Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie Abt. für Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie
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Introduction: Splenic B cells exhibit a high expression of the G protein-coupled sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor type 4 (S1PR4). Little is known about the functional relevance of S1PR4 expression on those cells.
Methods: In this study, S1PR4-deficient mice were used to study the role of S1PR4-mediated S1P signaling in B cell motility in vitro and for the maintenance of the splenic architecture under steady state conditions as well as in polymicrobial abdominal sepsis in vivo. Finally, the impact of S1PR4 deficiency on antibody production after immunization with T cell dependent antigens was assessed.
Results: Loss of S1PR4 resulted in minor alterations of the splenic architecture concerning the presence of B cell follicles. After sepsis induction, the germinal center response was severely impaired in S1PR4-deficient animals. Splenic B cells showed reduced motility in the absence of S1PR4. However, titres of specific antibodies showed only minor reductions in S1PR4-deficient animals.
Discussion: These observations suggest that S1P signaling mediated by S1PR4 modifies chemokine-induced splenic B cell chemotaxis, thus modulating splenic microarchitecture, GC formation and T-cell dependent antibody production.
Introduction
Medical gas plasma therapy has been successfully applied to several types of cancer in preclinical models. First palliative tumor patients suffering from advanced head and neck cancer benefited from this novel therapeutic modality. The gas plasma-induced biological effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generated in the plasma gas phase result in oxidation-induced lethal damage to tumor cells.
Objectives
This study aimed to verify these anti-tumor effects of gas plasma exposure on urinary bladder cancer.
Methods
2D cell culture models, 3D tumor spheroids, 3D vascularized tumors grown on the chicken chorion-allantois-membrane (CAM) in ovo, and patient-derived primary cancer tissue gas plasma-treated ex vivo were used.
Results
Gas plasma treatment led to oxidation, growth retardation, motility inhibition, and cell death in 2D and 3D tumor models. A marked decline in tumor growth was also observed in the tumors grown in ovo. In addition, results of gas plasma treatment on primary urothelial carcinoma tissues ex vivo highlighted the selective tumor-toxic effects as non-malignant tissue exposed to gas plasma was less affected. Whole-transcriptome gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of tumor-promoting fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) accompanied by upregulation of apoptosis-inducing factor 2 (AIFm2), which plays a central role in caspase-independent cell death signaling.
Conclusion
Gas plasma treatment induced cytotoxicity in patient-derived cancer tissue and slowed tumor growth in an organoid model of urinary bladder carcinoma, along with less severe effects in non-malignant tissues. Studies on the potential clinical benefits of this local and safe ROS therapy are awaited.
Background
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a life-threatening complication of sepsis. In surgical ICUs, DIC is frequently caused by abdominal sepsis, and the disarranged coagulation and complications often lead to death. The severity of sepsis is associated with a higher DIC score according to the parameters proposed by the International Society of Hemostasis and Thrombosis (ISTH) in 2001: platelet count, bleeding time (Quick), D-dimer, and fibrinogen. One problem in studying DIC is finding an adequate animal model that reflects the clinical situation of polymicrobial overwhelming infection.
Aims and methods
We investigated whether a well-established polymicrobial sepsis model of colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) is suited to investigate the complexity of DIC. For this purpose, CASP-operated mice were examined 20 h after the operation with regard to coagulation parameters using cell counts, bleeding times, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), ELISAs for D-dimer and fibrinogen, and platelet accumulation in affected organs via immunohistochemistry to see if the mice develop a coagulation disorder that meets the definition of DIC proposed by the ISTH 2001 consensus conference.
Results
Herein, we showed that the CASP model is an all-encompassing animal model to analyze the complexity of systemic DIC in murine abdominal sepsis. There is highly reproducible thrombocytopenia, a significant prolongation of the bleeding time, and a loss of fibrinogen in plasma. We also observed microvascular thrombosis due to platelet accumulation in the microcirculation of the liver.
