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Die Funktion der miRNA 4417 im Hinblick auf das Prostata-Karzinom (2020)

Ultsch, Erik

Untersuchungen zur Wirkung von miRNAs stehen im Fokus der aktuellen Forschungen, besonders aufgrund ihrer wichtigen regulatorischen Funktion bei der Biosynthese von Proteinen. Durch die Korrelation mit der Karzinomentwicklung und den Tumorstadien rücken miRNAs als prognostische Biomarker in den Vordergrund. Mit dieser Arbeit wurden der Einfluss der miR-4417 als pro- oder antionkogen wirkende miRNA auf das Prostatakarzinom und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Proteinbiosynthese untersucht. Hierzu wurde die miR-4417 mittels Transfektion in 4 verschiedenen Prostatakarzinom- Zelllinien überexprimiert. Die Quantifizierung erfolgte unter Anwendung der sogenannten stem loop RT-qPCR. Die modulierten Proteommuster der Zelllinien wurden quantitativ und qualitativ verglichen. Dabei fanden gelbasierte und gelfreie Methoden unter Beachtung statistischer Kriterien Verwendung. Bei der Analyse der 2D-Gele wurden ca. 1600 Spots detektiert und quantifiziert. Zellspezifisch ergaben sich zwischen 40 und 60 differentielle Expressionen. Mithilfe der Massenspektrometrie wurden die Peptide nach tryptischem Verdau analysiert und die Proteine identifiziert. Die Verifizierungen von ausgewählten, differenziell exprimierten Proteinen wurden mittels Westernblot durchgeführt. Die Expression des Androgenrezeptors war unter miR-4417 Einfluss in den beiden kastrationsresistenten Zelllinien gemindert, ebenso wie die Isoform 1 des Tumorproteins D52. Dies lässt eine antionkogene Wirkung der miR-4417 vermuten. Im Gegensatz dazu war die Expression von Peroxiredoxin 3 erhöht. Da dieses Protein zu einer Resistenz von Zellen gegen die H2O2 induzierte Apoptose führt und somit Krebszellen einen Überlebensvorteil verschafft, besteht in diesem Zusammenhang der Verdacht auf einen proonkogenen Effekt der miR-4417. Auch bei weiteren untersuchten Proteinen wie dem Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 oder dem Poly(U)-binding-splicing factor PUF60 ergaben sich zum Teil gegensätzliche Expressionen. In weiteren Untersuchungen könnte geklärt werden, ob die pro- oder antionkogenen Eigenschaften dieser miRNA überwiegen oder ob möglicherweise bestimmte Einflussfaktoren bestehen, die dazu führen. Eventuell existieren der miR-4417 vorgeschaltete Regulationsmechanismen, die dessen gewebespezifische Wirkung beeinflussen. Insgesamt ist mithilfe dieser Arbeit deutlich geworden, dass die miR-4417 eine bedeutende regulatorische Rolle in Bezug auf die Progression des Prostatakarzinoms einnimmt und somit einen wichtigen Ansatzpunkt für die weitere Krebsforschung darstellten könnte. Eine miRNA getriggerte Krebstherapie könnte auf Basis umfangreicher Forschungsdaten als alternative Methode Anwendung finden.

Die Funktion der miRNA 3687 im Hinblick auf das Prostata-Karzinom (2020)

