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Zur Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen motorischen Prozessen und der Vorstellung aus entwicklungspsychologischer Perspektive wurden insgesamt sechs Experimente durchgeführt. Im Mittelpunkt stand dabei der Einfluss der Motorik auf Vorstellungsprozesse. Dies ist vor dem Hintergrund einer gegenwärtig unter dem Schlagwort „embodied cognition“ wieder auflebenden historischen Strömung zu sehen, die in der Tradition Piagets steht und deren Vertreter den ontogenetischen und phylogenetischen Ursprung des Denkens in der Motorik vermuten. Eine experimentelle Annäherung an die Thematik erfolgte zum einen über die Beobachtung von Auswirkungen physiologischer Bewegungseinschränkungen auf die mentale Transformation körperbezogener Reize und zum anderen über die Auswirkung motorischer Handlungen auf die Vorstellung. Während andere Autoren davon ausgehen, dass dieser Einfluss bei jüngeren Kindern besonders stark ausgeprägt ist, und daher auf eine sich langsam lösende Bindung zwischen Motorik und Kognition schließen, hat sich dieser Trend in unserer Forschung nicht bestätigt. Zwar deutete sich auch bei Kindern eine qualitativ andere Beziehung zwischen Vorstellung und Motorik an, aber insgesamt wurde bei Erwachsenen ein stabilerer Einfluss der Motorik auf die Vorstellung gefunden. Bei Kindern fiel dieser Effekt eher variabel aus.
Three-year-olds and 4-year-olds have severe difficulties solving standard mental rotation tasks. Only 5-year-olds solve such tasks above chance reliably. In contrast studies relying on simplified mental rotation tasks indicate that infants discriminate between an object and its mirror image. Furthermore in another simplified mental rotation task with 3-year-olds, a linear relation between angular disparity and reaction time typical for mental rotation was revealed. Therefore it was assumed that 3-year-olds’ capabilities are underestimated. In the current study, 3-year-olds were trained in two isolated sessions to solve standard mental rotation tasks and were tested in a third session. Three-year-olds solved this test above chance as a group – a substantial number of them doing so on an individual level. However, a linear relation between angular disparity and reaction time, that would indicate an analog mental transformation, was not discernable. Nevertheless, these findings are in accordance with a continuous line describing mental rotation in infants and older children. And, these also indicate that children’s mental rotation capabilities might be underestimated.
Background: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both genders. More than 80% of patients suffer from significant weight loss at diagnosis and over time develop severe cachexia. Early nutritional support is therefore essential. Summary: This review evaluates the different nutritional therapies, such as enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition and special nutritional supplements, on nutritional status, quality of life and survival. Key Message: Due to the high prevalence of malnutrition and the rapid development of anorexia-cachexia-syndrome, early nutritional intervention is crucial and supported by clinical data. Practical Implications: Enteral nutrition should be preferred over parenteral nutrition. Omega-3 fatty acids and <smlcap>L</smlcap>-carnitine are promising substances for the prevention of severe cachexia, but further randomized controlled trials are needed to establish generally accepted guidelines on nutrition in pancreatic cancer.
Children as young as 3 years can remember an object’s location within an arrangement and can retrieve it from a novel viewpoint (Nardini et al., 2006). However, this ability is impaired if the arrangement is rotated to compensate for the novel viewpoint, or, if the arrangement is rotated and children stand still. There are two dominant explanations for this phenomenon: self-motion induces an automatic spatial updating process which is beneficial if children move around the arrangement, but misleading if the children’s movement is matched by the arrangement and not activated if children stand still and only the arrangement is moved (see spatial updating; Simons and Wang, 1998). Another explanation concerns reference frames: spatial representations might depend on peripheral spatial relations concerning the surrounding room instead on proximal relations within the arrangement, even if these proximal relations are sufficient or more informative. To evaluate these possibilities, we rotated children (N = 120) aged between 3 and 6 years with an occluded arrangement. When the arrangement was in misalignment to the surrounding room, 3- and 4-year-olds’ spatial memory was impaired and 5-year-olds’ was lightly impaired suggesting that they relied on peripheral references of the surrounding room for retrieval. In contrast, 6-years-olds’ spatial representation seemed robust against misalignment indicating a successful integration of spatial representations.