Conclusion
The CASP model seems superior to other artificial models, e.g., injecting substances, for inducing DIC. CASP is one of the best true-to-life models for analyzing the complexity of disseminated intravascular coagulation in polymicrobial sepsis.
Seit der Einführung der Fast-Track- Chirurgie durch Kehlet et al. befindet sich die Behandlungsmethode eines multimodalen Therapiekonzeptes in einer stetigen Weiterentwicklung. Sein Bestreben, die peri- und postoperative Rekonvaleszenz von Patienten zu verbessern, hat in den letzten Jahren besonders in der Kolonchirurgie Einzug gehalten. Zahlreiche Studien beschäftigten sich mit der Evidenz der Behandlungsmaßnahmen. Die Koloneingriffe mit Anlage einer ileokolischen Anastomose – rechtsseitige Resektionen oder erweiterte rechtsseitige Resektionen – unterscheiden sich jedoch in vielerlei Hinsicht von den restlichen Koloneingriffen. Speziell für die rechtsseitige Hemikolektomie gibt es jedoch für die Einführung und Umsetzung eines solchen Behandlungspfades eine sehr begrenzte Studienlage. Mit der vorliegenden retrospektiven Studie soll die Einführung und klinische Durchführbarkeit des Fast-Track-Behandlungsschemas im Rahmen der rechtsseitigen Hemikolektomie analysiert und die Auswirkungen auf das Patientenwohl ermittelt werden. In die Studie wurden Patienten, die sich einer elektiven offenen rechtsseitigen Hemikolektomie unterzogen und keine Voroperationen am Kolon aufwiesen, unter konventionellen und unter Fast-Track Bedingungen einbezogen. Die in der Fachliteratur geläufigen Parameter wurden statistisch erfasst, verglichen und ausgewertet. Die untersuchte Population zeigte sich in den Vergleichsgruppen bezüglich der epidemiologischen Parameter gleich. Auch bezüglich der präoperativen Komorbiditäten wies das Patientenklientel keine Unterschiede in der ASA-Klassifikation sowie präoperativen Begleiterkrankungen und dem BMI auf. Im statistischen Vergleich zur konventionellen Chirurgie zeigte sich keine signifikante Verbesserung der postoperativen allgemeinen Komplikationen. Hingegen wurde eine statistisch signifikante Reduktion der chirurgischen postoperativen Komplikationen bewirkt. Weitere statistische Unterschiede zeigten sich in der postoperativen Rekonvaleszenz der Patienten und in der postoperativen Krankenhausverweildauer sowie gesamten Krankenhausverweildauer. Nach Einführung von Fast-Track wurden die Patienten bei vergleichbar niedriger postoperativer Wiederaufnahmerate, deutlich niedrigerer Revisionsrate und einem früheren Einsetzen des postoperativen Stuhlgangs früher entlassen.
Background
Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is the most critical complication after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). Preoperative identification of high-risk patients and optimal pancreatic reconstruction technique can be a way to reduce postoperative complications.
Methods
A series of 386 patients underwent PD over a 10-year period (2009–2019). On routinely performed preoperative computed tomography (CT) images, the ventro-dorsal diameters of duct (D) and parenchyma (P) were measured in the cutting plane at the superior mesenteric vein. Then, the ratio of both values was calculated (D/P ratio) Double-layer pancreatojejunostomy with alignment of duct and mucosa (ADAM) by two monofilament threads (MFT) was performed in 359 patients and pancreatogastrostomy (PG) in 27 patients. The incidence of POPF was diagnosed according to the International Study Group for Pancreatic Fistula criteria.
Results
The overall rate of POPF was 21% (n = 80), and the rate of clinically relevant type B/C fistulas 6.5% (n = 25). A D/P ratio of <0.2 was significantly associated with type B/C fistula (11%, p < 0.01). In low-risk patients (D/P ratio >0.2), type B/C fistula occurred only in 2%, and in high-risk patients (D/P ratio <0.2) in 9%. ADAM anastomosis was performed safely by two different surgeons. A PG anastomosis had double-digit POPF rates in all groups.
