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Die Rolle des Immunsystems im Verlauf der Pankreatitis ist ein Zusammenspiel verschiedener Faktoren. Generell ist festzustellen das infiltrierende Leukozyten im Verlauf der Pankreatitis einen direkten Einfluss sowohl auf den pankreatischen Schaden als auch auf den systemischen Schaden haben. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Pankreatitis in CD18 defizienten Mäusen zeitlich einen anderen Verlauf nimmt im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren. Mit der Verschiebung der Infiltration der Leukozyten verschiebt sich auch die Proteaseaktivierung, bzw. die Entstehung des pankreatischen Schadens. Neutrophile als auch Makrophagen/ Monozyten transmigrieren beide CD18 abhängig in das Pankreas und sind in den späteren Zeitpunkten für die Proteaseaktivierung in gleichem Maße verantwortlich. Die Depletion der Neutrophilen Granulozyten als auch die Depletion von Makrophagen/Monozyten vor Induktion der Pankreatitis führt in gleicher Weise zu einer Verminderung des Schweregrades der Erkrankung in den Tieren. Nicht nur in vivo konnte ein Effekt von Leukozyten auf den Verlauf der Pankreatitis gezeigt werden, auch in vitro zeigen Leukozyten einen direkten Effekt auf den Azinuszellschaden sowie auf die intrazelluläre Proteaseaktivierung. Makrophagen als auch Neutrophile zeigen diesen direkten Effekt auf Azinuszellen. Die Depletion von CD4 positiven T-Zellen führt zu einer verminderten proinflamatorischen Antwort in den Tieren welche in einem milderen Verlauf der Pankreatitis resultiert, da weniger Zellen des angeborenen Immunsystems in den Pankreas transmigrieren. Ein von Leukozyten vermittelter Mechanismus der zu einem erhöhten Azinuszellschaden als auch zu einem Anstieg der Proteaseaktivierung führt ist die Freisetzung von TNFα. In isolierten Azinuszellen konnte gezeigt werden das TNFα einen direkten Effekt auf das Überleben der Zellen hat und zu einer Cathepsin B vermittelten Aktivierung von Trypsinogen führt. Cathepsin B knockout Tiere reagieren nicht auf eine Stimulation durch TNFα mit einer Aktivierung von Trypsinogen oder einer Azinuszellnekrose. Dies stellt eine therapeutische Möglichkeit in Aussicht. Durch den Einsatz eines TNFα spezifischen Antikörpers konnte der Azinuszellschaden der durch Leukozyten vermittelt wird als auch die Cathepsin B vermittelte Proteaseaktivierung signifikant gesenkt werden. Dies stellt eine neue Möglichkeit der Therapie der chronischen Pankreatitis dar, da sie in gleicher Weise wie der Morbus Crohn oder die rheumatoide Arthritis als chronische Entzündungsreaktion mit Hilfe von TNFα inhibierenden Antikörpern behandelt werden könnte.
Aquaporins (AQPs) facilitate the transepithelial water flow involved in epithelial fluid secretion in numerous tissues; however, their function in the pancreas is less characterized. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a serious disorder in which specific treatment is still not possible. Accumulating evidence indicate that decreased pancreatic ductal fluid secretion plays an essential role in AP; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the physiological and pathophysiological role of AQPs in the pancreas. Expression and localization of AQPs were investigated by real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry, whereas osmotic transmembrane water permeability was estimated by the dye dilution technique, in Capan-1 cells. The presence of AQP1 and CFTR in the mice and human pancreas were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Pancreatic ductal HCO3- and fluid secretion were studied on pancreatic ducts isolated from wild-type (WT) and AQP1 knock out (KO) mice using microfluorometry and videomicroscopy, respectively. In vivo pancreatic fluid secretion was estimated by magnetic resonance imaging. AP was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein and disease severity was assessed by measuring biochemical and histological parameters. In the mice, the presence of AQP1 was detected throughout the whole plasma membrane of the ductal cells and its expression highly depends on the presence of CFTR Cl- channel. In contrast, the expression of AQP1 is mainly localized to the apical membrane of ductal cells in the human pancreas. Bile acid treatment dose- and time-dependently decreased mRNA and protein expression of AQP1 and reduced expression of this channel was also demonstrated in patients suffering from acute and chronic pancreatitis. HCO3- and fluid secretion significantly decreased in AQP1 KO versus WT mice and the absence of AQP1 also worsened the severity of pancreatitis. Our results suggest that AQP1 plays an essential role in pancreatic ductal fluid and HCO3- secretion and decreased expression of the channel alters fluid secretion which probably contribute to increased susceptibility of the pancreas to inflammation.
