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Die Dissertation ,Spuren des Religiösen´ im Werk der deutsch-jüdischen Schriftstellerin Barbara Honigmann – eine literaturwissenschaftlich-theologische Werkanalyse – analysiert und interpretiert das literarische Frühwerk der deutsch-jüdischen Schriftstellerin Barbara Honigmann (geb. 12. Februar 1949 in Ostberlin). Die Schriftstellerin verlässt Mitte der achtziger Jahre mit ihrer Familie die ehemalige DDR und findet in Straßburg (Frankreich) eine neue Heimat. In der Dissertation werden der Erzählband Roman von einem Kinde (1986) und die Romane Eine Liebe aus nichts (1991) und Soharas Reise (1996) aus der Sicht verschiedener Fachwissenschaften beleuchtet. Die meisten Texte sind nach ihrer Emigration in Frankreich entstanden. Methodisch werden die Texte nach der Erzähltextanalyse von Sönke Finnern analysiert. Das Judentum und jüdische Religiosität bilden dabei das gemeinsame Zentrum der literarischen Werke Barbara Honigmanns (Hans Otto Horch). In differenzierter Weise werden unterschiedliche jüdisch-theologische Aspekte wie Gottesfrage, Bedeutung der jüdischen Feste, Riten und Exilerfahrung anhand der Werke herausgearbeitet. Aus literaturwissenschaftlicher Sicht wird der Aspekt des exterritorialen Schreibens betont (Andreas Kilcher). Dabei wird die besondere Perspektive als Autorin der sogenannten zweiten Generation nach der Shoah hervorgehoben (Hartmut Steinecke). Georg Langenhorst macht auf die Bedeutung Honigmanns im Kontext des religionspädagogischen Diskurses unter interkultureller und interreligiöser Fragestellung aufmerksam. Die Erzählte Religion bildet das Zentrum der literarisch-theologischen Werkanalyse. Die Kategorie der Grenzerfahrung bzw. der Liminalität rückt dabei in das Zentrum der Verhältnisbestimmung (Victor Turner und Dirk Hohnsträter). Auf der theologischen Ebene werden die jüdischen Konzepte von makom (hebr. Ort), galut (hebr. Exil) und jetzirat (hebr. Schöpfung) herausgearbeitet. Die jüdische Erfahrung von Heimat und Heimatlosigkeit wird hervorgehoben (Yannif Feller). Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Einordnung der Werkinterpretation in den Bereich Literatur und Ritual (Wolfgang Braungart).
1. "Sole or Whole" – Quilting the Racialized Subject Calgary feminist and scholar Aruna Srivastava tackles the complex question of what it means to be "mixed-race/mixedblood/halfbreed/mestizo/hybrid/hyphenated?" in her editorial to Hyphe Nation (1996). In response to her question, this study of contemporary African-Canadian literature suggests that mixed-race Canadians are often constructed as the Other in Canadian society. In consequence, constructions of "racial hybridity" in African-Canadian literature usually aim at carving out a space that doesnt marginalize "racial" mixing but eviscerates restrictive Manichean constructions of identity in order to promulgate concepts of wholeness and self-definition. In consequence, African-Canadian mixed-race writers create hybrid identities that are infinite, multilayered, fragmented and yet whole. They reflect the processes of shifting, overlapping and re-creation in the process of creating identity and can hence be read as representations of complex, de-central, non-hierarchical identities. They are quilting multidimensional racialized subjects. 2. Signifying the In-Between: "Race", "Racial Hybridity" and Questions of Belonging "Race" is not a biological category. Rather it represents a social construction predicated upon the interpretation of difference. It was designed to establish, justify or perpetuate hegemonic social structures and is adherent to the principle of white supremacy. Contemporary "race" theory often neglects the experiences of racially mixed individuals because it fails to offer flexible models of identity in which bi- and multiracial people find themselves represented. This thesis argues in favor of a poetics of difference that accepts and recognizes the heterogeneity of subjectivities while taking into consideration the various dimensions of class, gender, sexuality and ethnicity. Accordingly, constructions of racial hybridity in contemporary African-Canadian literature demonstrate that racism must be acknowledged as an ideology in which people believe and upon which people act. Thus identities often bear the stamp of various histories of resistance and domination, while tackling the question of belonging and re-defining Canadianness. 3. African-Canadian Borderlands References to interracial contacts and the existence of bi- and multiracial people have been omitted from the official founding narratives of the Canadian nation. African-Canadian writers have therefore been successful chroniclers of the past and filled blanks in Canadian historiography in order to shed light on hitherto repressed or erased knowledge. Part of this process is also the inscription of the mixed-race experience into Canadas past. Along this line, bi- and multiracial Canadians often criticize that the state-proclaimed policy of multiculturalism fails to take their manifold racial and ethnic subjectivities into account. 4. "From Sole to Whole" – African-Canadian Mixed-Race Poetics Mixed-race characters in US-American literature often appear in the literary motif of the "tragic mulatto" and it is often implicitly suggested that the bi- or multiracial protagonist is categorized as black. In contrast, African-Canadian constructions of racial hybridity less frequently adhere to the stereotype of the "tragic mulatto" and leave more space for employing alternative modes of racial and ethnic identification. Canadian writers of mixed descent have created a mixed-race poetics that calls attention to contexts, relationships, intersections and wholes. They encourage sites of inclusiveness, incessant shifting and discontinuity in the process of constructing identities. Nevertheless, modes of identification among racially hybrid writers in Canada vary, ranging from detesting whiteness to claiming a Black Nationalist stance. In general, however, they support the idea of fluid and flexible identities. The answer to the initial question of Srivastava is hence given by a vast variety of African-Canadian subject positions. An essentially "black" or "racially mixed" Canadian subject does not exist. Instead, constructions of racial hybridity in African-Canadian literature offer a holistic view of identity and aim at re-conceptualizing the various senses of self and community in Canada. This strategy provides a significant means of self-empowerment and self-reclamation – making racially mixed African-Canadians "whole" instead of "sole".
Until today most social, historical and cultural studies of the American postwar era have contributed to the myth of a relatively homogeneous society and culture. Even though they understood these years as a turning point for modern American society, they failed to encompass the polyvalence and heterogeneity of American society. Focussing mostly on white and middle class males, these studies formed a onedimensional picture of sociocultural conformity, a picture in which issues of gender, race and class were largely absent. Crossing the boundaries of feminist, cultural and historical studies this dissertation starts from identifying the gaps and problems in current academic research. Those sociopolitical structures that affected non-white women are then juxtaposed with the dominant postwar discourse of womanhood. The literary texts by women of color show them grappling with the conflicting demands of socioecnomic realities and pervasive role definitions. On the surface these literary interventions seemed to submit to dominant ideologies while opposing them at the same time. Thus they are both anticipatory and antagonistic. The dissent and criticism in writings by women of color seem to have become a catalyst for the deep social transformations in the following decades.