Conclusion
Preoperative CT imaging with D/P measurement may predict the risk of POPF development. A cut off D/P ratio of <0.2 was significantly associated with clinical relevant POPF. ADAM anastomosis may be an option for pancreatojejunostomy. However, preoperative knowledge of the D/P ratio could guide decision-making for primary pancreatectomy when pancreatic reconstruction is critical.
Medical gas plasmas are of emerging interest in pre-clinical oncological research. Similar to an array of first-line chemotherapeutics and physics-based therapies already approved for clinical application, plasmas target the tumor redox state by generating a variety of highly reactive species eligible for local tumor treatments. Considering internal tumors with limited accessibility, medical gas plasmas help to enrich liquids with stable, low-dose oxidants ideal for intratumoral injection and lavage. Pre-clinical investigation of such liquids in numerous tumor entities and models in vitro and in vivo provided evidence of their clinical relevance, broadening the range of patients that could benefit from medical gas plasma therapy in the future. Likewise, the application of such liquids might be promising for recurrent BRAF(V600E) papillary thyroid carcinomas, resistant to adjuvant administration of radioiodine. From a redox biology point of view, studying redox-based approaches in thyroid carcinomas is particularly interesting, as they evolve in a highly oxidative environment requiring the capability to cope with large amounts of ROS/RNS. Knowledge on their behavior under different redox conditions is scarce. The present study aimed to clarify resistance, proliferative activity, and the oxidative stress response of human papillary thyroid cancer cells K1 after exposure to plasma-oxidized DMEM (oxDMEM). Cellular responses were also evaluated when treated with different dosages of hydrogen peroxide and the RNS donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Our findings outline plasma-oxidized liquids as a promising approach targeting BRAF(V600E) papillary thyroid carcinomas and extend current knowledge on the susceptibility of cells to undergo ROS/RNS-induced cell death.
Gas plasma is an approved technology that generates a plethora of reactive oxygen species, which are actively applied for chronic wound healing. Its particular antimicrobial action has spurred interest in other medical fields, such as periodontitis in dentistry. Recent work has indicated the possibility of performing gas plasma-mediated biofilm removal on teeth. Teeth frequently contain restoration materials for filling cavities, e.g., resin-based composites. However, it is unknown if such materials are altered upon gas plasma exposure. To this end, we generated a new in-house workflow for three commonly used resin-based composites following gas plasma treatment and incubated the material with human HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro. Cytotoxicity was investigated by metabolic activity analysis, flow cytometry, and quantitative high-content fluorescence imaging. The inflammatory consequences were assessed using quantitative analysis of 13 different chemokines and cytokines in the culture supernatants. Hydrogen peroxide served as the control condition. A modest but significant cytotoxic effect was observed in the metabolic activity and viability after plasma treatment for all three composites. This was only partially treatment time-dependent and the composites alone affected the cells to some extent, as evident by differential secretion profiles of VEGF, for example. Gas plasma composite modification markedly elevated the secretion of IL6, IL8, IL18, and CCL2, with the latter showing the highest correlation with treatment time (Pearson’s r > 0.95). Cell culture media incubated with gas plasma-treated composite chips and added to cells thereafter could not replicate the effects, pointing to the potential that surface modifications elicited the findings. In conclusion, our data suggest that gas plasma treatment modifies composite material surfaces to a certain extent, leading to measurable but overall modest biological effects.