Hetke, Franziska Marie

Die miRNAs sind an der Regulation der Genexpression und somit an der zellulären Proteinbiosynthese beteiligt. Die Expressionsmuster von miRNAs unterscheiden sich sowohl bei Entwicklung als auch bei verschiedenen Stadien von Tumoren, sodass sie zu interessanten Kandidaten als prognostische Biomarker werden können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit stand die Überexpression der miR-3687 im Vordergrund. Ihre Rolle als pro- oder antionkogen agierende miRNA sollte untersucht werden. Mithilfe der Transfektion prostataspezifischer kastrationssensibler sowie kastrationsresistenter Zelllinien konnte eine Überexpression der miR-3687 in Prostatagewebe simuliert werden. Um den Erfolg der Zelltransfektion zu quantifizieren, wurde die stem – loop RT-qPCR etabliert. Mittels Massenspektrometrie konnten die differentiell exprimierten Proteine analysiert werden. Zur Anwendung kamen 2 verschiedenen Verfahren, gelfrei sowie gelbasiert. Dabei ergaben sich deutliche zellspezifische Unterschiede. Im gelbasierten Ansatz wurden beispielsweise für PC-3 Zellen ca. 1685 Proteine, im gelfreien Ansatz bis zu 543 Proteine (bei min. 2 Peptide count) detektiert, die anhand statistischer Parameter ausgewählt wurden. Über Western Blot Experimente erfolgte die Verifizierung interessanter Proteine. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass PC-3 Zellen miR-3687 reguliert die kleine Isoform des Androgenrezeptors exprimieren. Insbesondere das Protein Vimentin zeigte unter miR-3687 Einfluss in den beiden kastrationssensiblen Zelllinien eine Expressionsminderung. Da es sich bei diesem Protein um einen Marker für den epithelial mesenchymalen Übergang handelt, könnte die Überexpression der miR-3687 der Metastasierung von Krebszellen entgegenwirken und so einen neuen Therapieansatz darstellen. Hinweise auf einen antionkogenen Effekt ergeben die verminderte Expression des Androgenrezeptors in den kastrationsresistenten Zelllinien, die signifikant verminderte Expression des Tumorproteins D52-IF1 sowie die verminderte Expression des Proteins β3-Tubulin in allen Zelllinien. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Vielzahl an Proteinen durch miR-3687 reguliert werden. Bei weiterer Untersuchung der miR-3687 könnte geklärt werden, ob dessen Überexpression allgemein im Gewebe oder nur in ausgewählten Zelllinien antionkogene Wirkungen aufweist und damit tumorsupprimierend wirkt, sodass sich daraus eine spezifische Therapie, beispielsweise nur für das kastrationsresistente Stadium des Prostatakarzinoms, ergeben könnte.

Inferior vena cava ultrasound in acute decompensated heart failure: design rationale of the CAVA‐ADHF‐DZHK10 trial

Jobs, Alexander ; Vonthein, Reinhard ; König, Inke R. ; Schäfer, Jane ; Nauck, Matthias ; Haag, Svenja ; Fichera, Carlo Federico ; Stiermaier, Thomas ; Ledwoch, Jakob ; Schneider, Alisa ; Valentova, Miroslava ; von Haehling, Stephan ; Störk, Stefan ; Westermann, Dirk ; Lenz, Tobias ; Arnold, Natalie ; Edelmann, Frank ; Seppelt, Philipp ; Felix, Stephan ; Lutz, Matthias ; Hedwig, Felix ; Borggrefe, Martin ; Scherer, Clemens ; Desch, Steffen ; Thiele, Holger

Abstract Aims Treating patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) presenting with volume overload is a common task. However, optimal guidance of decongesting therapy and treatment targets are not well defined. The inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter and its collapsibility can be used to estimate right atrial pressure, which is a measure of right‐sided haemodynamic congestion. The CAVA‐ADHF‐DZHK10 trial is designed to test the hypothesis that ultrasound assessment of the IVC in addition to clinical assessment improves decongestion as compared with clinical assessment alone. Methods and results CAVA‐ADHF‐DZHK10 is a randomized, controlled, patient‐blinded, multicentre, parallel‐group trial randomly assigning 388 patients with ADHF to either decongesting therapy guided by ultrasound assessment of the IVC in addition to clinical assessment or clinical assessment alone. IVC ultrasound will be performed daily between baseline and hospital discharge in all patients. However, ultrasound results will only be reported to treating physicians in the intervention group. Treatment target is relief of congestion‐related signs and symptoms in both groups with the additional goal to reduce the IVC diameter ≤21 mm and increase IVC collapsibility >50% in the intervention group. The primary endpoint is change in N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide from baseline to hospital discharge. Secondary endpoints evaluate feasibility, efficacy of decongestion on other scales, and the impact of the intervention on clinical endpoints. Conclusions CAVA‐ADHF‐DZHK10 will investigate whether IVC ultrasound supplementing clinical assessment improves decongestion in patients admitted for ADHF.

