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High resolution palaeo-ecological analysis of an Arctic ice-wedge polygon mire (Kytalyk, NE Siberia)
(2020)
Ice-wedge polygon mires are typical features of the Artic and therefore especially affected by climate change. They show, caused by soil-ice action, an amazing regular polygonal structure in meter dimension of higher and lower elevated dry and wet parts, and to this microtopography adapted vegetation. Polygon mires play, analogous to other mires, an important role in carbon sequestration, water balance, wildlife habitat and archive value with local to global significance. By storing enormous amounts of the global soil carbon polygon mires are crucial for our climate. Despite this relevance by covering large areas, polygon mires are comparatively poorly scientifically investigated and understood. It is still difficult to make forecasts on how polygon mires will develop under a changing climate in the Arctic, especially because internal factors and self-organisation complicate the understanding of their functioning. Therefore the investigation of modern and past polygon mires is necessary. This dissertation presents high resolution palaeo-ecological studies of a Northeast Siberian model polygon: ice-wedge polygon Lhc11 located in the Indigirka Lowlands at the scientific station Kytalyk. During field work in July 2011 the study site, covering an area of 26 × 21 m was divided into 546 plots, in which vegetation composition and microtopographical elevation characteristics were assessed and surface samples were collected. For palaeoecological analysis a 105.5 cm long peat section was excavated from the same site. Cluster analysis revealed five plant communities, which are clearly separated with respect to ground surface height, frost surface height and coverages of open water and vegetation, confirming the pattern already identified in other studies of Arctic ice-wedge polygons. The correct recognition of these patterns is crucial in palaeoecological studies in order to reconstruct landscape elements and their dynamics. This recognition requires insight in the short-distance relationships between surface elevation/wetness, vegetation and pollen deposition. The applied pollen-vegetation reference study shows that in general modern pollen deposition in polygon Lhc11 corresponds well with actual vegetation, allowing accurate reconstruction of local site conditions from fossil palynomorph sequences, including the reconstruction of the dynamics of closely spaced microtopographical elements. We conducted an evaluation of common palaeo proxies to compare their wetness reconstruction potential. The analysed proxies macrofossils, pollen, testate amoebae, geochemistry and sediment properties show similar wetness trends. Macrofossils provided the most detailed wetness reconstruction, spanning several wetness classes from very dry to wet, because they could be identified to genus or species level. However, as the proxies sometimes show contradictory results, a multi-proxy approach is preferable over a single proxy interpretation as it allows the reconstruction of environmental development in a broader palaeoecological context. For a better understanding of polygon dynamics and former greenhouse gas fluxes, more detailed and better quantified palaeo-microtopographical information is required. Therefore we developed a new transfer approach for modelling past Ground Surface Heights (GSH) in polygon mires from plant fossils. Based on the composition of modern vegetation we constructed two sets of potential fossil types (plant macrofossils and pollen), an extensive and a more restricted one. We applied Canonical Correspondence Analysis to model the relationships between potential fossil types and measured GSH. Both models show a strong relationship between modelled and measured GSH values and a high accuracy in prediction. Finally, we used the models to predict GSH values for Holocene peat samples. We found a fair correspondence with expert-based multi-proxy reconstruction of wetness conditions, even though only a minor part of the encountered fossils were represented in the GSH models, illustrating the robustness of the approach. The method can thus be used to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions in a more objective way and can serve as a template for further palaeoecological studies. The 4000 years lasting history of the Lhc11 polygon site started with the establishment of a low-centre polygon in a drained thermokarst lake basin. Polygon Lhc11 formed part of a low-centre polygon for about 2000 years, experiencing enormous environmental influences discernible by incidence of silt, charred detritus, change of fossils composition and strongly declined peat accumulation rates and finally developed into a mature and degradation stage, into a low-high-centre polygon, currently characterized by high elevation differences. In the context of less studied but large-scale polygon mire occurrence, the high-resolution analysed ice-wedge polygon Lhc11 delivers insights into state and dynamics of a representative Siberian polygon site, in terms of modern and past vegetation and elevation characteristics. Furthermore the present study provides facilities for palaeoecological polygon studies including a new quantitative elevation modelling approach and provides valuable datasets for future research, e.g. greenhouse gas emissions and therefore contributes to a better understanding of these climate relevant ecosystems.
Das Gezeter des Seggenrohrsängers, die Alarmrufe der Uferschnepfe, das Gemecker der Bekassine, das Geschnarre des Wachtelkönigs und die Pfiffe des Tüpfelsumpfhuhns - kaum ein anderer Lebensraum weist so viele exklusive Vogelarten auf wie die Flusstalmoore. Dieser Moortyp dominiert die Grundmoränenlandschaft des südlichen Ostseeraumes. Jedoch wurde auch kein anderer Lebensraum vom Menschen so gründlich in seiner ökologischen Funktionstüchtigkeit gestört. Insbesondere die grossflächigen und tief gehenden Entwässerungen des 20. Jahrhunderts führten zum Verstummen zahlreicher Vogelarten. So ist etwa der Seggenrohrsänger heute vom globalen Aussterben bedroht. In Nordostdeutschland wurden in den letzten 15 Jahren grosse Anstrengungen unternommen, die Ökosystemleistungen der Flusstalmoore neu zu beleben. Dazu wurden über 20 000 Hektar Moorfläche wiedervernässt. Wie reagiert die Vogelwelt auf diese neuen Veränderungen? Bestehen Chancen für eine Wiederansiedlung verschollener Vogelarten? Wie können die Wiedervernässungsmassnahmen gestaltet werden, um gefährdete Vogelarten zu begünstigen? Lässt sich das Leitbild des Artenschutzes mit den Leitbildern des Moor- und Klimaschutzes und zukünftigen Bewirtschaftungsformen vereinen? Diesen Fragen ist der Autor in einer umfassenden Studie von Vogelwelt, Vegetation und Hydrologie am Beispiel des Peene- und Trebeltals in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern nachgegangen und stellt seine Ergebnisse hier vor.
