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Hintergrund: Alkoholassoziierte Morbidität und Mortalität ist ein bedeutender Kostenfaktor im Gesundheitswesen. Daher sind genaue Kenntnisse über den Zusammenhang zwischen Alkoholkonsum und der Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen von Relevanz für alle Entscheidungsträger im Gesundheitswesen. Studien aus Japan, Kanada, Spanien und den USA zeigen, dass Personen mit riskantem Alkoholkonsum und Personen, die derzeit abstinent leben, seltener medizinische Hilfe in Anspruch nehmen als leichte Alkoholkonsumenten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, diesen beschriebenen U-förmigen oder umgekehrt linearen Zusammenhang in der bundesdeutschen Allgemeinbevölkerung zu bestätigen. Außerdem werden zwei Erklärungsansätze geprüft, welche dem Befund einer höheren Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen bei abstinent lebenden Personen zugrunde liegen könnten. Methode: Die Daten wurden im Rahmen der Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) und des Bundesgesundheitssurvey 1998 (BGS) erhoben und basieren auf Zufallsstichproben der erwachsenen Allgemeinbevölkerung. Die Studienregion der SHIP umfasst die Region Nordost-Vorpommern und erreichte mit N = 4.310 eine Ausschöpfungsquote von 69%. Der BGS umfasste das gesamte Bundesgebiet; N = 7.124 nahmen an der Untersuchung teil (Ausschöpfung 60%). In beiden Querschnittsstudien wurden mittels Fragebögen, computergestützten Interviews und medizinischen Untersuchungen Daten erhoben, welche mit Hilfe multivariabler statistischer Verfahren ausgewertet wurden. Ergebnisse: In der erwachsenen Allgemeinbevölkerung bestand eine höhere Nachfrage medizinischer Leistungen bei abstinent lebenden Personen als bei Konsumenten mit moderatem Alkoholkonsum. Darüber hinaus fand sich ein umgekehrter Zusammenhang zwischen Alkoholkonsum und der Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen. Zwei Hypothesen für die höhere Inanspruchnahme abstinent lebender Personen wurden untersucht. (1) Ehemalige Risikokonsumenten, die derzeit keinen Alkohol trinken, nahmen mehr ambulante Leistungen wahr als andere Abstinente. (2) Abstinent lebende Personen und Alkoholkonsumenten unterschieden sich hinsichtlich sozialer, lebensstil- und gesundheitsbezogener Risikofaktoren, welche mit einem schlechteren Gesundheitszustand und höherer Inanspruchnahme in Verbindung stehen. Die Berücksichtigung dieser Merkmale als konfundierende Variablen im statistischen Modell verdeutlichte, dass insbesondere alkoholassoziierte Erkrankungen, welche bei Abstinenten häufiger auftraten, für den Befund einer höheren Inanspruchnahme abstinenter Personen verantwortlich sind. Diskussion: Angesichts der vorliegenden Ergebnisse muss davon ausgegangen werden, dass die in internationalen Studien gefundene höhere Inanspruchnahme medizinischer Leistungen auf unberücksichtigte konfundierende Variablen sowie auf eine Fehlklassifikation der ehemaligen Risikokonsumenten zurückzuführen ist. Dieser Befund ist auch für die wissenschaftliche Evidenz zum protektiven Effekte des moderaten Alkoholkonsum von Relevanz, weil in den meisten Studien Konfundierung und Fehlklassifikation bei der Datenanalyse nicht ausreichen Berücksichtigung gefunden haben.
Abstract
Aim
To examine the associations between bone turnover markers and periodontitis in two cross‐sectional population‐based studies.
Materials and Methods
We used data from two independent adult samples (N = 4993), collected within the Study of Health in Pomerania project, to analyse cross‐sectional associations of N‐procollagen type 1 amino‐terminal propeptide (P1NP), C‐terminal cross‐linking telopeptide, osteocalcin, bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), fibroblast growth factor 23, wingless‐type mouse mammary tumour virus integration site family member 5a (WNT5A), and sclerostin values with periodontitis. Confounder‐adjusted gamma and fractional response regression models were applied.