Objective: Defective mucus production in the pancreas may be an important factor in the initiation and progression of chronic pancreatitis (CP), therefore we aimed to (i) investigate the qualitative and quantitative changes of mucus both in human CP and in an experimental pancreatitis model and (ii) to correlate the mucus phenotype with epithelial ion transport function.
Design: Utilizing human tissue samples and a murine model of cerulein induced CP we measured pancreatic ductal mucus content by morphometric analysis and the relative expression of different mucins in health and disease. Pancreatic fluid secretion in CP model was measured in vivo by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and in vitro on cultured pancreatic ducts. Time-changes of ductal secretory function were correlated to those of the mucin production.
Results: We demonstrate increased mucus content in the small pancreatic ducts in CP. Secretory mucins MUC6 and MUC5B were upregulated in human, Muc6 in mouse CP. In vivo and in vitro fluid secretion was decreased in cerulein-induced CP. Analysis of time-course changes showed that impaired ductal ion transport is paralleled by increased Muc6 expression.
Conclusion: Mucus accumulation in the small ducts is a combined effect of mucus hypersecretion and epithelial fluid secretion defect, which may lead to ductal obstruction. These results suggest that imbalance of mucus homeostasis may have an important role in the early-phase development of CP, which may have novel diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 4th leading cause of cancer death worldwide and compared to other malignancies its share in cancer mortality is expected to rise further. This is due to a lack of sensitive diagnostic tools that would permit earlier detection in a potentially curable stage and the very slow progress in finding effective drug treatments for pancreatic cancer. Key Messages: Aside from genetic predispositions and environmental agents, chronic pancreatitis is by far the greatest risk factor for PDAC. It also shares several etiological factors with pancreatic cancer and represents its most challenging differential diagnosis. Biomarkers that can distinguish between chronic pancreatitis and PDAC may therefore be suitable for the latter's early detection. Moreover, targeting the natural history of chronic pancreatitis would be one approach to prevent PDAC. Targeting tumor-cell signaling directly by interfering with receptor tyrosine kinases has shown some efficacy, although the results in clinical trials were less encouraging than for other cancers. Other compounds developed have targeted the formation of extracellular matrix around the tumor, the proteolytic activity in the tumor environment, histone deacetylases, hedgehog signaling and heat shock proteins, but none has yet found its way into routine patient care. Attempts to individualize treatment according to the tumor's somatic mutation profile are novel but so far impractical. Conclusions: Progress in the treatment of pancreatic cancer has been exceedingly slow and mostly dependent on improved pharmaceutical preparations or combinations of established chemotherapeutic agents. The promise of major breakthroughs implied in targeting tumor signal transduction events has so far not materialized.
Background: Abdominal surgery is frequently followed by immune dysfunction usually lasting for several days. This is especially important in cases with tumour diseases as an intact immune function is essential in this situation. Therefore, we analysed the outcome of tumour-bearing mice in a mouse model of surgically induced immune dysfunction (SID). Methods: In male C57BL/6 mice, a pancreatic tumour was implanted orthotopically. Following tumour implantation, the model of SID was applied. The control groups were either laparotomised or underwent no surgical procedure. The survival rate was determined by observation for >60 days. The tumour growth progress was imaged by a 7-tesla small animal MRI. Results: On day 60 after tumour implantation, the survival rate in SID mice was reduced to 41%. In the laparotomised group, 81% of mice survived, while the control group had a survival rate of 75%. These differences were significant (SID vs. control: p < 0.02, and SID vs. laparotomy: p < 0.002). The tumour volume was not influenced by the degree of surgical trauma. Conclusion: In pancreatic cancer, the SID model is ideally suited to investigate the influence of SID on this tumour entity.