Peter Holtz wurde durch seine Arbeiten über die Katecholamine und durch die Entdeckung der Dopadecarboxylase (1939) und des Noradrenalins (1944) im menschlichen Organismus weltbekannt. Schwerpunkt der Bioergographie ist die Rekonstruktion der Zusammenarbeit des Pharmakologen Holtz von Rostock aus mit dem Anatomieprofessor August Hirt in Strassburg. Hirt führte im Konzentrationslager Natzweiler-Struthof Versuche an Menschen mit dem Giftgas Lost durch und war einer der Entwickler der intravitalen Fluoreszenzmikroskopie. Weiterhin werden Verwechslungen von Peter Holtz mit dem Pharmakologen Friedrich Holtz in Halle erörtert. Letzterer arbeitete während des Krieges am Krebsforschungsinstitut in Nesselstedt/Posen und stimmte Menschenversuchen zu.
Die Bedeutung der Visite in der Medizin bezieht sich auf eine gute Kommunikation zwischen Arzt und Patient. In dieser Studie wurden der Visitenablauf und -gestaltung quantitativ und qualitativ betrachtet. Der Arzt war direktiv steuernd und zeigte adressatenorientierendes Kommukationsverhalten. Inhaltlich war die unfallchirurgische Visite somatisch orientiert, aber es zeigte sich auch ein hohes Maß an Small talk/Konversation. Zudem wurde die Zufriedenheit von Arzt und Patient als Auswertungskriterien herangezogen. Beide, Arzt und Patient, waren meist zufrieden mit der Visite.
The thesis is about ideological change of political parties and the way parties gather information, learn by updating their beliefs and ultimately make "rational choices". Analyzing 1451 policy moves of 137 parties in 22 OECD-countries from 1950 to 2013 it is a story about rational learning, about emulating other parties abroad and chasing public opinion. Yet, the "internal life" of a party conditions the effects when activists have some influence over the formation of party policy. As volunteers facing a scarcity of time and resources, members of the party on the ground have a different information horizon, and may arrive at the opposite decision where to move than party elites which (can) rest their decision on a broader set of information resources. In some parties the party on the ground thus constitutes an "internal wall of resistance" to the strategy party elites would choose, if they were free from constraints.
Microbial infections can be either caused by a single species or complex multi-species consortia. One of the most prominent opportunistic human pathogens leading to mono- or mixed-species infections is the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Understanding the molecular basis of its adaptation to infection-related stresses is an essential prerequisite for the prevention and treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. We therefore employed state-of-the-art proteomics approaches to elucidate the molecular adaptation mechanisms of P. aeruginosa to infection-related conditions. Moreover, structure, function and interaction of complex microbial consortia containing P. aeruginosa and causing catheter-associated urinary tract infections were investigated by metaproteomics analyses. Our investigations revealed that the adaptation of P. aeruginosa during infection is either based on gene expression changes caused by environmental signal integration or by gene mutations leading to a selective advantage in a particular host environment. In study I, investigating the proteome response of P. aeruginosa biofilms to the clinical relevant antibiotic ciprofloxacin, global changes in the protein profile were observed. Ciprofloxacin induced the expression of proteins involved in the Lex-induced SOS-response, drug efflux pumps and gene products of the ciprofloxacin-responsive prophage cluster and repressed the expression of porins and DNA-binding proteins. In study II the transcriptome and proteome of two clonal P. aeruginosa lineages during long-term colonization of cystic fibrosis (CF) patient’s lungs were analyzed. Point mutations in global regulator genes, i.e. retS, gacS, and gacA, were identified by genomic sequencing. Inactivation of RetS, found two years after the initial colonization, induced the expression of genes involved in chronic infections and coding for the type 6-secretion system (T6SS). Additional mutations in the GacS/GacA two-component regulatory system (TCS) were found to repress the expression of T6SS proteins and to induce the expression of proteins belonging to the type 3-secretion system (T3SS). In study III we elucidated the niche-specific adaptation of P. aeruginosa isolates from different infection sites by investigating their protein expression patterns and glucose metabolic fluxes. We could show that isolates from the urinary tract express a higher amount of proteins involved in the acquisition of micronutrients (i.e. iron) and carbohydrates compared to isolates from the CF lung. In study IV 16S rDNA sequencing and metaproteomics were employed to demonstrate that the investigated CAUTI-related biofilms consisted of two to five different species with one or two species dominating the mixed community. Following this line of research, we investigated in study V structure and function of a biofilm of a long-term catheterized patient, which was predominantly composed of P. aeruginosa and Morganella morganii, but also contained a minor proportion of the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides sp.. The comparison of in vivo and in vitro protein expression profiles of P. aeruginosa and M. morganii indicated that iron and carbohydrates are the major growth-limiting factors in the bladder. These results indicate different nutritional strategies of the two pathogens in the bladder environment. A comparison of urinary protein profiles of healthy persons and catheterized patients suggested that the human innate immune system is induced by CAUTIs. Moreover, numerous proteins involved in nutritional immunity, e.g. iron-, calcium- and magnesium-binding proteins, were found to be more abundant in the urine of catheterized patients. A follow-up (meta)proteomics study (study VI) aiming at the elucidation of interspecies interactions during multi-species infections indicated that the urease-positive uropathogen Proteus mirabilis induces the precipitation of metal ions by urine alkalization and thereby limits the availability of these important micronutrients for other co-infecting bacteria. This limitation seems to be sensed by the P. aeruginosa PhoP-PhoQ two-component system (TCS) leading to an increased resistance to antimicrobial peptides and biofilm-forming capacity of the pathogen. Also during co-cultivation of P. aeruginosa with Staphylococcus aureus a slight increase in the expression of the PhoP-PhoQ TCS and the alkaline protease could be observed (study VII). In study VIII a combined metagenomics and metaproteomics approach was employed to investigate structure and function of the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria, a complex consortium consisting of a fungus, an algal partner, cyanobacteria, and a highly diverse bacterial microbiome. The results presented in this work contribute to a better understanding of the manifold and complex bacterial adaptation mechanisms to infection-related and environmental stress and thereby foster the development of novel treatment and prevention strategies.
Im Vergleich zu anderen deutschen Hochschulen begann die Ausbildung von Studierenden der Zahnheilkunde in Greifswald relativ spät. Seit dem Wintersemester 1893/94 führte der Greifswalder Zahnarzt Hermann Bahls fakultative zahnärztliche Spezialkurse für Medizinstudierende an der Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik durch. Erst am 12. Dezember 1900 wurde dann das zahnärztliche Institut an der Greifswalder Universität unter dem Dach der Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik eröffnet.
Als erster Leiter wurde Hermann Schröder noch in seiner Eigenschaft als Assistent der Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik eingesetzt. Unter der Leitung von Hermann Schröder (1900-1907), Guido Fischer (1907-1911) und Paul Adloff (1911-1920) entwickelte sich das zahnärztliche Institut zu einem anerkannten Glied der Medizinischen Fakultät der Greifswalder Universität.
Ab dem 15. April 1916 durfte das bisher der Chirurgischen Klinik zugeordnete zahnärztliche Institut als selbständige Einrichtung der Universität geführt werden.
