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Prävalenz von Fernmetastasen bei primärem Mammakarzinom Daniela Müller, 2009 Abstract. Hintergrund. Aufgrund der ansteigenden Inzidenz nach Einführung der Screening Mammografie muss sowohl die Prävalenz von Fernmetastasen untersucht, als auch die Notwendigkeit des routinemäßigen Staging beim primären Mammakarzinom neu überprüft werden. Methoden und Patienten. Diese retrospektive Arbeit untersuchte die Daten von 466 Patientinnnen mit der Erstdiagnose eines primären Mammakarzinoms im Zeitraum 2003 bis 2006. Ergebnisse. Fernmetastasen zeigten sich in 22 (4.8%) Fällen zum Zeitpunkt der Erstdiagnose, keine dieser Patientinnen wies eine Tumorgröße ≤1 cm auf und der prozentuale Anteil der Fernmetastasen stieg mit der lokalen Ausdehnung (pT1 1.4%; pT2 7.9%; pT3 14.3%; pT4 23.1%; p<0.001) und dem Nodalstatus an (pN0 1.7%; pN1 3.8%; pN2 21.7%; pN3 17.6%; p<0.001) Zusammenfassung. Die Indikation für Oberbauchsonografie, Knochenszintigrafie und die Röntgen Untersuchung des Thorax sollte auf Patientinnen mit einer Tumorgröße >2 cm, or >1 cm mit Lymphknoteninvasion (N1-3) beschränkt werden.
Background
Signs of an inflammatory process have been described in major depression.
Methods
In a double-blind, randomized study of celecoxib or placebo add-on to reboxetine in 40 depressed patients, celecoxib treatment has beneficial effects. In order to evaluate the tryptophan/kynurenine metabolism and to identify predictors for remission, tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and quinolinic acid (QUIN) were estimated in the serum of 32 patients before and after treatment and in a group of 20 healthy controls.
Results
KYN levels were significantly lower in patients (p = 0.008), and the QUIN/KYN ratios were significantly higher (p = 0.028). At baseline, the higher KYN/TRP ratio was predictive for remission during celecoxib add-on treatment (p = 0.04) as well as for remission in the overall patient group (p = 0.01). In the placebo group, remitters showed a higher KYNA/QUIN ratio (p = 0.032). In the overall group, remitters showed lower KYNA/KYN (p = 0.035) and QUIN/KYN (p = 0.011) ratios. The lower the formation of downstream metabolites, especially QUIN, the better the treatment outcome.
Conclusion
The high KYN/TRP ratio predicted remission after treatment with celecoxib in this small sample of depressed patients. Eventually, the KYN/TRP ratio might be a marker for those patients, which benefit from an additional anti-inflammatory treatment.
The anaerobic, gastrointestinal pathogen Clostridioides difficile can cause severe forms of enterocolitis which is mainly mediated by the toxins it produces. The RNA polymerase inhibitor Fidaxomicin is the current gold standard for the therapy of C. difficile infections due to several beneficial features including its ability to suppress toxin synthesis in C. difficile. In contrast to the Rifamycins, Fidaxomicin binds to the RNA polymerase switch region, which is also the binding site for Myxopyronin B. Here, serial broth dilution assays were performed to test the susceptibility of C. difficile and other anaerobes to Myxopyronin B, proving that the natural product is considerably active against C. difficile and that there is no cross-resistance between Fidaxomicin and Myxopyronin B in a Fidaxomicin-resistant C. difficile strain. Moreover, mass spectrometry analysis indicated that Myxopyronin B is able to suppress early phase toxin synthesis in C. difficile to the same degree as Fidaxomicin. Conclusively, Myxopyronin B is proposed as a new lead structure for the design of novel antibiotics for the therapy of C. difficile infections.