Cold medical gas plasmas are under pre-clinical investigation concerning their hemostatic activity and could be applied for intra-operative bleeding control in the future. The technological leap innovation was their generation at body temperature, thereby causing no thermal harm to the tissue and ensuring tissue integrity. This directly contrasts with current techniques such as electrocautery, which induces hemostasis by carbonizing the tissue using a heated electrode. However, the necrotized tissue is prone to fall, raising the risk of post-operative complications such as secondary bleedings or infection. In recent years, various studies have reported on the ability of medical gas plasmas to induce blood coagulation, including several suggestions concerning their mode of action. As non-invasive and gentle hemostatic agents, medical gas plasmas could be particularly eligible for vulnerable tissues, e.g., colorectal surgery and neurosurgery. Further, their usage could be beneficial regarding the prevention of post-operative bleedings due to the absence or sloughing of eschar. However, no clinical trials or individual healing attempts for medical gas plasmas have been reported to pave the way for clinical approvement until now, despite promising results in experimental animal models. In this light, the present mini-review aims to emphasize the potential of medical gas plasmas to serve as a hemostatic agent in clinical procedures. Providing a detailed overview of the current state of knowledge, feasible application fields are discussed, and possible obstacles are addressed.
Simple Summary
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) are a heterogeneous and challenging entity, and today’s guidelines offer a variety of treatment modalities, while surgery has a clear role for patients with resectable tumors and early stages, advanced, or metastatic pNET may benefit from treatments that were evaluated in randomized controlled studies during the last year. With this review, we aim to provide an updated view on treatment options for metastatic pNET.
Jedes Jahr werden alleine in Deutschland circa 2,6 Millionen viszeralchirugische Operationen
durchgeführt, die insgesamt gesehen eine Mortalität von fast 2 % aufweisen. Ein häufiges Problem
bei der Durchführung dieser Eingriffe ist, dass die Patienten eine Dysfunktion des Immunsystems
entwickeln, die die Anfälligkeit gegenüber infektiösen Komplikationen erhöht.
Die Faktoren der Immundysfunktion sind zwar in Teilen bekannt, aber die Pathophysiologie
dahinter bleibt unbekannt. Das Verständnis der Pathophysiologie ist unerlässlich, um gute
therapeutische Optionen zu finden. Überdies werden Tiermodelle benötigt, die die klinische
Situation wiederspiegeln.
Mit dem murinen Modell der surgically-induced immune dysfunction werden die Reaktionen des
humanen Immunsystems in weiten Teilen nachempfunden, wobei ein wesentliches Ziel der Arbeit
war, die Kinetik der Immunveränderungen über einen 72 h-Zeitraum zu untersuchen.
Die Operation löst deutlichen Stress bei den Tieren aus und führt von Beginn an sowohl zu pro –
als auch antiinflammatorischen Prozessen, die vor allem abakteriell ausgelöst werden.
Dennoch überwiegt in der frühen postoperativen Phase die proinflammatorische Reaktion mit
Anstieg der neutrophilen Granulozyten, Anstieg der Zellen des Monozyten-Makrophagen-Systems
und der Ausschüttung proinflammatorischer Zytokine. Zwischen dem 6 h- und 24 h-Zeitpunkt
gewinnt die antiinflammatorische Reaktion die Oberhand. Dieses zeigt sich durch eine
Lymphozytopenie mit Zunahme des Anteils der regulatorischen T-Zellen, durch eine verminderte
MHCII-Expression auf Antigen-präsentierenden Zellen, durch eine Zunahme der Aktivität des
Enzyms Indolamin-2,3-Dioxygenase, durch die Produktion von antiinflammatorischen Zytokinen
und durch eine verminderte Stimulierbarkeit von murinen Splenozyten.
Diese Immunreaktionen werden nicht nur durch die SID sondern auch durch eine einfache
Laparotomie ausgelöst, wobei sie dann weniger deutlich ausgeprägt sind und schneller ablaufen.
Von dieser Kinetik ausgehend, kann an diesem Modell der Nutzen von potentiellen Therapien
geprüft werden, wobei bis zum 6 h-Zeitpunkt antiinflammatorisch wirkende Substanzen vorteilhaft
sein könnten, die im Weiteren von immunstimulierenden Medikamente abgelöst werden.
Insgesamt weist dieses Modell viele Parallelen mit der humanen postoperativen
Immundysfunktion auf, sodass es der Grundlagenforschung viele Möglichkeiten eröffnet.