Mit Erich Becker (1920-1923) und Friedrich Proell (1923-1935) entwickelte sich das Greifswalder zahnärztliche Institut in den zwanziger Jahren zum viertgrößten zahnärztlichen Universitätsinstitut in Deutschland. Die Bemühungen der Institutsleiter lagen immer in der Gewährleistung der Ausbildung der Studierenden, der baulichen Erweiterung des Institutes und der technischen Verbesserung. Erst 1934 wurde das Institut im Gebäude der Rotgerberstraße 8 zusammengefasst, nachdem es zeitweilig in drei verschiedenen Häusern, ab 1901 Hunnenstraße 1, ab 1928 Hunnenstraße 31 und ab 1931 Stralsunder Straße 10, untergebracht war.
Paul Wustrow (1936-1945) wollte die Einheit von Lehre, Forschung und medizinischer Betreuung fortführen, doch der Ausbruch des 2.Weltkrieges behinderte diese Fortführung. Schwerste Kriegsverletzungen mit Kieferbrüchen und Kieferschüssen machte die Einrichtung einer Kieferchirurgischen Bettenstation notwendig. Diese entstand unter Wustrow noch im Januar 1945.
Nach Kriegsende und dem Suizid von Wustrow wurde die Zahnklinik in kurzer Abfolge durch Richard Plötz (1945-1946), Georg Packhäuser (1946-1946) und Karl Jarmer (1946-1947) geleitet, bis Otto Hübner (1947-1952) als neuer Direktor ins Amt trat.
Josef Heiss (1952-1953) übernahm nach Hübner die Leitung der Zahnklinik und forschte intensiv über die chirurgische Wiederherstellung des Alveolarkammes. Gerd Staegemann arbeitete als Assistent unter der Leitung von Heiss und beschäftigte sich auch intensiv mit der Problematik der Fremdkörperwirkung. Unter der Leitung von Richard Plötz (1953-1963) wurden für die zahnärztliche Chirurgie Operationsstühle angeschafft und ein Operationsraum eingerichtet.
1963 übernahm Albrecht Schönberger (1963-1993) 30 Jahre die Leitung der Klinik und Poliklinik für Zahn-Mund- und Kieferheilkunde. Es entstand ein Neubau für die Klinik der Mund-Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie im Klinikumskomplex in der Sauerbruchstraße, welcher im April 1992 bezogen wurde.
Nach Schönberger übernahm Hans-Robert Metelmann (1993-2020) den Lehrstuhl und das Direktorat der Klinik und Poliklinik für Mund- Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie in Greifswald. Lokalisiert an zwei Standorten fungieren die Oralchirurgie und die Mund-Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie unverändert als eine Einheit an der Universitätsmedizin in Greifswald.
Die enossale Implantologie begann in Greifswald mit Gerd Staegemann, der die Methode der geschlossenen enossalen Implantologie als sogenannte Stiftverbolzung bzw. transdentale Fixation erforschte und publizierte. Die transdentale Fixation als eine Form der geschlossenen enossalen Implantation war seit den 50iger an der Greifswalder Zahnklinik eine übliche und erfolgreiche Behandlungsmethode.
Ab 1983 forschten die Greifswalder Universitätszahnärzte im Sinne einer Prüfklinik zur Anwendung der Titanblattimplantate des Typs Leipzig als offenes enossales Implantationsverfahren. Die politische Wende in Deutschland brachte auch für die Greifswalder Zahnklinik eine schnelle Weiterentwicklung der offenen enossalen Implantologie.
Die Behandlungsmethoden wurden weiter verbessert und die Produktpalette der Implantatsysteme maßgeblich erweitert. Wobei insbesondere die ITI-Straumann- Implantate und die Ankylos- Implantate erfolgreich zur implantologischen Therapie zum Einsatz kamen.
Die sich vollziehenden Veränderungen in der deutschen Zahnmedizin sind nicht vorwiegend struktureller sondern vor allem inhaltlicher Art. Daher wurde und muss die Ausbildung der Zahnmedizinstudierenden immer wieder angepasst werden, insbesondere die Implantologie als junge Teildisziplin fand Eingang in die studentische Ausbildung.
Die Fort- und Weiterbildungen in Form der Greifswalder Fachsymposien und der Curricula in der Implantologie sind ein weiterer wichtiger Baustein der Aktivitäten in der Universitätszahnmedizin Greifswald.
Heute blickt die Greifswalder Zahnklinik auf mehr als 125 Jahre erfreuliche Entwicklungen in der zahnärztlichen Chirurgie und davon 65 Jahre erfolgreiche Implantologie zurück.
Fragestellung: Die organerhaltende Nierentumorchirurgie des nicht metastasierten Nierenzellkarzinoms wird der radikalen Tumornephrektomie insbesondere bei elektiver Indikation, d. h. bei intakter kontralateraler Niere, kontrovers gegenüber gestellt. Diese retrospektiv angefertigte Langzeitstudie soll die Effektivität und Sicherheit der Nierenteilresektion anhand von tumorspezifischem Überleben und Lokalrezidivrate sowie die postoperative Entwicklung der Nierenfunktion unter Berücksichtigung einer elektiven oder imperativen Operationsindikation untersuchen. Gleichzeitig dienen die Ergebnisse der Qualitätskontrolle für die Klinik für Urologie der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald. Patienten und Methode: Von 134 Patienten, die zwischen 1983 und 2003 organerhaltend wegen eines Nierenzellkarzinoms operiert worden sind (101 elektiv, 33 imperativ bei Einzelniere, bilateralen Tumoren oder Niereninsuffizienz) werden 115 Patienten nachbeobachtet (mittlere Nachbeobachtungszeit 69 Monate). Neben tumor- und patientenbezogenen Daten werden das postoperative Überleben, Tumorrezidive und die Gasamtnierenfunktion erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die tumorspezifische 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate beträgt für die elektive Indikation 94,3% und für die imperative Indikation 86,3%. Bei 5,6% der Patienten der elektiven Gruppe wird ein Lokalrezidiv diagnostiziert, während 20% der imperativen Gruppe von einem solchen betroffen sind. Für das papilläre Nierenzellkarzinom ergibt sich keine signifikante Häufung von Lokalrezidiven oder eine schlechtere Prognose. Die präoperative Nierenfunktion unterscheidet sich selektionsbedingt bei beiden Indikationen. In der elektiven Gruppe ist zwar 5 Jahre postoperativ ein signifikanter Anstieg des Serumkreatinins zu verzeichnen, jedoch bleiben die Werte innerhalb des Normbereiches. Die Nierenfunktion der imperativen Gruppe ist bereits präoperativ vermindert und zeigt im Verlauf keine signifikante Verschlechterung. Schlussfolgerung: Das Langzeitüberleben nach organerhaltender Nierentumorchirurgie entspricht dem nach radikaler Tumornephrektomie. Zum Schutz des Nierenparenchyms und somit zum Erhalt von Lebensqualität für den Patienten muss die Nierenteilresektion bei resezierbarem Tumor als Standardtherapie angesehen werden.
