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Kurzfassung 1. Teil: Untersuchung geriatrischer Patienten: Hintergrund: Alte hospitalisierte Patienten weisen sehr häufig eine Mangelernährung auf, welche sich negativ auf die Morbidität, Mortalität und die Behandlungskosten auswirkt. Aus diesem Grund wurde eine Vielzahl von Fragebögen und Messparametern implementiert und etabliert, um die Mangelernährung als solche und deren Ausmaß zu ermitteln. Nichts desto trotz werden diese auf Grund fehlender Sensibilisierung für dieses Thema, mangelndem Wissen um deren medizinische Bedeutung und/oder aus Zeitgründen nicht konsequent angewandt. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die Patienten unzureichend therapiert werden, die Krankenhausverweildauer steigt und somit in letzter Konsequenz auch die Kosten. Ziele: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob ein einfaches Tool, wie der Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) in der Lage ist, dass Ausmaß einer Mangelernährung und somit auch die Krankenhaussterblichkeit und -verweildauer (KVD)geriatrischer Patienten vorherzusagen. Methoden: Es handelt sich um eine monozentrische, prospektive Studie an 500 Patienten über 65 Jahren (Frauen: 248; Männer: 252; Alter: 76.3±0.31 Jahre). Das Risiko für das Vorliegen einer Mangelernährung wurde anhand des GNRI bestimmt und dessen Ausmaß mit anthropometrischen Daten und Laborwerten korreliert. Ergebnisse: Der mittlere BMI in unserem Patientenkollektiv lag bei 24.8±0.24 kg/m², der mittlere GNRI bei 82.2±0.56. Dies bedeutet, dass wie zu erwarten, in unserem Patientenklientel eine deutliche Mangelernährung evident wurde. Die statistischen Analysen zeigten eine signifikante Assoziation des GNRI mit dem C-reaktiven Protein in mg/l (p=0.01) und der Lymphozytenzahl in % (p=0.01). Ein niedriger GNRI korreliert mit einem hohen CRP und verminderten Lymphozytenzahlen. Darüber hinaus fand sich ein inverser Zusammenhang zwischen dem GNRI und der Krankenhausverweildauer sowie dem GNRI und der Mortalitätsrate. Ein linearer Zusammenhang des GNRI bestand zu den BIA-Daten, wie Phasenwinkel (p=0.01) und Zellanteil (p=0.01). Schlussfolgerung: Der GNRI korreliert mit der Krankenhausverweildauer, der Körperzusammensetzung sowie mit der Mortalität bei den Patienten in unserem Kollektiv. Die Implementierung des GNRI in die klinische Routine als Assessment Tool für geriatrische Patienten scheint hierbei von großem medizinischem und sozioökonomischem Wert. Kurzfassung 2. Teil: Untersuchung parenteral ernährter Patienten: Hintergrund: Für Krankenhauspatienten, die einer parenteralen Ernährung bedürfen, hat die adäquate Versorgung mit Nährstoffen einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Krankenhausverweildauer, Morbidität und Mortalität, sowie die Komplikationsrate. Daher kann eine parenterale Ernährungstherapie auch zu einer Verschlechterung des Outcomes führen, wenn diese unkritisch oder unsachgemäß verordnet wird. Ziele: Diese Studie soll die Qualität der parenteralen Versorgung anhand der Überein-stimmung mit den Ernährungsrichtlinien für parenterale Ernährung an einem Universitätsklinikum evaluieren. Methoden: Über einen Zeitraum von sechs Monaten wurden in einer monozentrischen angelegten Studie prospektiv 107 internistische und chirurgische Patienten (41 Frauen; 66 Männer) untersucht, die eine parenterale Ernährung benötigten. Die Datenerhebung ging einem Ernährungskonsil voraus. Die Bedarfsberechnung erfolgte auf Basis der derzeit gültigen ESPEN Leitlinien (2009). Ergebnisse: Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 65.0±14.2 Jahre, mit einem durchschnittlichen BMI von 23.2±4.7 kg/m². Zum Zeitpunkt der Evaluation wurden lediglich 75% des errechneten Kalorienbedarfs gedeckt. Eine adäquate Supplementation mit einem Multivitaminpräparat (ohne Vitamin K) erfolgte in lediglich 37% der Fälle, eine Substitution mit Vitamin K erfolgte nur in 6%. Spurenelemente wurden nur in 35% der Fälle verabreicht. Eine adäquate parenterale Ernährung erfolgte in Übereinstimmung mit den ESPEN Guidelines bei keinem der untersuchten Patienten. Ein Monitoring der Laborwerte erfolgte nicht. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die parenterale Ernährung nicht adäquat und leitlinienkonform erfolgt. Um eine Verbesserung im Sinne einer Qualitätskontrolle zu erreichen, müssen konsekutiv Schulungen des medizinischen und pflegerischen Personals erfolgen und Standardarbeitsanweisungen entwickelt werden.
