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Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Auswirkungen des demographischen Wandels auf die
Blutversorgung in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MV) zu analysieren. Dabei sollten
Grundlagen für die Entwicklung von gesundheitspolitischen Strategien geschaffen
werden, um einem Defizit in der Versorgung entgegenwirken zu können.
Durch eine prospektive Longitudinalstudie mit Daten zu allen Vollblutspendern und
Empfängern von Erythrozytenkonzentraten (EK) in MV in den Jahren 2005, 2010 und
2015 wird die Versorgungskette vollständig abgebildet. Derartige Informationen liegen
zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt für kein anderes Bundesland vor.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die demographischen Veränderungen durch eine
Abnahme der Spenderzahlen zu einem ausgeprägten Rückgang der Vollblutspenden
geführt haben (-18,0%). Dies wird verstärkt durch einen Rückgang der Spendebereitschaft
um -10,6% insbesondere bei den <30-Jährigen. Gleichzeitig konnte trotz
alternder Bevölkerung auch der Blutbedarf dank des medizinischen Fortschritts um
13,5% reduziert werden. Dennoch deckten bereits im Jahr 2015 die gewonnenen
Blutspenden nur noch knapp den Blutbedarf der Patienten. Die durchgeführten Vorausberechnungen
für 2030 lassen erwarten, dass es mit einem Defizit von circa
18.000 EK zu erheblichen Versorgungsproblemen im Bundesland kommen wird,
wenn Spendebereitschaft und Transfusionsbedarf auf dem Niveau von 2015 verbleiben.
Die demographische Situation Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns ist denen der westlichen
Bundesländer Deutschlands circa 10 Jahre voraus. Damit nimmt Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern als Modellregion eine Vorreiterrolle bezüglich der Bewältigung der
damit einhergehenden Herausforderungen für die Blutversorgung ein. Um den Blutbedarf
der Patienten langfristig und überregional decken zu können, wird in Zukunft
eine noch engere interdisziplinäre Kooperation von Blutspendediensten, Krankenhäusern
und Gesundheitspolitik sowohl auf Landes- als auch Bundesebene notwendig
sein.
Der Bedarf an Blutprodukten ist in den letzten Jahren gestiegen, während der Kreis der möglichen Blutspender bei alternder Bevölkerung abgenommen hat und weiter abnehmen wird. Blutspende-Einrichtungen betreiben viel Aufwand, Blutspender zu gewinnen und als Dauerspender zu binden. Frühere Studien zeigten, dass ein Drittel der Dauerspender ein positives „Well-being“ nach der Spende erfahren und dies als Grund für regelmäßige Blutspenden angeben. In dieser Studie wurde ntersucht, ob ein „Well-being“ auch bereits bei Erstspender ausgeprägt ist und ob dies einen Einfluss auf das Rückkehrverhalten von Erstspendern hat. Zusätzlich sollte gezeigt werden, dass die Studie als Intervention einen Einfluss auf das Rückkehrverhalten bei Erstspendern hat. Über drei aufeinander folgende Monate wurden 235 Erstspender in die Studie eingeschlossen und entweder in die Fragebogengruppe oder in die Kontrollgruppe randomisiert. Bei allen Studienteilnehmern wurde zwölf Monate nach der initialen Spende deren Rückkehrverhalten ausgewertet. Die Teilnehmer der Fragebogengruppe sollten zusätzlich zu sieben verschiedenen Zeitpunkten, verteilt über acht Wochen, den „Multidimensionalen Befindlichkeitsfragebogen“ ausfüllen. An Hand der Ergebnisse des MDBF sollte der Verlauf des „Well-being“ aufgezeigt werden. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erhoben: Erstspender scheinen keine größeren Veränderungen des „Well-beings“ nach ihrer ersten Blutspende zu erfahren. Des Weiteren beeinflusste das „Well-being“ nicht das Rückkehrverhalten der Erstspender. Die durchgeführten Interventionen führten zu einer erhöhten Wiederkehrrate der männlichen Erstspender, nicht jedoch der weiblichen Erstspender. Um eine praktikable Schlussfolgerung aus den Ergebnissen dieser Studie ziehen zu können, sollten zukünftige Studien den hier in der Wiederkehrrate aufgetretenen Geschlechterunterschied spezifischer untersuchen. Interessant wäre vor allem, welche der durchgeführten Interventionen oder eine Kombination aus diesen zu der gesteigerten Wiederkehrrate männlicher Erstspender geführt hat. Mit Hilfe weiterführender Ergebnisse wäre es dann möglich, gezielt Interventionen zu betreiben, die effizient die Spendefrequenz der Blutspender erhöht.