Glutaredoxin 2 Reduces Asthma-Like Acute Airway Inflammation in Mice

Hanschmann, Eva-Maria ; Berndt, Carsten ; Hecker, Christina ; Garn, Holger ; Bertrams, W. ; Lillig, Christopher H. ; Hudemann, Christoph

Endogenous redox systems not only counteract oxidative damage induced by high levels of hydroxyl radicals (OH·) under pathological conditions, but also shape redox signaling as a key player in the regulation of physiological processes. Second messengers like hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, as well as redox enzymes of the Thioredoxin (Trx) family, including Trxs, glutaredoxins (Grxs), and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) modulate reversible, oxidative modifications of proteins. Thereby redox regulation is part of various cellular processes such as the immune response and Trx proteins have been linked in different disorders including inflammatory diseases. Here, we have analyzed the protein distribution of representative oxidoreductases of the Trx fold protein family—Trx1, Grx1, Grx2, and Prx2—in a murine model of allergic asthma bronchiale, as well as their potential therapeutic impact on type-2 driven airway inflammation. Ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge using the type-2 prone Balb/c mouse strain resulted in increased levels of all investigated proteins in distinct cellular patterns. While concomitant treatment with Grx1 and Prx2 did not show any therapeutic impact on the outcome of the disease, Grx2 or Trx1 treatment before and during the OVA challenge phase displayed pronounced protective effects on the manifestation of allergic airway inflammation. Eosinophil numbers and the type-2 cytokine IL-5 were significantly reduced while lung function parameters profoundly improved. The number of macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) did not change significantly, however, the release of nitric oxide that was linked to airway inflammation was successfully prevented by enzymatically active Grx2 ex vivo. The Grx2 Cys-X-X-Ser mutant that facilitates de-/glutathionylation, but does not catalyze dithiol/disulfide exchange lost the ability to protect from airway hyper reactivity and to decrease NO release by macrophages, however, it reduced the number of infiltrating immune cells and IL-5 release. Altogether, this study demonstrates that specific redox proteins and particular enzyme activities protect against inflammatory damage. During OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation, administration of Grx2 exerts beneficial and thus potentially therapeutic effects.

The Virulence Potential of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Cultured from the Airways of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Treffon, Janina ; Fotiadis, Sarah Ann ; van Alen, Sarah ; Becker, Karsten ; Kahl, Barbara C.

MiD51 Is Important for Maintaining Mitochondrial Health in Pancreatic Islet and MIN6 Cells

Schultz, Julia ; Warkus, Jeanette ; Wolke, Carmen ; Waterstradt, Rica ; Baltrusch, Simone

Background: Mitochondrial dynamics are important for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. The mitochondrial elongation factor MiD51 has been proposed to act as an anchor that recruits Drp1 from the cytosol to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Whether MiD51 promotes mitochondrial fusion by inactivation of Drp1 is a controversial issue. Since both the underlying mechanism and the effects on mitochondrial function remain unknown, this study was conducted to investigate the role of MiD51 in beta cells. Methods: Overexpression and downregulation of MiD51 in mouse insulinoma 6 (MIN6) and mouse islet cells was achieved using the pcDNA expression vector and specific siRNA, respectively. Expression of genes regulating mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy was analyzed by quantitative Real-Time PCR, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by ELISA, and cellular oxygen consumption rate by optode sensor technology. Mitochondrial membrane potential and morphology were visualized after TMRE and MitoTracker Green staining, respectively. Immunofluorescence analyses were examined by confocal microscopy. Results: MiD51 is expressed in insulin-positive mouse and human pancreatic islet and MIN6 cells. Overexpression of MiD51 resulted in mitochondrial fragmentation and cluster formation in MIN6 cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential, glucose-induced oxygen consumption rate and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were reduced in MIN6 cells with high MiD51 expression. LC3 expression remained unchanged. Downregulation of MiD51 resulted in inhomogeneity of the mitochondrial network in MIN6 cells with hyperelongated and fragmented mitochondria. Mitochondrial membrane potential, maximal and glucose-induced oxygen consumption rate and insulin secretion were diminished in MIN6 cells with low MiD51 expression. Furthermore, reduced Mfn2 and Parkin expression was observed. Based on MiD51 overexpression and downregulation, changes in the mitochondrial network structure similar to those in MIN6 cells were also observed in mouse islet cells. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that MiD51 plays a pivotal role in regulating mitochondrial function and hence insulin secretion in MIN6 cells. We propose that this anchor protein of Drp1 is important to maintain a homogeneous mitochondrial network and to avoid morphologies such as hyperelongation and clustering which are inaccessible for degradation by autophagy. Assuming that insulin granule degradation frequently suppresses autophagy in beta cells, MiD51 could be a key element maintaining mitochondrial health.