Kenntnisse über Strukturen und Dynamik natürlicher und naturnaher Wälder sind die Voraussetzung für naturnahe Waldbewirtschaftung. Die Ziele der Arbeit waren deshalb die Rekonstruktion von Waldzusammensetzung und Dynamik sowie die Identifizierung der natürlichen bzw. naturnahen Waldgesellschaften im Ablagerungsgebiet der Grundmoräne des letzten Stadiums der Weichselvereisung in Mitteleuropa. Das Untersuchungsgebiet, der Eldenaer Wald, ist ein 407 ha großes Naturschutzgebiet nahe Greifswald und liegt in einer flachwelligen Grundmoränenlandschaft mit nährstoff- und basenreichen Böden. Die Vegetation wird heute vom Eschen-Buchenwald (Fraxino excelsioris-Fagetum sylvaticae) dominiert, in dem auch Acer pseudoplatanus und A. platanoides, Prunus avium, Ulmus glabra, Carpinus betulus und als Nutzungsrelikt Quercus robur vorkommen. Für die Vegetationsrekonstruktion wurden an sechs Bohrkernen aus sechs im Untersuchungsgebiet verteilt liegenden Senken Mikrofossilien und z. T. Makrofossilien analysiert sowie der Glühverlust bestimmt. Die zeitliche Einordnung erfolgte mit 25 14C-AMS-Datierungen. Für die untersuchten Proben wurden Altersangaben inter- und extrapoliert. Weiterhin wurden historische Akten und Karten ausgewertet. Für die Rekonstruktion der Vegetation in der nahen Umgebung der Untersuchungspunkte (UP) wurde eine Methode zur Trennung von (extra)lokalen und regionalen Signalen der Mikrofossil-Typen entwickelt. Dabei werden Mikrofossil-Werte der UP mit den regionalen Daten eines Bohrkerns aus dem Greifswalder Bodden (Bucht der südlichen Ostsee) verglichen. (Extra)lokale Anteile zeigen sich in Form von überhöhten Werten im Vergleich zu den regionalen Werten. Der Vergleich wurde getrennt für Mikrofossil-Typen, die sich schlecht bzw. gut erhalten, durchgeführt, um die Unterbewertung der ersteren zu verringern. Mit Hilfe von Korrekturfaktoren (ANDERSEN 1970, 1984) wurden aus dem (extra)lokalen Anteil der Gehölz-Pollen die etwaigen Anteile der Gehölze an der gehölzbestandenen Fläche der frischen bis trockenen Standorten im Umkreis von etwa 100 m um den UP rekonstruiert. Der Offenheitsgrad der Vegetation wurde aus dem Auftreten indikativer Mikrofossil-Typen abgeleitet. Die rekonstruierte Vegetation innerhalb der Senken bildeten hauptsächlich nasse Erlenwälder. Durch anthropogene Entwässerungen und andere Eingriffe bildeten sich Röhrichte, Birken- und Weidengehölze sowie Erlen-Eschenwälder. Die Vegetation der frischen bis trockenen Standorte im Umkreis der Hohlformen war sehr unterschiedlich ausgebildet und wechselte auch an den verschiedenen UP sehr stark. Der Vergleich der UP zeigte, dass im Zeitabschnitt von AD 200 - 700, außer an einem UP, keine Hinweise auf Nutzungseinflüsse auftraten. Trotzdem waren die Gehölzbestände als Folge früherer menschlicher Aktivitäten z. T. noch sehr stark von Zwischenwaldarten (Acer, Fraxinus, Ulmus) geprägt. Nur an zwei Standorten traten auch über diesen Zeitabschnitt hinaus relativ stabile, von Tilia bzw. Fagus dominierte und nicht nachweisbar von menschlicher Aktivität beeinflusste Gehölzspektren auf. Ab AD 1100 sind nach und nach an allen UP massive Veränderungen im Gehölzspektrum nachweisbar, die mit dem wachsenden Nutzungsdruck infolge der slawischen Besiedlung, der Klostergründung (AD 1199) und den Dorfgründungen (ab AD 1250) einhergingen. Erst im Zeitraum AD 1820 - 2000 stellten sich mit der Einführung der geregelten Forstwirtschaft an fast allen Standorten ähnliche, von Fraxinus und Fagus dominierte Gehölzspektren ein. Mit Hilfe von Cluster-Analyse und Detrended Correspondence Analysis aller rekonstruierten Gehölzbestände wurden vier typische Gesellschaften der Gehölzvegetation der letzten 2000 Jahre herausgearbeitet. Fraxinus-Acer-Quercus-Bestände und Carpinus-Fagus-Quercus-Bestände stellen Vor- und/oder Zwischenwälder dar, die sich mit der Wiederbewaldung von Offenflächen einstellten und aus denen sich Schlusswälder entwickelten. (Betula-)Corylus-Tilia-Bestände beinhalten Schlusswälder, die noch bis etwa AD 1500 im Untersuchungsgebiet existierten. Die Fraxinus-Fagus-Bestände sind ebenfalls Schlusswälder, die fast im gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum nachgewiesen wurden. Aus den Untersuchungen wurde deutlich, dass die Entwicklung der Waldbestände stark durch anthropogene Einflüsse geprägt war. Das Verschwinden der Tilia-bestimmten Bestände und die Ausbreitung von Fagus wurden durch menschliche Aktivitäten ausgelöst. Das Gattungsspektrum der heute dominierenden Waldgesellschaft, des Eschen-Buchenwaldes (Fraxino excelsioris-Fagetum sylvaticae), konnte am Standort EXB bis ins 1. Jh. AD auch in nutzungsfreien Phasen zurückverfolgt werden, so dass es als natürlich gelten kann.
Manipulating and utilizing plasmas becomes a more and more important task in various research fields of physics and in industrial developments. Especially in nowadays spacerelevant applications there are different ideas to modify plasmas concerning particular tasks.
One major point of interest is the ability to influence plasmas using magnetic fields. To study the underlying physical effects that were achieved by these magnetic fields for both scenarios Particle-in-Cell simulations were done. Two examples are discussed in this thesis.
The first example originates from an experiment performed by the European Space Agency ESA in collaboration with the German Space Agency DLR. To verify the possibility of heat-flux reduction by magnetic fields onto the thermal protection system of a space vehicle a simplified experiment on earth was developed. Most of the heat that is created during re-entry comes from compression of the air ahead of the hypersonic vehicle, as a result of the basic thermodynamic relation between temperature and pressure. The shock front, which builds up in front of the vehicle deflects most of the heat and prohibits the surface of the space vehicle from direct contact with the maximum flux. State of the art spacecrafts use highly developed materials like ceramics to handle the enormous heat. An attractive approach to reduce costs is to use magnetic fields for heat-flux reduction. This would allow the use of cheaper materials and thus reduce costs for the whole space mission. A partially-ionized Argon beam was used to create a certain heat-flux onto a target. The main finding of the experimental campaign was a large mitigation of heat-flux by applying a dipole-like magnetic field. The Particle-in-Cell method was able to reproduce experimental observations like the heat-flux reduction. An additionally implemented optical diagnostics module allowed to confirm the results of the spectroscopy done during the experiment. The underlying effect that is responsible for the heat-flux reduction was identified as a coupling between the modified plasma and the dominating neutral flux component. The plasma, that is guided towards the target, act as a shield in front of the target surface for arriving neutrals. These neutrals are slowed down by charge-exchange collisions. Furthermore the magnetic field induces an increased turbulent transport that is also needed to reach a reduction in heat-ux. The turbulent transport was also obtained by three-dimensional Direct Simulation Monte Carlo simulations. Unfortunately, such source driven turbulence can not be expected in space, so that a heat flux reduction in real space applications is questionable. Nevertheless, other effects like the induced turbulence by the rotating vehicle can compensate the missing source driven effect.