For the last two decades, heparins have been widely used as anticoagulants. Besides
numerous advantages, up to 5% patients with heparin administration suffer from a major adverse
drug effect known as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). This typical HIT can result in deep
vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, occlusion of a limb artery, acute myocardial infarct, stroke, and
a systemic reaction or skin necrosis. The basis of HIT may lead to clinical insights. Recent studies using
single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS)-based atomic force microscopy revealed detailed binding
mechanisms of the interactions between platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparins of different lengths in
typical HIT. Especially, SMFS results allowed identifying a new mechanism of the autoimmune HIT
caused by a subset of human-derived antibodies in patients without heparin exposure. The findings
proved that not only heparin but also a subset of antibodies induce thrombocytopenia. In this review,
the role of SMFS in unraveling a major adverse drug effect and insights into molecular mechanisms
inducing thrombocytopenia by both heparins and antibodies will be discussed.
Platelets transfusion is a safe process, but during or after the process, the recipient may experience an adverse reaction and occasionally a serious adverse reaction (SAR). In this review, we focus on the inflammatory potential of platelet components (PCs) and their involvement in SARs. Recent evidence has highlighted a central role for platelets in the host inflammatory and immune responses. Blood platelets are involved in inflammation and various other aspects of innate immunity through the release of a plethora of immunomodulatory cytokines, chemokines, and associated molecules, collectively termed biological response modifiers that behave like ligands for endothelial and leukocyte receptors and for platelets themselves. The involvement of PCs in SARs—particularly on a critically ill patient’s context—could be related, at least in part, to the inflammatory functions of platelets, acquired during storage lesions. Moreover, we focus on causal link between platelet activation and immune-mediated disorders (transfusion-associated immunomodulation, platelets, polyanions, and bacterial defense and alloimmunization). This is linked to the platelets’ propensity to be activated even in the absence of deliberate stimuli and to the occurrence of time-dependent storage lesions.
Background: We assessed the effect of the uniform donor questionnaire (UDQ) on deferral rates in first-time and repeat donors. We focused on the introduced question about unprotected sexual contact with a new partner. Another goal was a stratified comparison of the deferral rates of the donor questionnaire (DQ) and UDQ. Methods: Data on donors and deferrals using the DQ and UDQ were collected at four blood establishments. The comparison included a 2-year period by questionnaire version. For the comparison of the questionnaires, an adjusted multinomial logistic regression was performed. Results: The analysis included 260,848 donations. First-time (FTD) and repeat donations (RD) showed higher deferral rates with the UDQ (FTD +5.4%, RD +1.4%). Deferral due to a new partner was 3.0% in first-time and 0.4% in repeat donors. The majority of these occurred in the youngest age groups. The most frequent deferral criterion was ‘disease' (5.1%). Conclusion: The regression revealed stronger predictors for deferral than the questionnaire version. Especially younger age carried a higher and independent risk for deferral. The additional deferrals of mainly young first-time donors due to a new sexual partner may identify those donors with potential heterosexual risk behavior who would otherwise not be identified.
Background: Securing future blood supply is a major issue of transfusion safety. In this prospective 10-year longitudinal study we enrolled all blood donation services and hospitals of the federal state Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Methods and Results: From 2005 to 2015 (time period with major demographic effects), whole blood donation numbers declined by 18%. In male donors this paralleled the demographic change, while donation rates of females declined 12.4% more than expected from demography. In parallel, red cell transfusion rates/1,000 population decreased from 2005 to 2015 from 56 to 51 (-8.4%), primarily due to less transfusions in patients >60 years. However, the transfusion demand declined much less than blood donation numbers: -13.5% versus -18%, and the population >65 years (highest transfusion demand) will further increase. The key question is whether the decline in transfusion demand observed over the previous years will further continue, hereby compensating for reduced blood donation numbers due to the demographic change. The population structure of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania reflects all Eastern German federal states, while the Western German federal states will reach similar ratios of age groups 18-64 years / ≥65 years about 10 years later. Conclusions: Regular monitoring of age- and sex-specific donation and transfusion data is urgently required to allow transfusion services strategic planning for securing future blood supply.
Since its introduction in 2006, the NOD/scid mouse model has greatly contributed to the understanding of the pathomechanisms of antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia. This progress has however been hampered by inter-laboratory differences. With this work, we make several suggestions to minimise these differences:
We suggest that human platelets (blood group 0) be injected into the mice (age- and sex-matched, 8-16 weeks) via the tail vein. For antibody injection, scientists may choose between intraperitoneal and tail vein injection, each of which has strengths and drawbacks. In case of low antibody titer or low avidity antibodies, preincubation of the platelets with the patient serum prior to injection promotes platelet elimination where standard protocols fail. For subsequent sample preparation, we found that newly-launched ready-to-use kits present a good alternative to classical density gradient centrifugation by reducing man-hours and turnover time without affecting the quality of flow cytometry analysis.