Background: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both genders. More than 80% of patients suffer from significant weight loss at diagnosis and over time develop severe cachexia. Early nutritional support is therefore essential. Summary: This review evaluates the different nutritional therapies, such as enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition and special nutritional supplements, on nutritional status, quality of life and survival. Key Message: Due to the high prevalence of malnutrition and the rapid development of anorexia-cachexia-syndrome, early nutritional intervention is crucial and supported by clinical data. Practical Implications: Enteral nutrition should be preferred over parenteral nutrition. Omega-3 fatty acids and <smlcap>L</smlcap>-carnitine are promising substances for the prevention of severe cachexia, but further randomized controlled trials are needed to establish generally accepted guidelines on nutrition in pancreatic cancer.
Chronic pancreatitis has long been thought to be mainly associated with immoderate alcohol consumption. The observation that only ∼10% of heavy drinkers develop chronic pancreatitis not only suggests that other environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke, are potent additional risk factors, but also that the genetic component of pancreatitis is more common than previously presumed. Either disease-causing or protective traits have been indentified for mutations in different trypsinogen genes, the gene for the trypsin inhibitor SPINK1, chymotrypsinogen C, and the cystic fibrosis transmembane conductance regulator (CFTR). Other factors that have been proposed to contribute to pancreatitis are obesity, diets high in animal protein and fat, as well as antioxidant deficiencies. For the development of pancreatic cancer, preexisting chronic pancreatitis, more prominently hereditary pancreatitis, is a risk factor. The data on environmental risk factors for pancreatic cancer are, with the notable exception of tobacco smoke, either sparse, unconfirmed or controversial. Obesity appears to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer in the West but not in Japan. Diets high in processed or red meat, diets low in fruits and vegetables, phytochemicals such as lycopene and flavonols, have been proposed and refuted as risk or protective factors in different trials. The best established and single most important risk factor for cancer as well as pancreatitis and the one to clearly avoid is tobacco smoke.
Background/Aims
Patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) have an increased risk of malnutrition, a condition linked to reduced muscle mass and physical performance. We have investigated the risk factors, phenotypic presentation, and health implications associated with malnutrition in CP.
Materials and Methods
In a multicenter cross-sectional study we recruited patients with confirmed CP and healthy volunteers as a control group. Malnutrition was diagnosed according to the criteria proposed by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition. We performed detailed examinations of body composition and physical function as well as testing of routine blood parameters and markers of inflammation.
Results
We included 66 patients [mean (±SD) age: 56.0 (±14.5) years; 51 males] and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls. Moderate malnutrition was diagnosed in 21% (n = 14) and severe malnutrition in 42% (n = 28) of patients. Besides weight loss malnourished patients showed lower fat and skeletal muscle mass compared to both non-malnourished subjects and healthy controls. Only in severe malnutrition, blood parameters reflected elevated inflammation and reduced muscle reserves. Handgrip strength in patients did not differ by nutritional status but there was a significant correlation (rho = 0.705, p < 0.001) with skeletal muscle mass. Although 20 patients (30%) had pathologically reduced skeletal muscle mass, only two individuals (3%) had sarcopenia with concomitantly reduced handgrip strength.
Conclusion
Malnutrition is a frequent complication of CP characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass. As this condition becomes evident only at an advanced stage, regular testing for altered body composition is recommended. Suitable biomarkers and the link between loss of muscle mass and physical function require further investigation.
Clinical Trial Registration
[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04474743], identifier [NCT04474743].