The second scenario in which a magnetic field is used to modify the heat flux of a plasma is the operation of the pulsed cathodic arc thruster. The same Particle-in-Cell code was used to simulate a typical pulse of this newly developed thruster of Neumann Space Pty Ltd. The typical behavior of the thruster could be reproduced numerically. The thrust is mainly produced by fast electrons. These electrons are accelerated by electric fields as a result of a plasma-beam instability. This plasma-beam instability was verified by a phase space diagnostics for the electrons. To demonstrate the influence of the magnetic field a simulation of the cathodic arc thruster without magnetic field and one with magnetic field were compared. It was shown that the use of a magnetic field leads to a ten times larger thrust by directing the heat ux. The resulting narrow plume is an additional Advantage of the particle guiding magnetic field. This narrowness of the plume reduces the danger of interaction with other components of the space vehicle.
Both scenarios demonstrate the different capabilities for electromagnetic fields to manipulate plasmas and especially the corresponding heat-flux with respect to certain tasks. The possibilities range from reducing the heat-flux onto a target to maximizing the thrust by directing the heat-ux. This thesis demonstrates that simulations are a great tool to support experiments and to deliver an improved physics understanding. They help to identify the basic physics principles in the different systems, because they can deliver information not accessible to experiments.
In particular, a better understanding of the influence of electromagnetic fields on the heat-flux distribution in space-relevant applications was obtained. This can be the basis for further simulation-guided optimization, e.g. for the design of more effective cathodic arc thrusters. Here, the goal is to minimize costs for prototypes by replacing the hardware by virtual prototypes in the simulations. This allows to test basic design ideas in advance and get more highly-optimized designs at a fraction of time and costs.
Until today, more than 17% of the population in Mecklenburg Western-Pomerania suffer from chronic kidney disease (CKD) which was revealed by the SHIP study (Study of Health in Pomerania). 20% of CKD cases can be traced back to glomerulopathies. One common characteristic of glomerulopathies is the morphologic change of the glomerular filtration barrier which consists of endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane and podocytes. Under healthy conditions, the foot processes of the podocytes interdigitate with the foot processes of the neighboring podocytes with a filtration slit in between. Apart from the slit membrane protein nephrin, typical adherens junction proteins like occludin or JAM-A are also expressed at this cell-cell junction. This junction is therefore considered to be a specialized type of adherens junction, necessary to maintain the size-selectivity of the filtration barrier. During podocyte injury, podocyte foot processes lose their characteristic morphology and the typical meandering filtration slit becomes linearized, a process which is described as foot process effacement.
Since morphological change is directly linked to change or loss of function, ultrastructural analysis of the foot processes is necessary for diagnostics and research. By using 3D-structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM), we quantified these morphological changes as well as studied a possible biomarker, the tight junction protein claudin 5 (CLDN5). Our study showed a spatially restricted up-regulation of CLDN5 in effaced filtration slit areas in biopsies of patients suffering from minimal change disease (MCD), focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) as well as in mice after NTS injection and in the uninephrectomy DOCA-salt mouse model. CLDN5/nephrin ratios of biopsies from patients with glomerulopathies and of tissue received from NTS-treated mice were significantly higher compared to controls. We found that in patients the CLDN5/nephrin ratios were negatively correlated with the filtration slit density. Since CLDN5 up-regulation was observed in several areas of high filtration slit density, we hypothesized that CDLN5 upregulation preceded visible foot process effacement. Taken together, we suggest that CLDN5 could be a helpful biomarker to identify an early change of the foot process morphology in addition to filtration slit density measurement. Additionally, correlation analysis of foot process effacement with patient data showed a significant negative correlation of the filtration slit density with proteinuria in MCD patients.
Cyanobakterien sind eine vielversprechende Quelle an strukturell diversen und biologisch hochaktiven Naturstoffen für die Entwicklung neuer Wirkstoffe. Bislang konnte die Strukturklasse der [7.7]Paracyclophane nur in fädigen Cyanobakterien der Gattungen Nostoc und Cylindrospermum nachgewiesen werden. Vorangegangene Arbeiten zeigten, dass gerade die Carbamidocyclophane chemisch und biologisch interessante Verbindungen darstellen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden vor allem die Carbamidocyclophane produzierenden Cyanobakterien Nostoc sp. CAVN2 und Nostoc sp. CAVN10 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der strukturellen Vielfalt an biosynthetisierten Metaboliten sowie deren antimikrobieller Aktivität umfassend charakterisiert. Um das biosynthetische Potenzial auf der metabolischen Ebene zu untersuchen, wurde im Vorfeld eine spezifische [7.7]Paracyclophan-Analytik etabliert, die skalierbare Methoden für alle Aufarbeitungsschritte beinhaltet. Die Optimierung endete in einem validierten sowie arbeits- und zeitsparenden einstufigen Extraktions- und Aufreinigungsverfahren mittels eines Zweiphasensystems und anschließender LC-UV-Analyse, um biologische Proben reproduzierbar zu analysieren und enthaltene Carbamidocyclophane zu quantifizieren. Kultivierungsstudien zum Einfluss der Temperatur an metabolisch aktiven und defizienten Nostoc-sp.-CAVN10-Kulturen ergaben einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen der Biomassezunahme und der Temperaturerhöhung. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten die einzelnen Carbamidocyclophan-Gehalte ein eher differenzierteres Bild über die verschiedenen Wachstumsphasen und Temperaturen hinweg. Da nur eine geringe Korrelation zwischen der spezifischen Wachstumsrate und der spezifischen Carbamidocyclophan-Produktionsrate ermittelt werden konnte, ist eine Relevanz dieser Verbindungen für den primären Zellstoffwechsel nicht ersichtlich. Bei Kultivierungsexperimenten an Nostoc sp. CAVN2 hatte der Zusatz von Chlorid- oder Bromid-Ionen eine drastische Erhöhung der Basalrate und Strukturdiversität der [7.7]Paracyclophane zur Folge. Das gleichzeitige Vorhandensein beider Halogenide im Medium zeigte kompetitive Effekte, wobei Chlorid als Substrat für den Halogenierungsprozess favorisiert wurde. Mit Hilfe eigens entwickelter Kultivierungsprozedere und Separierungsstrategien konnten insgesamt 25 Verbindungen aus Stamm CAVN2 isoliert und strukturell aufgeklärt werden. Dabei bilden die Carbamidocyclophane H–U neue chlorierte, bromierte und nicht halogenierte Naturstoffe. Zusätzlich konnten aus Stamm Cylindrospermum stagnale PCC 7417 neben den bekannten Cylindrocyclophanen A, B und D die drei