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The thesis deals with ions stored in an electrostatic ion beam trap. In the first part of the thesis the so-called self-synchronization effect is discussed. It is demonstrated that the time a bunch of injected ions is conserved by the self-synchronization effect depends on the number of injected ions. In the second part of the thesis the cooling of small anionic cobalt and copper clusters is addressed. Measurements on anionic copper clusters consisting of four to seven atoms are presented and the decay of hot clusters is observed in order to draw conclusions on the internal temperature and the cooling process itself. Afterwards measurements on Co4- are discussed and a measurement scheme based on laser induced delayed electron emission is presented enabling to monitor the internal energy distribution of the clusters over storage time in a temperature-controlled environment. The cooling of initially hot clusters as well as the heating of initially cold clusters were observed.
Die farbliche Übereinstimmung zwischen einer Restauration und einem natürlichen Zahn ist ein übliches klinisches Problem. Obwohl Metallkeramik-Restaurationen eine beliebte Form des Zahnersatzes sind, gibt es bisher keine Studien zum Einfluss der Herstellungsbedingungen auf die Helligkeit der Keramik. Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Einfluss der Sintertemperatur auf die Helligkeit von Metallkeramik-Systemen mit Hilfe eines Spektrophotometers zu untersuchen. Es wurden von jedem Keramik-System 35 scheibenförmige Proben hergestellt: mit 16mm Durchmesser, 1,6mm Stärke Dentimmasse und 1mm Stärke Schmelzmasse. Es wurden zwei niedrigbrennende Massen: Duceram-LFC (Degudent, Hanau, Germany) und Duceragold (Degudent); eine mittelbrennende Masse: Symbio-Ceram(Degudent) und zwei hochbrennende Massen verwendet: Vita Omega 900 (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) and Vita Omega (Vita Zahnfabrik). Pro Brand wurden fünf Proben gesintert: es erfolgte ein Brand nach den Angaben des Herstellers, sowie je ein Brand um 20, 40 und 60°C oberhalb- bzw. unterhalb der Herstellerangabe. Die Helligkeitswerte wurden mit Hilfe eines Spektophotometers (Spectraflash 600; Vita EasyShade) vermessen und mit dem Helligkeitsoptimum für die Zahnfarbe A3 verglichen. Die Helligkeit wurde tatsächlich durch die Sintertemperatur beeinflusst. Bei Sinterung nach Herstellerangabe wurde oftmals keine optimale Helligkeit erreicht. Die Einflussnahme der Temperatur auf die Helligkeit ist bei niedrigbrennenden Keramiken stärker, als bei mittel- und hochbrennenden Materialien. Große L*-Differenzen wurden vor allem im untersinterten Bereich gefunden. Oberhalb der vom Hersteller empfohlenen Sintertemperatur ist Dentalkeramik weniger empfindlich gegenüber Temperaturdifferenzen. Die Helligkeitswerte erreichen bei einer bestimmten Temperatur eine Maximum, fallen in höheren Temperaturbereichen ab und pegeln sich bei einem nahezu konstanten Wert ein. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass die Sintertemperatur einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Helligkeit von Verblendkeramik hat.
Under the influence of human activities, increased climate variability induces changes in
multiple marine environments. Especially vulnerable are the coastal ecosystems where organisms
must cope with constant extreme changes of environmental drivers, such as temperature, salinity, pH,
and oxygen content. In coastal areas, brachyuran crabs are important animals that have a high impact
on ecosystem functioning and serve as a link in food webs and pelagic-benthic coupling. Larval stages
of crabs are crucial for population persistence and dispersal. They are generally more vulnerable to
changes of environmental drivers and failure to adapt to new conditions may result in population
collapse. To analyse the effects of multiple environmental drivers on larval performance and to
elucidate interspecific and intraspecific difference, this project examined larval performance in the
European shore crab Carcinus maenas. In this study, larvae of C. maenas from three native
populations (Cádiz: Cádiz Bay, Helgoland: North Sea, Kerteminde: Baltic Sea) were reared in a
factorial design consisting of different temperature (15-24 °C) and salinity treatments (20, 25, 32.5
PSU). Results demonstrated how descriptors of larval performance (growth, physiological, and
developmental rates, and survival) were affected by combined environmental drivers. Larval
responses to temperature and salinity showed contrasting patterns and differed among native
populations originating from distant or contrasting habitats, as well as within the populations. The
highest overall performance was recorded in the Cádiz population, while the Kerteminde population
had the lowest performance in most of tested traits. The interactive effects of multiple drivers differed
among the populations. In the Cádiz and Helgoland populations, higher temperatures mitigated the
effect of lower salinity while the Kerteminde population showed a maladaptive response when
exposed to lower salinity. Differences in performance showed better locally adapted populations (e.g.
Cádiz) that could acclimate faster, have better adaptive mechanisms or stronger dispersive abilities.
Because of their wider tolerance to increased temperature and decreased salinity, interactive effects
in particular populations may favour some populations in a changing climate, especially in coastal
habitats. Variation in larval performance showed complex interactions in larval performance and
highlighted the necessity to quantify inter-population responses to climate-driven environmental
change where responses of species should not be generalised. This study emphasizes the need for
inclusion of multiple traits, drivers, and populations in experimental studies to properly characterize
performance of marine coastal animals.