Results
Positive associations were found for P1NP with mean pocket probing depth (PPD; eβ=1.008; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001–1.015), mean clinical attachment loss (mean CAL; eβ=1.027; 95% CI: 1.011–1.044), and proportion of sites with bleeding on probing (%BOP; eβ=1.055; 95% CI: 1.005–1.109). Similar associations were seen for BAP with %BOP (eβ=1.121; 95% CI: 1.042–1.205), proportion of sites with PPD ≥4 mm (%PPD4) (eβ=1.080; 95% CI: 1.005–1.161), and sclerostin with %BOP (eβ=1.308; 95% CI: 1.005–1.704). WNT5A was inversely associated with mean PPD (eβ=0.956; 95% CI: 0.920–0.993) and %PPD4 (eβ=0.794; 95% CI: 0.642–0.982).
Conclusions
This study revealed scattered associations of P1NP, BAP, WNT5A, and sclerostin with periodontitis, but the results are contradictory in the overall context. Associations reported in previous studies could not be confirmed.
Abstract
Background
Twenty five‐hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels have been proposed to protect against periodontitis based on in vitro and observational studies but evidence from long‐term randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is lacking. This study tested whether genetically proxied 25OHD is associated with periodontitis using Mendelian randomization (MR).
Methods
Genetic variants strongly associated with 25OHD in a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of 417,580 participants of European ancestry were used as instrumental variables, and linked to GWAS summary data of 17,353 periodontitis cases and 28,210 controls. In addition to the main analysis using an inverse variance weighted (IVW) model, we applied additional robust methods to control for pleiotropy. We also undertook sensitivity analyses excluding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) used as instruments with potential pleiotropic effects and used a second 25OHD GWAS for replication. We identified 288 SNPs to be genome‐wide significant for 25OHD, explaining 7.0% of the variance of 25OHD levels and providing ≥90% power to detect an odds ratio (OR) of ≤ 0.97.
Results
MR analysis suggested that a 1 standard deviation increase in natural log‐transformed 25OHD was not associated with periodontitis risk (IVW OR = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97–1.12; P‐value = 0.297). The robust models, replication, and sensitivity analyses were coherent with the primary analysis.
Conclusions
Collectively, our findings suggest that 25OHD levels are unlikely to have a substantial effect on the risk of periodontitis, but large long‐term RCTs are needed to derive definitive evidence on the causal role of 25OHD in periodontitis.
Background
Observational and in-vivo research suggested a bidirectional relationship between depression and periodontitis. We estimated the genetic correlation and examined directionality of causation.
Methods
The study used summary statistics from published genome wide association studies, with sample sizes ranging from 45,563 to 797,563 individuals of European ancestry. We performed linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) to estimate global correlation and used Heritability Estimation from Summary Statistics (ρ-HESS) to further examine local genetic correlation. Latent Heritable Confounder Mendelian randomization (LHC-MR), Causal Analysis using Summary Effect estimates (CAUSE), and conventional MR approaches assessed bidirectional causation.
Results
LDSC observed only weak genetic correlation (rg = 0.06, P-Value = 0.619) between depression and periodontitis. Analysis of local genetic correlation using ρ-HESS did not reveal loci of significant local genetic covariance. LHC-MR, CAUSE and conventional MR models provided no support for bidirectional causation between depression and periodontitis, with odds ratios ranging from 1.00 to 1.06 in either direction.
Conclusions
Results do not support shared heritability or a causal connection between depression and periodontitis.
Abstract
Aim
Observational research suggests that periodontitis affects psoriasis. However, observational studies are prone to reverse causation and confounding, which hampers drawing causal conclusions and the effect direction. We applied the Mendelian randomization (MR) method to comprehensively assess the potential bi‐directional association between periodontitis and psoriasis.
Materials and Methods
We used genetic instruments from the largest available genome‐wide association study of European descent for periodontitis (17,353 cases, 28,210 controls) to investigate the relationship with psoriasis (13,229 cases, 21,543 controls), and vice versa. Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect (CAUSE) estimates and inverse variance‐weighted (IVW) MR analyses were used for the primary analysis. Robust MR approaches were used for sensitivity analyses.
Results
Both univariable methods, CAUSE and IVW MR analyses, did not reveal any impact of periodontitis on psoriasis (CAUSE odds ratio [OR] = 1.00, p = 1.00; IVW OR = 1.02, p = .6247), or vice versa (CAUSE OR = 1.01, p = .5135; IVW OR = 1.00, p = .7070). The null association was corroborated by pleiotropy‐robust methods with ORs close to 1 and p‐values >.59. Overall, MR analyses did not suggest any effect of periodontitis on psoriasis. Similarly, there was no evidence to support an effect of psoriasis on periodontitis.
