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Molybdopterin spielt in der Natur eine wesentliche Rolle, da es gebunden an Molybdän den Molybdän-Cofaktor bildet, der einer Reihe verschiedener Enzyme als katalytisches Zentrum dient. Der Molybdän-Cofaktor kann zwar aus dem Protein freigesetzt werden, erweist sich dann aber als instabil. Trotz langjähriger Bemühungen konnten der Molybdän-Cofaktor und seine biologischen Vorstufen bisher nicht auf chemischem Wege synthetisiert werden. Daher konnten die bisher gewonnenen Kenntnisse über diese Verbindung nicht anhand von Untersuchungen an dem freien Cofaktor gewonnen werden. Um den Cofaktor in seiner Chemie zu verstehen, beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit mit der chemischen Synthese von Modellverbindungen, die die Aufgaben des natürlichen Cofaktors nachbilden können. Um den Einfluss der verschiedenen Struktureinheiten auf die Stabilität oder die katalytische Aktivität zu verstehen und so ein tieferes Verständnis über Molybdopterin und mögliche Struktur-/Funktionsbeziehungen des natürlichen Cofaktors zu entwickeln, werden einzelne Strukturabschnitte untersucht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit war der Fokus das Verständnis der Chemie des Pyrazin-Pyran-Dithiolen-Strukturabschnittes und nach Möglichkeit die Entwicklung alternativer Modellverbindungen, die in der Lage sind Sauerstoff-Transport-Reaktionen zu katalysieren und/oder mit dem Apoenzym verbunden werden können. Im besten Falle kann so eine Modellverbindung als Behandlungsmöglichkeit der Molybdän-Cofaktor-Defizienz eingesetzt werden, bei Bindung mit dem Apoenzym für iSOD (isolierte Sulfitoxidase-Defizienz) oder bei Nichtbindung für MoCo-Defizienz Typ B. Für die Synthese der Pyrazin-Pyran-Dithiolen-Liganden sollten bereits literaturbekannte Syntheserouten insbesondere von Garner modifiziert und optimiert werden. Vergleichsweise sollten auch Ligandensysteme mit einer CH2-Gruppe anstelle der Sauerstofffunktion des Pyrans synthetisiert werden. Des Weiteren sollten neue Synthesewege zu strukturell und elektronisch ähnlichen Verbindungen entwickelt werden. Die so gewonnenen Ligandensysteme sollten anschließend mit vorzugsweise Molybdän, aber auch Wolfram komplexiert werden.

Molybdenum dependent enzymes are involved in essential metabolic transformations in bacteria, plants, and human beings. The extreme instability of the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) prevents its use as an effective treatment for patients with a Moco deficiency. Therefore, the design, develop and execute the artificial molybdenum cofactor models are essential. In the present thesis, the asymmetric molybdopterin (mpt) model precursors with oxygen functionality and various electronic structures and their Moco model complexes mimicking the natural cofactor have been synthesized and comprehensively investigated through multi-nuclear NMR, MS, IR, resonance Raman, X-ray crystallography, UV-Vis, and electrochemical methods. Notably, the asymmetrically substituted dithiolenes in this thesis are confirmed through a significant push-pull effect, which is tuning its electronic structure. The redox behavior of Moco model complexes was investigated by temperature-dependent cyclic voltammetry. Electronic and vibrational spectral studies were investigated in detail to understand substituents effect on the electronic structure of model complexes and to elucidate roles of mpt in catalysis. Since the model complexes can be considered as structural models for the Moco dependent oxidoreductases, catalytic oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactions in DMSO/PPh3 were investigated. The main focus of the present thesis was achieved through the development of various synthetic routes that address phosphonate bearing dithiolene ligands, inspiring the natural mpt. Simultaneously the Minisci protocol was applied for the synthesis of new pterin ketophosphonates, taking into consideration the essential aspects of the natural molybdopterin, including the phosphate anchor group. Even though some aspects of this protocol require further optimizations, but the mentioned synthetic route has exceptional potential and flexibility.

In modern-day organic synthesis, transitional metal catalysis has become an essential tool-kit to access the biologically significant complex organic scaffolds. The activation profile of these sophisticated catalytic systems in cross-coupling chemistry and ring-closing processes has been well appreciated and frequently employed by the scientific community. The present thesis is describing the results of interdisciplinary research involving medicinal chemistry and transitional metal homogeneous catalysis. A molybdenum mediated process was employed to access 32 unprecedented heterocyclic fused poly sulfur ring containing pentathiepins in moderate to good yields as a part of medicinal chemistry. Biologically significant, such as quinoxaline, pyrazine, pyridine, nicotinamide, quinoline, imdazo-pyrazine, pyrrolo-pyrazine, purine, and pyridine sulfonamide scaffolds were functionalized with pentathiepin unit via multi-step organic synthesis. Essentially, the Sonogashira cross-coupling and(Et4N)2[MoO(S4)2] mediated ring-closing steps were commonly employed in all pentathiepin syntheses. The analytically pure samples were characterized by 1H, 13C, 19F-NMR, FTIR, ESI-MS, CHNS, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis. Notably, all pentathiepins exhibited an ABX3 multiplet pattern between δ: 4.2-4.5 ppm with the integration of 2H for the ethoxy functional group's methylene protons substituted on the five-membered ring of pentathiepin, which was later considered as a fingerprint for pentathiepin formation. The mechanistic investigations via control experiments suggest that the tetra sulfur ring Mo(IV) precursor (Et4N)2[MoO(S4)2] is vital along with elemental sulfur for the pentathiepin formation, and the Mo(IV) complex regenerates in the reaction. Furthermore, For the first time, the GPx1 enzyme inhibitor properties of novel fused heterocyclic pentathiepins were established, where these probes exhibited 9-12 folds higher potency than mercaptosuccinic acid. Notably, <1 µM concentration of quinoxaline, pyrazine, and quinoline fused pentathiepins were potent enough to inhibit 50% of GPx1 enzyme activity. Additionally, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antifungal studies were conducted for all pentathiepins. In anticancer investigations, the IC50 concentrations for all pentathiepins were ranging between 0.22 to 4.7 µM. The second half of the thesis introduces a novel water-soluble Pd/PTABS as a potent catalyst for C-X (X = N, O, and S) cross-coupling chloroheteroarenes and halonucleosides. The novel, mild and efficient Pd/PTABS catalytic system was successfully employed at low catalytic loadings (1 mol%) for the amination (C−N), etherification (C−O), and thioetherification (C−S) of chloroheteroarenes at ambient to moderate temperatures. The Pd/PTABS catalyst is well-tolerating various heterocyclic scaffolds, and under the optimized catalytic conditions, various secondary amines, electron-rich or electron-poor phenols, thiophenols, and alkylthiols, were efficiently employed as nucleophilic coupling partners. Notably, the catalyst offered tremendous regio and chemoselectivity with excellent temperature control. Besides, novel sulfones and sulfoximines were prepared from the thioethers obtained via Pd/PTABS. The catalyst was employed efficiently for synthesizing biologically significant known drugs or drug candidates such as alogliptin (anti-diabetic agent), XRK 469 (antitumor agent), and Imuran-Azathioprine (immunosuppressive) in competitive yields. Preliminary DFT investigations were performed, and based on the DFT analysis, the electropositive character of the phosphorous atom in quaternary ammonium salts of PTABS supports the heteroatom directed C−Cl activation hypothesis.