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Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by chronic inflammation and the progressive fibrotic replacement of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic tissue. We identify Treg cells as central regulators of the fibroinflammatory reaction by a selective depletion of FOXP3-positive cells in a transgenic mouse model (DEREG-mice) of experimental CP. In Treg-depleted DEREG-mice, the induction of CP results in a significantly increased stroma deposition, the development of exocrine insufficiency and significant weight loss starting from day 14 after disease onset. In CP, FOXP3+CD25+ Treg cells suppress the type-2 immune response by a repression of GATA3+ T helper cells (Th2), GATA3+ innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2) and CD206+ M2-macrophages. A suspected pathomechanism behind the fibrotic tissue replacement may involve an observed dysbalance of Activin A expression in macrophages and of its counter regulator follistatin. Our study identified Treg cells as key regulators of the type-2 immune response and of organ remodeling during CP. The Treg/Th2 axis could be a therapeutic target to prevent fibrosis and preserve functional pancreatic tissue.
The thyroid gland is both a thyroid hormone (TH) generating as well as a TH responsive
organ. It is hence crucial that cathepsin-mediated proteolytic cleavage of the precursor thyroglobulin
is regulated and integrated with the subsequent export of TH into the blood circulation, which is
enabled by TH transporters such as monocarboxylate transporters Mct8 and Mct10. Previously, we
showed that cathepsin K-deficient mice exhibit the phenomenon of functional compensation through
cathepsin L upregulation, which is independent of the canonical hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis,
thus, due to auto-regulation. Since these animals also feature enhanced Mct8 expression, we aimed
to understand if TH transporters are part of the thyroid auto-regulatory mechanisms. Therefore,
we analyzed phenotypic differences in thyroid function arising from combined cathepsin K and
TH transporter deficiencies, i.e., in Ctsk-/-/Mct10-/-
, Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y, and Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/-
.
Despite the impaired TH export, thyroglobulin degradation was enhanced in the mice lacking Mct8,
particularly in the triple-deficient genotype, due to increased cathepsin amounts and enhanced cysteine peptidase activities, leading to ongoing thyroglobulin proteolysis for TH liberation, eventually
causing self-thyrotoxic thyroid states. The increased cathepsin amounts were a consequence of
autophagy-mediated lysosomal biogenesis that is possibly triggered due to the stress accompanying
intrathyroidal TH accumulation, in particular in the Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- animals. Collectively,
our data points to the notion that the absence of cathepsin K and Mct8 leads to excessive thyroglobulin
degradation and TH liberation in a non-classical pathway of thyroid auto-regulation.
Simple Summary
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most deadly cancers worldwide. The occurrence of oncogenic KRAS mutations is considered a signature event in PDAC, leading to genomic instability. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of the oncogenic KRAS G12D mutation on the activity of the error-prone alt-EJ repair mechanism, and to investigate the potential role of Polθ in the development of pancreatic cancer. We found that oncogenic KRAS increases the expression of key alt-EJ proteins in a mouse and human PDAC model. Using TLR assay, we also found increased alt-EJ activity in mouse and human cell lines upon the expression of KRAS D12D. The inactivation/impairment of alt-EJ by polymerase theta (Polθ) depletion delays the development of pancreatic cancer and prolongs the survival of experimental mice, though it does not prevent the PDAC development, which leads to full-blown PDAC with disseminated metastasis. Our studies provide a high-value target as a novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of pancreatic and other cancers.
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), due to its genomic heterogeneity and lack of effective treatment, despite decades of intensive research, will become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030. Step-wise acquisition of mutations, due to genomic instability, is considered to drive the development of PDAC; the KRAS mutation occurs in 95 to 100% of human PDAC, and is already detectable in early premalignant lesions designated as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). This mutation is possibly the key event leading to genomic instability and PDAC development. Our study aimed to investigate the role of the error-prone DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair pathway, alt-EJ, in the presence of the KRAS G12D mutation in pancreatic cancer development. Our findings show that oncogenic KRAS contributes to increasing the expression of Polθ, Lig3, and Mre11, key components of alt-EJ in both mouse and human PDAC models. We further confirm increased catalytic activity of alt-EJ in a mouse and human model of PDAC bearing the KRAS G12D mutation. Subsequently, we focused on estimating the impact of alt-EJ inactivation by polymerase theta (Polθ) deletion on pancreatic cancer development, and survival in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and cancer patients. Here, we show that even though Polθ deficiency does not fully prevent the development of pancreatic cancer, it significantly delays the onset of PanIN formation, prolongs the overall survival of experimental mice, and correlates with the overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients in the TCGA database. Our study clearly demonstrates the role of alt-EJ in the development of PDAC, and alt-EJ may be an attractive therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer patients.
The classical secretory renin-a is known to be involved in angiotensin generation, thereby regulating not only blood pressure, but also promoting oxidative stress as well as apoptotic and necrotic cell death. In contrast, another cytosolic renin isoform named renin-b has been described, exerting protective effects under ischemia-related conditions in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Using microarray-based transcriptome analyses, we aimed to identify the signaling pathways involved in mediating cardioprotection in H9c2 cells overexpressing renin-b. By transcriptome profiling, we identified increased gene expression of several genes encoding glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters, while the transcript levels of TCA-cycle enzymes were decreased. Complementing data from metabolic analyses revealed enhanced glucose consumption and lactate accumulation due to renin-b overexpression. Renin-b overexpression further stimulated AKT/mTOR signaling, where numerous genes involved in this pathway showed altered transcript levels. For AKT, we also detected enhanced phosphorylation levels by means of Western blotting, suggesting an activation of this kinase. Moreover, analysis of the ROS levels identified an increase in ROS accumulation in renin-b-overexpressing cells. Altogether, our data demonstrate that renin-b overexpression induces the metabolic remodeling of H9c2 cells similar to that seen under oxygen deprivation. This metabolic phenotype exerting so-called aerobic glycolysis is also known as the Warburg effect.