In a second part, we used the revised mouse model to study anti-CD36 mediated thrombocytopenia in vivo. Anti-CD36 antibodies have been suggested as frequent case for FNAIT in Asia. The mechanisms behind this remain partly unclear. After injecting anti-CD36 monoclonal antibody or anti-CD36 patient immunoglobulin into the system, circulating human platelets were rapidly cleared. Interestingly, the polyclonal patient immunoglobulins used were not uniform in their anti-platelet reactivity. On further examination, we found that the anti-CD36 antibodies induce platelet activation and aggregation, which we were able to inhibit by the addition of an Fcγ-receptor blocking agent. This suggests a possible role for Fcγ-receptor in the activation and elimination process.
As our results from the experiments on the role of complement in the elimination process are however ambiguous, further studies are needed. The clinical relevance of anti-CD36 antibody-mediated platelet activation and aggregation for the high abortion rates in affected women has yet to be evaluated.
Background
Signs of an inflammatory process have been described in major depression.
Methods
In a double-blind, randomized study of celecoxib or placebo add-on to reboxetine in 40 depressed patients, celecoxib treatment has beneficial effects. In order to evaluate the tryptophan/kynurenine metabolism and to identify predictors for remission, tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and quinolinic acid (QUIN) were estimated in the serum of 32 patients before and after treatment and in a group of 20 healthy controls.
Results
KYN levels were significantly lower in patients (p = 0.008), and the QUIN/KYN ratios were significantly higher (p = 0.028). At baseline, the higher KYN/TRP ratio was predictive for remission during celecoxib add-on treatment (p = 0.04) as well as for remission in the overall patient group (p = 0.01). In the placebo group, remitters showed a higher KYNA/QUIN ratio (p = 0.032). In the overall group, remitters showed lower KYNA/KYN (p = 0.035) and QUIN/KYN (p = 0.011) ratios. The lower the formation of downstream metabolites, especially QUIN, the better the treatment outcome.
Conclusion
The high KYN/TRP ratio predicted remission after treatment with celecoxib in this small sample of depressed patients. Eventually, the KYN/TRP ratio might be a marker for those patients, which benefit from an additional anti-inflammatory treatment.
Thrombozytenkonzentrate (TKs) sind wichtige Blutprodukte für die Therapie von Blutungen unter Thrombozytopenie oder bei Thrombozytenfunktionsstörungen. Trotz moderner Sicherheitsmaßnahmen können Infektionsübertragungen und immunologische Nebenwirkungen durch die Transfusion von Thrombozyten nicht gänzlich ausgeschlossen werden. Pathogeninaktivierungsverfahren (PIV) wurden entwickelt, um Bakterien und Viren in TKs zu inaktivieren und die Sicherheit von TKs weiter zu erhöhen. Zu diesen Verfahren zählen u.a. das Intercept-Verfahren (Amotosalen und UVA-Bestrahlung) und das Theraflex-Verfahren (ausschließlich UVC-Bestrahlung). In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss der PIV durch Amotosalen/UVA und durch UVC auf das Thrombozytenproteom untersucht, welches mit Massenspektrometrie (LC-ESI MS/MS) untersucht wurde.
Protamine (PRT) is a positively charged protein, which is widely used in medicine as an adjunct to certain preparations of insulin and as a rapidly-acting antidote for heparin, particularly to neutralize the effects of high heparin concentrations needed for anticoagulation during cardiac surgical procedures using cardiopulmonary bypass. It has been demonstrated that PRT and heparin form multimolecular complexes and that these complexes have high immunogenicity in a mouse model. Studies in this thesis provide new insights into the pathophysiology of anti-PRT/heparin antibodies. The results of study I showed that the administration of PRT combined with heparin is responsible for high immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunization after cardiac surgery. A subset of these antibodies was able to induce platelet activation in a way similar to that observed by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Using an animal model, we demonstrated that anti-PRT/heparin antibodies are capable of platelet destruction in the presence of PRT and heparin. Moreover, our data suggests that platelet-activating anti-PRT/heparin antibodies at surgery are potentially associated with postoperative thrombocytopenia and an increased risk for thromboembolic events. In study II, the immune response against PRT/heparin complexes was investigated. This study showed a relatively fast development of IgG with no general preceding IgM formation. In addition, patients undergoing liver transplantation developed anti-PRT/heparin antibodies without previous exposure to PRT. These results suggest that a previous contact with the antigen(s) itself or other antigens with molecular mimicry induced this immune response. In fact, we were able to identify Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin and core histones (DNA-binding proteins) as potentially antigenic candidates for a previous immunization. Furthermore, the findings of study III demonstrate the ability of anti-PRT/heparin antibodies to activate platelets in the presence of NPH insulin in a heparin-dependent way suggesting that diabetic patients may have an enhanced risk for thromboembolic complications if treated with NPH insulin and possibly while receiving prophylactic heparin. These observations justify further clinical investigations to assess the impact of the interaction between anti-PRT/heparin antibodies and PRT-mimicking antigens, such as NPH insulin or histones.