Doctoral Thesis
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Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Subclinical alterations of the cardiovascular system, such as increased exercise blood pressure or an endothelial dysfunction confer a higher risk of manifest cardiovascular diseases and incident events. Detecting associations between circulating markers of the endocrine-metabolic system and the subclinical cardiovascular phenotypes could be useful to better understand cardiovascular disease progression and to improve risk prediction for manifest cardiovascular diseases. Methods: The associations between (a) serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and increased exercise blood pressure, (b) serum hemoglobin A1c and endothelial dysfunction as well as (c) serum insulin-like growth factor I and endothelial dysfunction were studied using cross-sectional data from around 1400 subjects aged 25 to 85 years collected during the 5-year follow-up of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-1). Increased exercise blood pressure was defined as a value above the sex- and age-specific 80th percentile measured at the 100 W stage of a symptom-limited bicycle ergometry test. Endothelial dysfunction was defined as an impaired flow-mediated dilation measured as a continuous decrease or below the median of sex-specific distribution. Non-fasting blood samples were drawn from the cubital vein in the supine position. Results: The odds for increased systolic exercise blood pressure (odds ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 0.88; 1.76) and diastolic exercise blood pressure (odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.70; 1.39) as well as for exercise-induced increase of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were not significantly different between subjects with high and low serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels within the reference range. In women without current use of antihypertensive medication, increasing serum hemoglobin A1c levels were associated with decreasing flow-mediated dilation levels (ß = -1.17, 95% confidence interval -2.03; -0.30). Such an association was not found in men. In men, logistic regression analysis revealed an odds ratio of 1.27 (95% confidence interval 1.07; 1.51) for decreased flow-mediated dilation for each decrement of serum insulin-like growth factor I standard deviation. In women, no significant association between serum insulin-like growth factor I levels and flow-mediated dilation was observed (odds ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.74; 1.05). Conclusions: Based on the presented results it is concluded that (a) serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are not associated with exercise blood pressure in the general population, (b) higher serum hemoglobin A1c levels in non-diabetic subjects are inversely associated with flow-mediated dilation in women without antihypertensive medication, but not in men, and (c) lower serum insulin-like growth factor I levels are associated with impaired endothelial function in men, but not in women. Therefore the metabolic marker hemoglobin A1c and the endocrine marker insulin-like growth factor I might be markers facilitating the identification of subjects at high risk of subclinical cardiovascular alterations.
Es wurden Effekte einer Langzeit-Wachstumshormonsubstitution bei Erwachsenen mit einem Wachstumshormonmangel, die in der deutschen KIMS Datenbank (Pfizer International Metabolic Database) erfasst wurden, untersucht. Von 440 Patienten mit einem Wachstumshormonmangel wurden die Daten zu IGF I (insulin-like growth factor I), Nüchternblutglukose, Gesamtcholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C), BMI (body mass index), Taillen- (WC) und Hüftumfang (HC) bei Studieneinschluss und im Verlauf ausgewertet. Außerdem wurde die Lebensqualität mit Hilfe des QoL-AGHDA erfasst. Die hier dargestellten Auswertungen zeigen, dass eine langjährige Wachstumshormonsubstitution bei Erwachsenen zu einer anhaltenden Verbesserung der Lebensqualität führt. Die zuvor in randomisiert kontrollierten Studien oder in kürzeren Anwendungsbeobachtungsstudien beobachteten Effekte auf die Verbesserung der Körperzusammensetzung bzw. den Glukose- oder Lipidstoffwechsel konnten im Langzeitverlauf nicht bestätigt werden.