Introduction: Patients who are overweight or obese have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Weight loss can have a positive effect on glycemic control. Objective: We aimed to investigate glycemic control in patients with T2DM and overweight or obesity during a structured weight-loss program. Methods: This was a prospective, interventional study. We recruited 36 patients (14 men and 22 women) with a median age of 58.5 years and median body mass index (BMI) of 34.1, to a 15-week structured weight-loss program with a low-calorie (800 kcal) formula diet for 6 weeks. The primary end point, HbA<sub>1c</sub> level, and secondary end points, anthropometric data, medication, and safety, were assessed weekly. Laboratory values and quality of life were assessed at baseline and after 15 weeks. Results: HbA<sub>1c</sub> decreased from 7.3% at baseline to 6.5% at 15 weeks (p < 0.001), median body weight by 11.9 kg (p < 0.001), median BMI by 4.3 (p < 0.001) and median waist circumference by 11.0 cm (p < 0.001). Two participants discontinued insulin therapy, 4 could reduce their dosage of oral antidiabetic agents, and 6 completely discontinued their antidiabetic medication. Insulin dose decreased from 0.63 (0.38–0.89) to 0.39 (0.15–0.70) units/kg body weight (p < 0.001). No patient experienced hypoglycemic episodes or hospital emergency visits. Triglycerides and total cholesterol decreased as well as surrogate markers of liver function. However, the levels of high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C) as well as uric acid remain unchanged. Regarding quality of life, the median physical health score increased from 44.5 (39.7–51.4) at baseline to 48.0 (43.1–55.3; p = 0.007), and the median mental health score decreased from 42.1 (36.1–46.7) to 37.4 (30.3–43.7; p = 0.004). Conclusions: A structured weight-loss program is effective in the short term in reducing HbA<sub>1c</sub>, weight, and antidiabetic medication in patients with T2DM who are overweight or obese. Levels of HDL-C and LDL-C were not affected by short-term weight loss. The decline in mental health and the long-term effects of improved glycemic control require further trials.
Introduction
Patients with bariatric surgery often show poor long-term compliance to recommendations for prevention of nutrient deficiency but it is unclear which factors contribute. We investigated the associations of age, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) with adherence to guideline recommendations on protein intake and micronutrient supplementation.
Methods
In a monocentric cross-sectional study we prospectively recruited patients with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and a minimum postoperative period of 6 months. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from the patients’ medical files and by questionnaire. Patients reported on supplement usage, recorded their dietary intake for seven days and underwent physical examinations including blood testing.
Results
We included 35 patients (SG: n = 25, RYGB: n = 10) with a mean (+SD) postoperative period of 20.2 (±10.4) months. Distributions of age, sex and SES were comparable between the SG and RYGB groups. Non-adherence to recommended protein intake was associated with age ≥ 50 years (p = 0.041) but not sex or SES. Protein intake inversely correlated with markers of obesity. There were no significant associations of age or sex with micronutrient supplementation. Only for vitamins A (p = 0.049) and B1 (p = 0.047) higher SES was associated with greater compliance. The only manifest deficiency associated with non-adherence to micronutrient supplementation was that for folic acid (p = 0.044).
Conclusion
In patients after bariatric surgery, those of older age and of lower SES might have a greater risk of unfavorable outcome and may require greater attention to micronutrient and protein supplementation.
Introduction: Adiposity and excessive weight are on the rise in western industrialized countries. In cases where conservative measures fail and surgical interventions are not (yet) desired, gastric balloon therapy has proven to be a safe and reversible endoscopic method. Methods: Aside from weight progression under gastric balloon therapy and by using MRI, our research paper describes the behavior of different abdominal body fat compartments at the beginning and at the end of the gastric balloon therapy. Additionally, the volume of the left liver lobe as well as the fill volume and performance of the gastric balloon were analyzed over the duration of treatment. For assessing potential impacts of weight reduction on the muscle mass, we determined the area of the m. psoas on a comparable cross-sectional area at the beginning and at the end of the therapy. Results: We were able to verify a significant reduction of the layer of subcutaneous fat, adipose capsule of the kidney, and intra-abdominal fatty tissue during the therapy. The volume of the left liver lobe was shrinking in addition to a muscle loss during the balloon therapy. The volume of the gastric balloon remained stable (not hyperinflation). There were variable gas bubbles in the gastric balloon. Conclusion: The gastric balloon is a temporary and successful option for weight reduction by reducing body fat, liver volume, but also muscle mass.