Conclusions
Within the limitations of this MR study, the outcomes supported neither periodontitis affecting psoriasis nor psoriasis affecting periodontitis.
Background: A telemedicine care concept based on telephone contacts and individualized text messages was developed for patients with mental disorders to continue treatment after therapy in a psychiatric day hospital. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the telemedicine interventions. Methods: The study had a 3-armed, randomized design with 2 intervention arms (intervention 1: telephone contacts; intervention 2: telephone contacts and short text messages; both took place over a period of 6 months and in addition to usual care), and a control group with usual care. Primary outcomes were 18-item Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) scores for anxiety, depression and somatization. All participants were recruited from psychiatric day hospitals. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00000662). Results: 113 participants were analyzed 6 months after starting the intervention. The average BSI-18 anxiety score after 6 months was -2.04 points lower in intervention group 2 than in the control group (p value: 0.042). The difference in BSI depression score between these two groups was marginally significant (p value: 0.1), with an average treatment effect of -1.73. In an exploratory sensitivity analysis restricted to the 75% of patients with the highest symptom scores at baseline, intervention group 1 yielded a significant effect for anxiety and depression compared to the control group (p = 0.036 and 0.046, respectively). Conclusions: Telemedicine provides a novel option in psychiatric ambulatory care with statistically significant effects on anxiety. A positive tendency was observed for depression, especially in cases with higher symptom load at baseline.
Aim
To estimate association between the use of interdental cleaning aids (IDAs) and type on 7-year follow-up levels of interdental plaque, interdental gingival inflammation, interdental periodontitis severity, the number of interdental sound surfaces and the number of missing teeth in a population-based cohort study.
Materials and Methods
We used 7-year follow-up data of 2224 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND). We applied generalized linear and ordinal logistic models, adjusting for confounding and selection bias using inverse probability treatment weighting and multiple imputation.
Results
Flossers were 32% less likely to have higher interdental plaque (iPlaque) levels than non-users of IDAs (odds ratio [OR] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50–0.94); flossing resulted in 5% lower means of iPlaque. Effects on interdental bleeding on probing (iBOP), mean interdental probing depths and mean interdental clinical attachment levels were direction-consistent but statistically non-significant. Interdental brushing was associated with lower follow-up levels for interdental plaque (OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57–0.93) and iBOP (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.53–0.89). IDAs were more effective in reducing iPlaque in participants with periodontitis, whereas iBOP reduction was more pronounced in participants with no or mild periodontitis. The analyses did not suggest that the use of IDAs affected caries. Finally, applying change score analyses, flossing reduced tooth loss incidence (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.71) compared with non-users of IDAs.
Conclusions
Recommending flossing and interdental brushing in dental practices represents an approach to the prevention of gingivitis and consequently periodontitis.
Abstract
Study Objective
Long‐term intake of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) might increase the risk of cardiovascular events. One suggested mechanism is that PPIs inhibit the enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) and thereby block the degradation of endothelial asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA). Excess ADMA in turn leads to impaired endothelial nitric oxide (NO) generation. So far, this mechanism has only been established in human cell cultures. Previous studies that examined this pathway in human populations measured circulating ADMA and found no association with PPI use and excess plasma ADMA. But in a recent study, plasma ADMA was not correlated with intracellular ADMA. We therefore focused on changes in plasma citrulline as an indicator for potential DDAH inhibition.
Design
We analyzed the association between regular daily PPI intake and flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery as well as plasma concentrations of citrulline, arginine, ADMA, and symmetric dimethylarginine using inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding and censoring.
Data Source
Data of 1298 participants from two independent cohorts of the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania were used.
Participants
Participants of the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania are a stratified random sample of the study region.
Exposure
Regular daily intake of PPIs.
Measurements
FMD of the brachial artery and plasma concentrations of citrulline, arginine, ADMA, and symmetric dimethylarginine.
Main Results
Eighty‐seven participants (57.5% female) were regular daily users of PPIs. In the fully adjusted models, associations were identified for FMD and plasma citrulline concentrations. PPI users revealed a 0.99% (95% CI: −1.96 to −0.02) lower FMD and 3.03 µmol/L (95% CI: −4.96 to −1.10) lower plasma citrulline levels as compared to non‐users.
Conclusion
Our data provide evidence that long‐term intake of PPIs might inhibit human DDAH activity, resulting in impaired endothelial NO production and reduced vascular function. In the long run, this might explain an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases associated with long‐term PPI use.