive data (e.g., history of fractures), ultrasonography of the calcaneus, as well as serum concentrations of carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, and vitamin D were determined. Comprehensive statistical analyses revealed no association between low-frequency and rare SLC22A9 variants and bone quality, fractures, and bone turnover markers. Our results indicate that single genetic SLC22A9 variants do not have a major impact on osteoporosis risk prediction in Europeans, yet findings need to be replicated in larger-scale studies.
Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Background
Lower cortisol concentrations in adulthood were repeatedly associated with more severe childhood maltreatment. Additionally, childhood maltreatment was reported to promote health risk behavior, such as smoking or alcohol consumption, and to increase the risk of mental and somatic diseases during adulthood, such as major depressive disorders or obesity. The present study investigated if health risk behavior and disease symptoms in adults mediate the associations between past childhood maltreatment and present basal serum cortisol concentrations.
Methods
Data from two independent adult cohorts of the general population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0: N = 3,517; SHIP-START-2: N = 1,640) was used. Childhood maltreatment was assessed via the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Cortisol concentrations were measured in single-point serum samples. Health risk behavior and mental and physical symptoms were used as mediators. Mediation analyses were calculated separately for both cohorts; results were integrated via meta-analyses.
Results
In mediator-separated analyses, associations between childhood maltreatment and basal serum cortisol concentrations were partly mediated by depressive symptoms (BDI-II: βindirect effect = -.011, pFDR = .017, 21.0% mediated) and subjective somatic health complaints (somatic complaints: βindirect effect = -.010, pFDR = .005, 19.4% mediated). In the second step, both mediators were simultaneously integrated into one mediation model. The model replicated the mediation effects of the subjective somatic health complaints (whole model: βindirect effect = -.014, p = .001, 27.6% mediated; BDI-II: βindirect effect = -.006, p = .163, 11.4% mediated, somatic complaints: βindirect effect = -.020, p = .020, 15.5% mediated).
Conclusion
The results support the hypothesis that the long-lasting effects of childhood maltreatment on the stress response system are partly mediated through self-perceived disease symptoms. However, no mediation was found for health risk behavior or physically measured mediators. Mediation models with multiple simultaneous mediators pointed to a relevant overlap between the potential mediators. This overlap should be focused on in future studies.
Poor sleep quality or sleep deprivation may be related to decreased bone mineral density. We aimed to assess whether associations of sleep characteristics and bone turnover or strength are present in adults from the general population and whether these are independent of common risk factors such as sex, age, and obesity. A total of 1037 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania-TREND underwent laboratory-based polysomnography and quantitative ultrasound measurements at the heel. Of these participants, 804 completed standardised questionnaires to assess daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and sleep quality. Serum concentrations of two bone turnover markers, intact amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) and carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) were measured. Cross-sectional associations of polysomnography variables (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, time spent wake after sleep onset, oxygen desaturation index, apnea–hypopnea index, and obstructive sleep apnea [OSA]), as well as sleep questionnaire scores with the bone turnover markers and the ultrasound-based stiffness index were assessed in linear regression models. In adjusted models, higher insomnia scores and lower sleep quality scores were related to a higher bone turnover in women but not in men. However, associations between polysomnography variables or questionnaire scores and the stiffness index were absent. Our study provides limited evidence for relationships between sleep characteristics and bone turnover and strength independent of common risk factors for OSA and osteoporosis. Nevertheless, women reporting poor sleep or insomnia in combination with risk factors for osteoporosis might benefit from an evaluation of bone health.
The hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis is the main physiological stress response system and regulating the release of cortisol. The two corticoid receptors encoded by the genes NR3C1 and NR3C2 are the main players in regulating the physiological response to cortisol. This biological system has been linked to neurocognitive processes and memory, yet the mechanisms remain largely unclear. In two independent general population studies (SHIP, total sample size > 5500), we aim to diseantangle the effects of genetic variation, gene expression and cortisol on verbal memory and memory associated brain volume. Especially for NR3C1 results exhibited a consistent pattern of direct an interactive effects. All three biological layers, genetic variation (rs56149945), gene expression for NR3C1 and cortisol levels, were directly associated with verbal memory. Interactions between these components showed significant effects on verbal memory as well as hippocampal volume. For NR3C2 such a complex association pattern could not be observed. Our analyses revealed that different components of the stress response system are acting together on different aspects of cognition. Complex phenotypes, such as cognition and memory function are regulated by a complex interplay between different genetic and epigenetic features. We promote the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 as a main target to focus in the context of verbal memory and provided a mechanistic concept of the interaction between various biological layers spanning NR3C1 function and its effects on memory. Especially the NR3C1 transcript seemed to be a key element in this complex system.
The renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the development of chronic kidney disease. Here, we investigated whether mice with reduced renal angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE−/−) are protected against aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). To further elucidate potential molecular mechanisms, we assessed the renal abundances of several major RAS components. AAN was induced using aristolochic acid I (AAI). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined using inulin clearance and renal protein abundances of renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, and Mas receptor (Mas) were determined in ACE−/− and C57BL/6J control mice by Western blot analyses. Renal ACE activity was determined using a colorimetric assay and renal angiotensin (Ang) (1–7) concentration was determined by ELISA. GFR was similar in vehicle-treated mice of both strains. AAI decreased GFR in controls but not in ACE−/− mice. Furthermore, AAI decreased renal ACE activity in controls but not in ACE−/− mice. Vehicle-treated ACE−/− mice had significantly higher renal ACE2 and Mas protein abundances than controls. AAI decreased renal ACE2 protein abundance in both strains. Furthermore, AAI increased renal Mas protein abundance, although the latter effect did not reach statistical significance in the ACE−/− mice. Renal Ang(1–7) concentration was similar in vehicle-treated mice of both strains. AAI increased renal Ang(1–7) concentration in the ACE−/− mice but not in the controls. Mice with reduced renal ACE are protected against AAN. Our data suggest that in the face of renal ACE deficiency, AAI may activate the ACE2/Ang(1–7)/Mas axis, which in turn may deploy its reno-protective effects.