Die klassischen Schilddrüsenhormone (TH) Triiodthyronin (T3) und Thyroxin (T4) sind für die Regulation zahlreicher Stoffwechselprozesse von Bedeutung. Dabei beeinflussen sie unter anderem maßgeblich den hepatischen Energie- und Lipidstoffwechsel. In den letzten Jahren haben die beiden Schilddrüsenhormon-Metaboliten 3-Iodthyronamin (3-T1AM) und 3,5-Diiodthyronin (3,5-T2) an Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen, da sie in diversen Studien als endogene, biologisch aktive Substanzen beschrieben wurden.
Die durch 3-T1AM-vermittelten metabolischen Effekte sind dabei denen der klassischen TH teilweise entgegengesetzt. Zudem konnte eine Interferenz mit der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Schilddrüsen (HPT)-Achse demonstriert werden. In dieser Arbeit sollte die Hypothese einer direkten 3-T1AM-Wirkung auf die Schilddrüse überprüft werden. Dazu wurden in einem in vitro-Modell 3-T1AM-behandelte Thyreozyten der Zelllinie PCCL3 mittels Transkriptomanalysen untersucht.
Für den TH-Metaboliten 3,5-T2 konnten in früheren Arbeiten anti-steatotische, anti-lipidemische und kalorigene Effekte demonstriert werden. Aufgrund fehlender thyreotoxischer Nebenwirkungen, wie sie für die klassischen TH typisch sind, liegt ein therapeutisches Potenzial von 3,5-T2 zur Behandlung der mit steigender Inzidenz auftretenden Adipositas und der damit assoziierten Fettleber (Steatosis hepatis) nahe. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die 3,5-T2-vermittelten Effekte auf die hepatischen Transkriptions- und Proteinmuster von Mäusen unter Standard- (SD) und Hochfettdiät (HFD) in komplementären Analysen charakterisiert.
Die TH-Homöostase wird durch den negativen Rückkopplungsmechanismus der HPT-Achse reguliert. Im klinischen Alltag wird jedoch häufig eine Störung dieses Gleichgewichts in Form einer Hypo- oder Hyperthyreose beobachtet. Um die physiologischen Auswirkungen dieser Erkrankungen zu untersuchen, wurden in dieser Arbeit Proteomanalysen der Lebern von Mäusen mit induzierter Hypo- und Hyperthyreose durchgeführt, um bereits vorliegende korrespondierende Transkriptomdaten zu ergänzen.
In den Transkriptomanalysen der 3-T1AM-behandelten Thyreozyten konnten keine Genexpressionsänderungen nachgewiesen werden. Um diese Diskrepanz zu den in anderen Studien demonstrierten metabolischen Effekten zu beheben, könnte eine Optimierung des experimentellen Designs sinnvoll sein. Alternativ könnte gefolgert werden, dass vor allem post-transkriptionelle Prozesse die Wirkungen von 3-T1AM vermitteln.
Die komplementären Transkriptom- und Proteomdaten der 3,5-T2-behandelten Mäuse deuteten auf eine Stimulation der hepatischen Cholesterol-, Gallensäure- und lokalen Sexualhormon-Biosynthese in Tieren unter HFD hin. Außerdem konnten in Mäusen unter HFD erhöhte hepatische Spiegel von Sexualhormonen nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin zeigten zahlreiche Transkripte und Proteine, welche in den Lipidstoffwechsel und Citratzyklus involviert sind, signifikante Mengenveränderungen nach 3,5-T2-Behandlung unter SD und HFD. Die in dieser Arbeit unter beiden Diäten beobachteten 3,5-T2-vermittelten Effekte auf Xenobiotika-metabolisierende Proteine könnten dabei unter anderem auf unerwünschte thyreomimetische Nebeneffekte hindeuten. Daher sollte der therapeutische Einsatz von 3,5-T2 als ein potenzielles anti-steatotisches Agens, wie es diverse vorangegangene Studien propagiert haben, kritisch betrachtet werden.
Die ersten Ergebnisse der hepatischen Proteomanalysen hyperthyreoter Mäuse deuteten auf eine Reduktion von oxidativem Stress und eine Induktion der Proteinbiosynthese hin, während unter hypothyreoten Bedingungen entgegengesetzte Effekte beobachtet wurden.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten umfangreiche globale und komplementäre Datensätze mit Hilfe der Omics-Technologien Transkriptomics und Proteomics, für die Microarray- und Massenspektrometrie-basierte Analysen zum Einsatz kamen, generiert werden. Diese ermöglichten die Gewinnung neuer Erkenntnisse über die physiologischen Effekte und Wirkungsweisen der TH-Metabolite 3-T1AM und 3,5-T2 sowie die Krankheitsbilder Hypo- und Hyperthyreose.