neuen Cylindrofridine A–C erhalten werden. Diese stellen den Cylindrocyclophanen strukturell eng verwandte lineare Mono- und Dialkylresorcinole dar. Die vergleichende Evaluierung der Bioaktivität von 30 Reinsubstanzen ergab, dass viele Verbindungen sehr starke antimikrobielle Aktivität gegen grampositive Bakterien zeigen – besonders gegen Antibiotika-resistente Kokken mit minimalen Hemmkonzentrationen von oftmals deutlich unter 1 µM. Dabei bedingten die verschiedenen Substituenten (Carbamoyl- und Acetoxy-Reste sowie Hydroxygruppen oder Halogene) z.T. signifikante Aktivitätsunterschiede. Die Zytotoxizität der [7.7]Paracyclophane ist vor allem an das Vorhandensein des Makrozyklus gebunden, da lineare Derivate (Cylindrofridine B/C) kaum biologisch aktiv waren. Eine Ausnahme stellt dabei das nicht zytotoxische, aber antimikrobiell aktive Cylindrocyclophan-D-Monomer Cylindrofridin A dar. Die phylogenetische Analyse der 16S-rDNA-Daten bestätigte die morphologisch-taxonomische Identifizierung der Stämme CAVN2 und CAVN10 als Cyanobakterien der Gattung Nostoc und ergab weiterhin, dass alle Carbamido- und Cylindrocyclophane produzierenden Nostoc-Stämme Bestandteil einer monophyletischen Gruppe sind, die phylogenetisch distinkt zu anderen [7.7]Paracyclophan-Produzenten ist. Des Weiteren konnten keine Nukleotidunterschiede zwischen Stamm CAVN2 und CAVN10 auf den untersuchten Markergen-Sequenzen festgestellt werden, was beide auf der phylogenetischen Ebene als identisch erscheinen lässt und sie somit nur metabolisch aufgrund der strukturellen Diversität und Quantität an [7.7]Paracyclophanen differenzierbar sind. Mit Hilfe von molekulargenetischen Analyseverfahren und bioinformatorischer Auswertung konnte in Stamm CAVN2 das Carbamidocyclophan-Biosynthesegencluster mit einer Gesamtgröße von ca. 26,9 kbp identifiziert werden. Dieses beinhaltet 13 offene Leserahmen (cabA-cabM), wobei das Gen cabL für eine putative Carbamoyltransferase codiert. Ein neuer Halogenase-Typ in Verbindung mit einer Tandem-ACP-Domänen-Struktur in der Typ I Polyketidsynthase CabD könnte für die Ausbildung halogenierter Derivate verantwortlich sein. Der Nachweis eines codierenden Bereichs mit Rieske-Domäne (cabM) lässt eine direkte oxidative intermolekulare Makrozyklisierung bei der Assemblierung vermuten.
Nowadays, a challenge in wildlife management and nature conservation is to reach a state of human-wildlife coexistence, integrating wildlife into the human-dominated landscape. Achieving a state of coexistence is urgent as human-wildlife conflicts increase over time. Thus a "route guide" for researchers and conservation practitioners will be needed to identify if a human-wildlife interaction is heading towards conflict or coexistence, enabling them to conduct management activities, when possible, to achieve human-wildlife coexistence. Researchers have used different individual-based attributes as a proxy to measure support towards wildlife species by the general public. Different operationalizations from Environmental Economics and Environmental and Conservation Psychology research fields have been used to measure support. Examples of operationalization are the willingness-to-pay and Likert-type scale, or rating scale, from the first and second research fields. In the first, participants must indicate how much they would be willing to pay to protect a specific wildlife species population in a particular area and time. In the second, participants are asked to rate statements through, e.g., a five-point ordinal rating scale with opposite alternatives between, e.g., strongly agree and strongly disagree. In the human dimension of natural resources management research, variations of these methodologies have been used to measure support, not only for one wildlife species but for a set. For the willingness-to-pay variation, i.e., money allocation, participants must distribute a constant sum of money among a set of wildlife species. For the rating scale variation, each of the wildlife species in the set corresponds to a statement to be rated. The thesis aims to contrast these two variations, i.e., money allocation and rating scale, in their capacity to assess support changes towards a set of 12 native wildlife species from different taxa.
A survey was applied in 2018 (n: 368) and replicated in 2019 (n: 359) among urban dwellers who cohabit with the wildlife species set, in Valdivia, south of Chile. The surveys were applied before and after information disclosure and exposure in an experimental and longitudinal research design structure, respectively. As information disclosure, the threatened and endemic status of the wildlife species was presented to the participants. On the other hand, mass media coverage of a human-wildlife conflict involving one of the species included in study, the South American Sea Lion, was used for information exposure. The results indicate that the money allocation method identified support changes among the wildlife species to a greater extent than the rating scale for both types of information (Chapters 2, 3, and 4). The money allocation in the experimental design structure grouped the wildlife species based on their threatened and endemic status, while the rating scale did not come with the same results (Chapter 3). In the longitudinal design structure, the South American Sea Lion support decreased based on the average values of the money allocation and rating scale after the information exposure (Chapter 4). Differently, when the South American Sea Lion position support is compared with the other wildlife species, based on the money allocation, there was a descent, while the rating scale presented an ascent after the mass media coverage of the human-wildlife conflict (Chapter 4). This difference between the results of the two methods, in both research design structures, can be explained to a certain extent due to their scaling technique characteristics. The money allocation is a comparative scale; therefore, the support given to one wildlife species will affect the possible support given to the other species. In contrast, the rating scale is a non-comparative scale, i.e., the support given to a wildlife species is independent of the support given to the other wildlife species in the set. In the experimental research design structure (Chapters 2 and 3), to give or increase the support to a threatened or endemic wildlife species, a bill should be taken from another wildlife species, usually not threatened nor endemic. On the contrary, in the rating scale, there was no need to choose; the support could be increased for a wildlife species without decreasing the support for other wildlife species. In the longitudinal study design structure, the money allocation allows direct comparison between wildlife species from one year to another, while the rating scale does not. For the money allocation, the possible amount of support to be given to a wildlife species, i.e., 12 bills of 1,000 CLP each, did not vary from 2018 to 2019. For the rating scale, the values received among the wildlife species can vary within the rating scale from one year to another, misleading to incorrect interpretations. The money allocation method can be suitable for monitoring human-wildlife interactions, i.e., to position and visualize support shifts. The money allocation could be used as an overview of human-wildlife interactions in a specific area, working as a first assessment.