This dissertation evaluates the effects of site conditions and livestock grazing on the vegetation of Azerbaijan’s winter pastures. We improved methods to estimate grazing intensity in vast rangelands and enhanced an approach to detect discontinuities in vegetation changes along environmental gradients. All analyses use field data from the semi-arid rangelands of Gobustan and Jeiranchel, at the foothills of the Greater Caucasus mountains. The data set comprises 313 vegetation relevés, each sized 100 m², based on a pre-stratification using topographical parameters. Additionally, we included data from farm transects and exclosure experiments. For each plot, selected site and soil variables were determined. VEGETATION AND SITE CONDITIONS: By means of cluster analysis, we derived 16 vegetation types with a total of 272 vascular plant species. Our vegetation classification, which is closely linked to site conditions, is an important groundwork for adapted rangeland management and monitoring. The study areas are dominated by semi-deserts with a high coverage of dwarf shrubs, and the mean number of vascular plant species was found to be about 28 per 100 m². According to ordination analysis (NMDS), species composition changes primarily along the altitudinal gradient, gradually proceeding from the Salsola nodulosa semi-deserts of the lowest parts (below 300 m a.s.l.) to the Salsola ericoides and Artemisia lerchiana semi-deserts of the upper regions (300–650 m a.s.l.). Soil salinity and carbonate concentration decrease as altitude increases. A second gradient reflects grazing intensity. One plant community that is typically found on intensively grazed sites in the vicinity of farmyards stands apart from the rest, which are subject to lower grazing and trampling pressures. A third factor that differentiates plant communities is the sand concentration of the soils. Additionally, communities that occur on steep slopes differ from communities that occur on level terrain. EXCLOSURE EXPERIMENTS: Exclosure experiments revealed that short-time abandonment of grazing leads to an increase in the number of annual species, in vegetation coverage, and in the heights of forbs and grasses. Clipping experiments indicated that the herbaceous species show hardly any compensatory growth in response to grazing. ESTIMATING GRAZING INTENSITY: A recurrent theoretical problem in rangeland research is the spatial modelling of grazing intensity around grazing hotspots like farms or watering places, the so called piospheres. In a widely used approach, grazing intensity is assumed to decrease in direct proportion to the distance from a hotspot. The resulting response patterns, which relate characteristics of the vegetation or site conditions to grazing intensity, are often nonlinear, and have been interpreted as indicating threshold changes or diff erent state-and-transitions along grazing gradients. However, we show that these ‘thresholds’ are usually geometrical artefacts. Taking into account the concentric structure of grazing hotspots, we suggest a new approach that approximates grazing intensity as the ratio of the total number of livestock kept at the farm to the distance between a given plot and the hotspot centre. Our approach is a simple yet significant improvement over current approaches because it enables us to merge or compare data from different sampling sites and because the approximation is in direct proportion to other grazing indicators like dung density or soil salinity. SPECIES TURNOVER PATTERNS: Combining our new grazing pressure model with species presence/absence data, we modelled vascular plant species responses, patterns of species richness and species turnover along grazing gradients on farm transects in Gobustan. The derived typical species response pattern along the finite grazing gradient is a sigmoid decrease. Species richness declines monotonically with increasing grazing intensity and thus conforms to generally acknowledged assumptions on the relationship between species richness and grazing pressure in semi-arid rangelands. Species turnover along the gradient was calculated using the slopes of species response curves. At first sight, the resulting pattern gives evidence for a discontinuous change. However, it ranges within the 95 % confidence interval of a null model based on assumptions of the individualistic continuum concept. Thus, species composition seems to change continuously along grazing gradients in Gobustan. This new null model approach can probably be adapted and applied to all ecological gradients and is useful for the validation of individualcontinuum or community concepts.
Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts im Bereich der Odermündung wurde ein Pflanzentest für aquatische Verunreinigungen gesucht. Der Test wurde nach einem Testprotokoll von Everiss (1979) etabliert. Als Endpunkte gingen die Frischmasse und die Gesamtsprossen ein. Die Testlösungen wurden aus einer konzentrierten Mischung von 7 Schwermetallen und Arsen (As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) und als Einzelsubstanzlösungen hergestellt. Die Auswertungen erfolgten in Prozent bezogen auf die Kontrolle sowie varianzanalytisch nach OECD (2002). In 100facher NKO (NKO = mittlere Konzentration Oderwasser Oberhalb der Nachweisgrenze) wurde eine schwere Schädigung durch alle Gemische verursacht. Das Gemisch ohne Cr schädigte am stärksten. In 10facher NKO konnte eine Wachstumshemmung nachgewiesen werden. Bei 1facher NKO zeigte sich eine geringe Beeinflussung. Als Einzelstoff war Cu in 100facher NKO am stärksten toxisch, gefolgt von Zn, Ni und Cd. As, Pb, Hg und Cr wirkten nicht eindeutig wachstumshemmend. In 10facher NKO war bei Cd, Cu und Zn noch Schädigung vorhanden. Kupfer wirkte auch in der 1fachen NKO noch schädigend. Bei Cd zeigte sich noch eine Reduktion des Sprosswachstums, aber keine Frischmassereduktion. Der L. minor - Test ist sensitiv und eignet sich als Screeningtest für unbekannte Gewässerproben. Er stellt eine gute Ergänzung zu anderen Biotestverfahren dar. Für eine umwelttoxikologische Einschätzung wird anhand der erzielten Ergebnisse ein Schädigungsmodell vorgeschlagen.