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202 Patienten (113 Frauen und 89 Männer im Alter von 25 bis 95 Jahren) mit einem ischämischen, supratentoriellem und territorialen Schlaganfall vorwiegend im Mediastromgebiet, wurden 9/2007 bis 6/2012 aus dem Patientengut der Stroke Unit der Neurologischen Klinik der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald für die monozentrische Studie zur Häufigkeit epileptischer Anfälle sowie ihrer Provokationsfaktoren rekrutiert.
Bei einem durchschnittlichen Beobachtungszeitraum von 36,5 Monaten erlitten 39 Patienten (19,3%) mindestens einen epileptischen Anfall. Davon hatten 12 Patienten einen akut symptomatischen Anfall und 27 einen unprovozierten Anfall. Bei 21 Patienten traten rezidivierende Anfälle auf. Wendet man die aktualisierte Definition der ILAE für Epilepsie an, so hatten 31 (15,3%) Patienten eine Epilepsie und 8 (4%) einen einzelnen akutsymptomatischen Anfall. Damit hatte unsere Studie die bisher höchste dokumentierte Rate an Epilepsie nach einer Ischämie. Der erste epileptische Anfall trat dabei überwiegend im 1. Jahr nach erlittenem Schlaganfall auf. Es zeigte sich, dass Patienten mit einer geringeren Schwere des Schlagfalls (erfasst mittels NIHSSS und mRS) ein geringeres Risiko für die Entwicklung eines epileptischen Anfalls hatten. Alter und Geschlecht zeigten keine Korrelation zum Auftreten eines epileptischen Anfalls.
96 Patienten (53 Frauen und 43 Männer) erhielten innerhalb der ersten 6 h nach dem Schlaganfall eine auswertbare PCT, davon hatten 17 (17,7%) mindestens einen epileptischen Anfall. Mit Hilfe der PCT wurden für die einzelnen Perfusionsparameter CBF, CBF und TTP der ASPECTS, das Perfusionsdefizit und die relativen Perfusionsparameter bestimmt. Bei dem ASPECTS CBF und ASPECTS CBV zeigte sich, dass die vorderen Mantelregionen M1 und M4 bzw. nur M1 bei den Patienten mit einem epileptischen Anfall signifikant häufiger einen geringeren CBF oder ein geringeres CBV hatten. Ein signifikanter Unterschied ergab sich auch beim Betrachtung der Perfusionsdefizite in Bezug auf den CBF und das CBV: Patienten mit einem epileptischer Anfall zeigten ein größeres Perfusionsdefizit als die Patienten ohne epileptischen Anfall. In die relativen Perfusionsparameter fließt neben dem Perfusionsdefizit noch die Infarktgröße ein. Zwar ergab sich kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den beiden Gruppen in Bezug auf die Infarktgröße, trotzdem konnte eine Korrelation zwischen einem erniedrigten R[CBF] bzw. einem erniedrigten R[CBV] und dem Auftreten von epileptischen Anfällen nach einem ischämischen Schlaganfall feststellt werden.
About 30 % of epileptic patients are non-responsive to multidrug antiepileptic therapy. One of non-responsiveness in epilepsy hypothesis claims that non-responsiveness occurs because of reduced access of antiepileptic drugs to their targets, as a result of increased efflux of antiepileptic drugs away from these targets. Transporters believed to be involved in non-responsiveness in epilepsy are mainly but not exclusively the members of the ABC superfamily including P-gp (MDR1, ABCB1), MRP1 (ABCC1), MRP2 (ABCC2) and others. These proteins are normally found in the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier where they function as protectors. There is emerging evidence that P-gp, MRP1 and MRP2 are up-regulated in epileptogenic brain tissue. The risk of non-responsiveness could be related also to the MDR1 or MRP2 gene polymorphisms. We hypothesised that changes in expression and function of multidrug transporters involved in non-responsiveness of epilepsy might be detectable not only in the brain but also in other tissues such as lymphocytes. Therefore we evaluated the expression of MDR1, MRP1 and MRP2 and function of P-gp in lymphocytes in patients with epilepsy and healthy subjects. Three groups of epileptic patients and 15 healthy subjects as a control group were included in the study. The patients’ group was defined as follows: Monotherapy – patients treated with carbamazepine monotherapy, without seizures - corresponded to group responders. Combined therapy – patients after monotherapy (two different medicines have been tried) and combined therapy (two trials of combined therapy), not free of seizures. Monotherapy and combined therapy groups each embraced 15 patients. Neurosurgery – patients who had undergone neurosurgery, afterwards were or were not additionally treated with carbamazepine, with or without seizures. This group comprised 24 patients. Combined therapy and neurosurgery groups composed the group of non-responders. The mRNA expression of MRP1, MRP2 and MDR1 by means of quantitative real-time PCR as well as MRP2 and P-gp protein content by Western blot in lymphocytes was measured. For P-gp functional analysis rhodamine efflux from lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells was performed. The influence of the polymorphisms C3435T, G2677T/A in the MDR1 gene and C24T, G1249A, C3972T in the MRP2 gene for the transporters expression, function and their association with non-responsive epilepsy phenotype was investigated. Our results showed that MRP1 expression in lymphocytes was significantly lower in epileptics than in healthy subjects. Non-responders had lower MRP1 mRNA content in lymphocytes than responders. We did not find any difference in MRP2 expression between epileptics and healthy volunteers. MRP2 mRNA levels in lymphocytes were higher in non-responders than in responders. However, at protein level epileptic patients had significantly lower MRP2 content in lymphocytes than controls. MRP2 protein content did not differ in responders and non-responders. There was no reliable correlation between MRP2 mRNA expression and MRP2 protein content in lymphocytes. Epileptics had significantly lower MDR1 expression in lymphocytes than healthy individuals. MDR1 expression was decreasing according to the consumption of antiepileptic drugs and seizures frequency: patients after neurosurgery had significantly lower MDR1 expression than patients after combined therapy and monotherapy. MDR1 expression was significantly lower in non-responders than in responders. At protein level epileptics had lower P-gp content than controls. Detected P-gp amount in lymphocytes did not differ between responders and non-responders. Rhodamine efflux from lymphocytes and NK cells did not differ significantly between epileptics and healthy subjects, but it was higher in patients after neurosurgery than in patients after monotherapy. Rhodamine efflux from NK cells, which are known to express the highest levels of P-gp, was significantly higher in non-responders than in responders. In this study, we showed that MRP1 mRNA expression in lymphocytes was significantly correlated to its expression in the brain. We detected also a significant co-correlation between MRP1 expression in the hippocampus and MDR1 expression in lymphocytes. We found no evidence regarding the impact of the MDR1 polymorphisms on mRNA expression, P-gp content and rhodamine efflux from lymphocytes. Our data showed lack of evidence regarding the impact of the MRP2 polymorphisms on mRNA expression and protein content. We did not detect any association between MDR1 or MRP2 polymorphisms and non-responsiveness in epilepsy or epilepsy in the main. In conclusion, our results suggest that lymphocytes are an appropriate surrogate for studies on changes of multidrug transporters expression in epilepsy. Lymphocytes as an easily accessible tissue might serve as a marker for responsiveness to antiepileptic drug therapy in epilepsy studies.