Pentathiepins are cyclic polysulfides that exert antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity in cancer cells, induce oxidative stress and apoptosis, and potently inhibit GPx1. These properties render this class of compounds promising candidates for the development of anticancer drugs. However, the biological effects and how they intertwine to promote high cytotoxicity have not been systematically assessed throughout a panel of cancer cell lines from distinct tissues of origin. In this thesis, six novel pentathiepins were analyzed and constitute the second generation of compounds with additional properties such as fluorescence or improved water solubility to facilitate cellular testing. All compounds underwent extensive biological evaluation in 14 human cancer cell lines. These studies included investigations of the inhibitory potential with regards to GPx1 and cell proliferation, examined the cytotoxicity in human cancer cell lines, as well as the induction of oxidative stress and DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, selected hallmarks of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy were studied. Experimental approaches regarding these cellular mechanisms included observing morphological changes, detecting phosphatidyl serine exposure and caspase activity, and quantifying cleaved PARP1 and levels of LC3B II. In addition, the analysis of the cell cycle aimed to identify aberrations or arrests in cell division.
Five of the six tested pentathiepins proved to be potent inhibitors of the GPx1, while all six exerted high cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity, although to different extents. There was a clear connection observed between the potential to provoke oxidative stress and damage to DNA in the form of single- and double-strand breaks both extra- and intracellularly. Furthermore, various experiments supported apoptosis but not ferroptosis as the mechanism of cell death in four different cell lines. In particular, the externalization of PS, the detection of activated caspases, and the cleavage of PARP1 corroborated this conclusion. Additionally, indications for autophagy were found, but more investigations are required to verify the current data. The findings of this dissertation are mainly in line with the postulated mechanism of action proposed for pentathiepins and a previous publication from our group that described their biological activity. However, the influence of modulators such as oxygen and GSH on the biological effects was ambiguous and dependent on the compound. The expression profile of the cell lines concerning GPx1 and CAT did not influence the cellular response toward the treatment, whereas the cell doubling time correlated with the cytotoxicity.
As the various pentathiepins give rise to different biological responses, modulation of the biological effects depends on the distinct chemical structures fused to the sulfur ring. This may allow for future optimization of the anticancer activity of pentathiepins. An analysis of the structure-activity relationships revealed that the piperazine scaffold was associated with superior biological activity compared to the pyrrolo-pyrazine backbone. Furthermore, substituents with electron-withdrawing properties or those providing a free electron pair, such as fluorine or morpholine, were advantageous. These findings should help design and synthesize the next generation of pentathiepins, thereby expanding the library of compounds, allowing for the further deduction of structure-activity relationships and an improved understanding of their mechanism of action.
The present experimental work investigates plasma turbulence in the edge region of magnetized high-temperature plasmas. A main topic is the turbulent dynamics parallel to the magnetic field, where hitherto only a small data basis existed, especially for very long scale lengths in the order of ten of meters. A second point of special interest is the coupling of the dynamics parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field. This anisotropic turbulent dynamics is investigated by two different approaches. Firstly, spatially and temporally high-resolution measurements of fluctuating plasma parameters are investigated by means of two-point correlation analysis. Secondly, the propagation of signals externally imposed into the turbulent plasma background is studied. For both approaches, Langmuir probe arrays were utilized for diagnostic purposes. The main findings can be summarized as follows: Greatly elongated fluctuation structures exist in plasma edge turbulence. The structures are aligned along the confining magnetic field (k|| = 0). The correlation degree of fluctuations for a short connection length of 0.75m is greater than 80%. For much longer connection lengths of 23m and 66m, the correlation degree is reduced to approximately 40%. A conceptual interpretation of these observations is the coexistence of two different fluctuation components. One component has a correlation length parallel to the magnetic field below 20m and the other component a correlation length greater than 70m. Sine signals in the frequency range 1-100 kHz were injected into the turbulent plasma background. The propagation parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field of the signals was studied. In poloidal direction, an asymmetry is observed, that can be explained by a copropagation of the signal with the background E × B-rotation of the plasma. The signal propagation parallel to the magnetic field shows no such asymmetry. As an advanced approach, spatio-temporal wave patters were injected into the edge plasma. The waves launched that way can be seen as test waves' in a turbulent background. The coupling strength of the imposed wave patterns to the background turbulence relies on the match of the imposed waves to the dynamics of turbulent structures. If the propagation direction of the imposed waves is parallel to the propagation direction of the background plasma, improved coupling is observed. This finding underlines the importance of the background plasma rotation for future attempts of controlling the plasma edge turbulence. Further optimization of frequency and wave vector of the imposed waves is probably a promising approach for achieving a significant and systematic influence of turbulence. Taking into account the present experimental state-of-the-art, for a deeper insight into the mechanism of the plasma edge turbulence of magnetized high-temperature plasmas a joint effort of numerical modeling and experimental results is a valuable approach. Such a cooperation should cover the explanation of the correlation observations as well as the experiments on signal injection into background turbulence. A quantitative comparison between the results presented in this work and a dedicated numerical drift wave simulation would be a significant step forward to a better understanding of plasma edge turbulence.
Serbian Tertiary ultrapotassic province is part of widespread but not voluminous basaltic magmatism in Serbia. Two principal groups of ultrapotassic rocks are recognized; the lamproite affinity group (LAG) and the kamafugite affinity group (KAG). My results demonstrate three dominant low-pressure evolutional processes: magma mixing and fractional crystallization, analcimization and heteromorphism. The two suites of ultrapotassic rocks show large ranges of Sr and Nd isotopic values but a restricted variation of Pb isotopes. LAG is characterized by wide ranges of Sr and Nd isotopes (87Sr/86Sri 0.70735- 0.71299, 143Nd/144Ndi 0.51251-0.51216). KAG is isotopically homogeneous with a limited range of Sr-Nd isotopes (87Sr/86Sri 0.70599-0.70674, 143Nd/144Ndi 0.51263-0.51256). The Pb isotope compositions of both groups are similar (206Pb/204Pb 18.581-18.832, 207Pb/204Pb 15.624-15.696 and 208Pb/204Pb 38.744-38.987), and fall within the pelagic sediment field resembling Mesozoic flysch sediments from the Vardar ophiolitic composite suture zone. Highly variable Sr and Nd isotopic signatures of primitive-LAG rocks correlate with REE fractionation and enrichment of the HFSE. I explain this correlation using vein+wall-rock melting model, invoking the presence of different metasomatic domains (veins with phlogopite, Cpx and F-apatite) that are out of isotopic equilibrium with the peridotite wall rock. Relatively uniform Sr and Nd isotopic data of KAG rocks, similar trace element patterns and small but regular variations of HFSE ratios, indicate different degrees of melting of a relatively homogeneously metasomatized mantle source. Geochemical modelling implies the role of phlogopite, apatite and Ti-oxide in their mantle source.
Forest ecosystems around the world and especially boreal forests, are facing
drastically changing climatic conditions. It is known that these changes could
challenge their functionality and vitality. Still, the exact impact is not fully
understood, as tree growth is a complex process and depends on countless
environmental and genetic factors. To estimate the effects of climate change
on tree growth and forest development precisely, we must learn more about
tree growth itself. A comprehensive approach is needed where trees and
forests are investigated on different scales and levels of detail, ranging from
global studies to studies on single individuals.
