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Abstract
The Tollense valley in northeast Germany is well known for its substantial evidence indicating a violent conflict dated to the early 13th century BC (Period III of the Nordic Bronze Age). This article presents a significant new find from a later Bronze Age context, found in the river at a known Bronze Age valley crossing (site Weltzin 13) by Ronald Borgwardt in 2020. The small bronze figurine (14.7 cm tall) has an egg-shaped head with a prominent nose, looped arms, a neckring, two knobs signifying breasts, a belt, an indication of a female sex and two slightly differently shaped legs. In the 19th century a similar female statuette was found near the village of Klein Zastrow, just a few kilometres from the valley crossing, but mostly these figurines are known from Zealand and Scania. Belts are only present on the statuettes from Zealand and northern Germany, and their presence suggests a close connection between the figures from these areas. Typological evidence places the figure from the Tollense river to the Late Bronze Age (Periods V–VI). Some time ago the figures were discussed as possible balance weights, but their small number does not support this theory. With a mass of 155 g, however, the new figure could be seen as a multiple of 26 g, the previously proposed weight unit of the time. The new find further suggests a connection between the find spots of the statuettes and routes of communication. There is little evidence to support an interpretation as a goddess. The deposition of the new figure at a valley crossing where hundreds of years before a violent conflict happened, might indicate that this was still a place of commemoration.
Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Gewässernetzentwicklung im Bereich der Pommerschen Haupteisrandlage (W2), des eng benachbarten Frühpommerschen Vorstoßes (W2max) und der südlich angrenzenden Sanderflächen in einem Ausschnitt, der ungefähr zwischen Krakow, Goldberg und Malchow im mittleren Mecklenburg gelegen ist. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist die Verknüpfung geomorphologischer, bodenkundlicher, paläobotanischer, paläolimnologischer, archäologischer und historischer Befunde zur paläohydrographischen Rekonstruktion der Gewässer seit dem Spätpleistozän, eines etwa 14.000 Jahre umfassenden Zeitraums. Die hierbei präferierte multidisziplinäre Bearbeitungsweise limnischer Sedimentsequenzen aus Seebohrungen in Verbindung mit landseitigen bodenkundlich–geomorphologischen Kartierungen stellt (noch immer) ein Novum in der Gewässerforschung Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns dar und liefert wichtige Ergänzungen zu Modellvorstellungen der Gewässerentwicklung. Thematische Schwerpunkte werden für die verknüpfte, spätpleistozäne Becken– und Durchbruchstalentwicklung, die fortan archivierte limnisch–telmatische Sedimentationsgeschichte, die Wasserstandsentwicklung und die Wechselwirkung Mensch und Gewässer gesetzt. Zugleich erlauben die bodenkundlichen Arbeiten im Gewässerumfeld Aussagen zur Bodengenese und Landnutzungsgeschichte besonders innerhalb der Nossentiner–Schwinzer Heide. Im Zuge der palynologischen Bearbeitung der Seesedimente durch Dritte liegt desweiteren eine lückenlose Vegetationsgeschichte des Untersuchungsgebietes seit dem Allerød vor, die ebenso wertvolle Ableitungen zur regionalen Siedlungs- und Landnutzungsgeschichte erlaubt. Diatomeen–basierte paläolimnologische Aussagen ebenfalls Dritter fokussieren auf die postglaziale Trophie– und die Wasserstandsentwicklung der untersuchten Seen.
The site at the southern shore of Krakower See shows the Quaternary geology of the surrounding
area. The local Quaternary sequence comprises a thickness of 50–100m of Quaternary deposits while
the surface morphology is dominated by the ice marginal position of the Pomeranian moraine, which
passes through the area. The bathymetry of the lake basin of Krakower See indicates a predominant
genesis by glaciofluvial erosion in combination with glacial exaration. Past research in this area has focussed
on the reconstruction of Pleniglacial to Holocene environmental changes, including lake-level
fluctuations, aeolian dynamics, and pedological processes and their modification by anthropogenic
land use.
Archaeological discoveries in the Tollense Valley represent remains of a Bronze Age battle of ca.1300–1250 BCE, documenting a violent group conflict hitherto unimagined for this period of time in Europe, changing the perception of the Bronze Age. Geoscientific, geoarchaeological and palaeobotanical investigations have reconstructed a tree- and shrubless mire characterised by sedges, reed and semiaquatic conditions with a shallow but wide river Tollense for the Bronze Age. The exact river
course cannot be reconstructed, but the distribution of fluvial deposits traces only a narrow corridor, in which the Tollense meandered close to the current riverbed. The initial formation of the valley mire dates to the transition from the Weichselian Late Glacial to the early Holocene.
Lake‐level reconstructions are a key tool in hydro‐climate reconstructions, based on the assumption that lake‐level changes primarily reflect climatic changes. Although it is known that land cover changes can affect evapotranspiration and groundwater formation, this factor commonly receives little attention in the interpretation of past lake‐level changes. To address this issue in more detail, we explore the effects of land cover change on Holocene lake‐level fluctuations in Lake Tiefer See in the lowlands of northeastern Germany. We reconstruct lake‐level changes based on the analysis of 28 sediment records from different water depths and from the shore. We compare the results with land cover changes inferred from pollen data. We also apply hydrological modelling to quantify effects of land cover change on evapotranspiration and the lake level. Our reconstruction shows an overall lake‐level amplitude of about 10 m during the Holocene, with the highest fluctuations during the Early and Late Holocene. Only smaller fluctuations during the Middle Holocene can unambiguously be attributed to climatic fluctuations because the land cover was stable during that period. Fluctuations during the Early and Late Holocene are at least partly related to changes in natural and anthropogenic land cover. For several intervals the reconstructed lake‐level changes agree well with variations in modelled groundwater recharge inferred from land cover changes. In general, the observed amplitudes of lake‐level fluctuations are larger than expected from climatic changes alone and thus underline that land cover changes in lake catchments must be considered in climatic interpretations of past lake‐level fluctuations.
Abstract
We investigated four subaerial (paleo)lacustrine landforms at the north‐eastern shoreline of Schweriner See, north‐eastern Germany. These included two beach ridges, one subaerial nearshore bar and a silting up sequence located close to a fossil cliff, which marks the former maximum extent of Schweriner See. We used luminescence profiling with a SUERC portable OSL device (POSL) on all four sediment sequences in combination with sedimentological investigations such as grain size, loss‐on‐ignition and magnetic susceptibility to provide information on the various formations in a lacustrine depositional environment. The POSL reader was used on pre‐treated polymineral samples to gain an insight into luminescence distribution within the individual sediment sequences, but also among the four sequences. POSL proved valuable to understand depositional processes, which were not visible in lithology or sedimentological parameters. With somewhat larger uncertainty this method provides relative chronologies of the sediment sequences. Additionally, we carried out radiocarbon dating and full optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to establish a chronological framework. OSL ages proved to be more reliable to date beach ridges in this setting than radiocarbon samples, which were severely influenced by sediment reworking. This combined approach of sedimentological analyses, luminescence profiling and absolute age determinations revealed details in depositional processes at Schweriner See which otherwise would have remained undetected. Furthermore, it helped to set these subaerial (paleo)lacustrine landforms in a chronological framework.