In this dissertation, I follow such a comprehensive approach, using the
North American conifer white spruce as an example. I present three papers
in the form of three chapters in which my co-authors and I studied the
growth and anatomy of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) and how
it is influenced by environmental, climatic, and genetic factors.
We used diverse approaches and methods on different spatial scales, ranging from
investigations on the landscape to the local scale. We established three paired
plots with forest and treeline sites (two cold-limited and one drought-limited).
as well as one additional forest site. In the first chapter, we concentrated
on the genetic diversity of white spruce within and between populations at
all study sites throughout Alaska. The genetic investigations were combined
with analyses on the individual growth response of trees to climatic conditions
to find whether genetic similarities or spatial proximity caused similarities
in growth and climatic sensitivity. In the second chapter, we studied the
direct and indirect effects of environmental conditions on the xylem tissue
of white spruce. We analyzed the impact of precipitation, temperature, and
tree height on four xylem anatomical traits in trees growing at the three
treelines. The investigated traits represented the main functions of xylem
tissue (i.e., water transport and structural support). In the third chapter,
we investigated similar xylem anatomical traits at one cold-limited treeline.
We compared xylem anatomy and annual increment between genetic groups
and individuals and between spatial groups to investigate whether spatial or
genetic grouping influenced the anatomy and growth of white spruce.
We found an overall high gene flow and high genetic diversity in white
spruce. However, the sensitivity of the growth and anatomical traits of white
spruce was driven mainly by spatial rather than genetic effects and differed
between study sites. Trees from the drought-limited site were more sensitive
towards precipitation and a moisture index, while trees from the cold-limited
sites were more sensitive towards temperature. A strong direct effect of tem-
perature was primarily found in latewood traits related to the structural sup-
port of the tree. Earlywood traits related to water transport, however, were
influenced mainly by tree height. Tree height itself was potentially affected
by diverse abiotic and biotic factors (e.g., (micro)climate, soil conditions,
and competition). Thus, traits related to water transport were indirectly
influenced by environmental conditions. Genetic effects in xylem anatomical
traits were found in the earlywood hydraulic diameter and latewood den-
sity, whereas in general, primarily spatial rather than genetic grouping was
influencing the anatomy of white spruce.
Overall, white spruce showed to be a genetically diverse species with a
high gene flow. The effects of spatial proximity and spatial grouping on the
sensitivity and anatomy of white spruce indicate high phenotypic plastic-
ity. This high phenotypic plasticity combined with the vast genetic diversity
translates into an immense potential for the species to adjust (phenotypically)
and possibly adapt (genetically) to changing conditions. Thus, in terms of
climate change, white spruce may be a rather persistent species that manages
to cope with the drastic changes. Though additional work might be needed to
draw a more solid conclusion, the presented work shows how a comprehensive
study approach can help to interpret and understand the growth and ecology
of a tree species. It may be an inspiration for future studies to broaden their
approaches and to use comprehensive methods on different levels of detail to
not only observe trees but to explore and understand them.
In the present work high density helicon plasma discharges are created and characterized as a promising concept towards the realization of plasma wakefield accelerators to build up electric fields in the order of GV/m to accelerate electrons to energies in the TeV range with proton driving bunches. For such a concept plasma sources are needed that are able to maintain discharges with plasma densities of n_e = 7E20 m^-3 over long distances with a low variation in plasma density. Measurements at the PROMETHEUS-A device are performed for variable parameters, like magnetic induction, RF heating power and filling gas pressure. A CO2 laser interferometer, a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) diagnostic and a reaction rate model are combined to give a full picture. It is shown that in most cases the plasma density is centrally peaked with a high density region +- 5 mm from the center. The peak plasma density increases with increasing filling gas pressure, RF heating power and magnetic induction, limited by the number of neutral particles in low pressure discharges, by the transferred heating power and the increasing recombination and electron quenching rates of argon ions in high filling pressure cases. The increase in plasma density with increasing magnetic induction correlates to the direct proportionality in the helicon dispersion relation. For all investigated operational parameters the time evolution of the helicon discharge shows the same characteristics and is reliably reproducable inside the error bars. The electron temperature is determined by combining the collisional radiative model with line ratio measurements of two spontaneously emitted LIF lines. The low electron temperature regime of 1.2 eV < T_e < 1.4 eV and the electron temperature profiles are consistent with helicon wave heating via collisional power dissipation. The maximum plasma density of n_e = (6 +- 1)E20 m^-3 is measured at high RF power of P_RF = 24 kW, p_0 = 9 Pa filling gas pressure and a magnetic induction of B = 105 mT with a maximum electron temperature at 1.4 eV. At these operational parameters the plasma density peaking time and width are determined to be 270E-6 s and 50E-6 s, respectively. This shows that specific plasma density requirements for the use of a wakefield accelerator are reachable and the duration of the peak plasma density is more than sufficient for a relativistic particle to pass a 1 km long plasma cell. Additionally time-resolved LIF profile measurements for neutral and singly ionized argon were conducted to complement the previously evaluated measurements. The time resolution of the LIF diagnostic was chosen in a way to adequately represent the evolution of densities and to allow full profile measurements over one day. A resolution of 200E-6 s was chosen. The time-resolved neutral and ion metastable densities show hollow profiles with high densities at the edges over the first ms indicating higher ionization levels and increasing electron quenching rates. The metastable densities are highly determined by electron temperature, RF heating power and filling neutral gas pressure and do not reflect the neutral argon evolution. To investigate the influence of neutral depletion on the density evolution and maximum plasma density, the argon neutral and ion ground state densities are determined. Both time-resolved density profiles show a hollow profile with highest densities at the edges over a longer time interval of 3-4 ms. The penetration depths (ionization mean-free paths) indicate increased ionization of neutral argon while dissipating inwards, corresponding well to the theoretical value of lambda = 20 mm. This results in a depletion of neutrals in the center of the discharge, leading to a limitation and a fast decrease of plasma density after the neutrals are partially ionized. The shown refilling effect of neutral argon is too slow to have an important impact. At operation parameters for highest plasma density, the calculated ground states also show a fast increase in density at the end of the discharge after the RF-heating is switched off. This indicates recombination effects to these atomic states and higher ionization levels than ArII in the helicon discharge.
A highly stereoselective recombinant alcohol dehydrogenase aus 'Pseudomonas fluorescens' DSM50106
(2005)
The alcohol dehydrogenase was biochemically characterized. A broad range of arylaliphatic ketones is efficiently reduced to the corresponding optically active (R)-alcohols by a recombinant alcohol dehydrogenase (PF-ADH) produced by overexpression in 'Escherichia coli'. PF-ADH shows high activity and stereoselectivity in the reduction of acetophenone and various derivatives (45-99%), as well as in the reduction of 3-oxy-butyric acid methyl ester and 3-oxy-butyric acid methyl ester and 3-oxy-hexanoic acid ethyl ester (>99%). The highest activity was observed between 10 and 20°C. The copfactor NADH can be efficiently recycled by the addition of 10-20% of iso-propanol. A flow-through-polarimetry-based assay to determine oxidoreductase activity and stereoselectivity is described.