The Immunomodulator 1-Methyltryptophan Drives Tryptophan Catabolism Toward the Kynurenic Acid Branch

Wirthgen, Elisa ; Leonard, Anne K. ; Scharf, Christian ; Domanska, Grazyna

Background: Animal model studies revealed that the application of 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT), a tryptophan (TRP) analog, surprisingly increased plasma levels of the TRP metabolite, kynurenic acid (KYNA). Under inflammatory conditions, KYNA has been shown to mediate various immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, the present study aims to confirm and clarify the effects of 1-MT on TRP metabolism in mice as well as in humans. Methods: Splenocytes from Balb/C or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase knockout (IDO1−/−) mice or whole human blood were stimulated with 1-MT for 6, 24, or 36 h. C57BL/6 mice received 1-MT in drinking water for 5 days. Cell-free supernatants and plasma were analyzed for TRP and its metabolites by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Results: 1-MT treatment induced an increase in TRP and its metabolite, KYNA in Balb/C, IDO−/− mice, and in human blood. Concurrently, the intermediate metabolite kynurenine (KYN), as well as the KYN/TRP ratio, were reduced after 1-MT treatment. The effects of 1-MT on TRP metabolites were similar after the in vivo application of 1-MT to C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions: The data indicate that 1-MT induced an increase of KYNA ex vivo and in vivo confirming previously described results. Furthermore, the results of IDO−/− mice indicate that this effect seems not to be mediated by IDO1. Due to the proven immunomodulatory properties of KYNA, a shift toward this branch of the kynurenine pathway (KP) may be one potential mode of action by 1-MT and should be considered for further applications.

Molecular Insight Into the IRE1α-Mediated Type I Interferon Response Induced by Proteasome Impairment in Myeloid Cells of the Brain

Studencka-Turski, Maja ; Çetin, Gonca ; Junker, Heike ; Ebstein, Frédéric ; Krüger, Elke

Proteostasis is critical for cells to maintain the balance between protein synthesis, quality control, and degradation. This is particularly important for myeloid cells of the central nervous system as their immunological function relies on proper intracellular protein turnover by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Accordingly, disruption of proteasome activity due to, e.g., loss-of-function mutations within genes encoding proteasome subunits, results in systemic autoinflammation. On the molecular level, pharmacological inhibition of proteasome results in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-activated unfolded protein response (UPR) as well as an induction of type I interferons (IFN). Nevertheless, our understanding as to whether and to which extent UPR signaling regulates type I IFN response is limited. To address this issue, we have tested the effects of proteasome dysfunction upon treatment with proteasome inhibitors in primary murine microglia and microglia-like cell line BV-2. Our data show that proteasome impairment by bortezomib is a stimulus that activates all three intracellular ER-stress transducers activation transcription factor 6, protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and inositol-requiring protein 1 alpha (IRE1α), causing a full activation of the UPR. We further demonstrate that impaired proteasome activity in microglia cells triggers an induction of IFNβ1 in an IRE1-dependent manner. An inhibition of the IRE1 endoribonuclease activity significantly attenuates TANK-binding kinase 1-mediated activation of type I IFN. Moreover, interfering with TANK-binding kinase 1 activity also compromised the expression of C/EBP homologous protein 10, thereby emphasizing a multilayered interplay between UPR and type IFN response pathway. Interestingly, the induced protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-activation transcription factor 4-C/EBP homologous protein 10 and IRE1-X-box-binding protein 1 axes caused a significant upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 expression that exacerbates STAT1/STAT3 signaling in cells with dysfunctional proteasomes. Altogether, these findings indicate that proteasome impairment disrupts ER homeostasis and triggers a complex interchange between ER-stress sensors and type I IFN signaling, thus inducing in myeloid cells a state of chronic inflammation.

Oxidative Stress and Microcirculatory Flow Abnormalities in the Ventricles during Atrial Fibrillation

Goette, Andreas ; Bukowska, Alicja ; Lillig, Christopher H. ; Lendeckel, Uwe

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) often present with typical angina pectoris and mildly elevated levels of cardiac troponin (non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) during an acute episode of AF. However, in a large proportion of these patients, significant coronary artery disease is excluded by coronary angiography, which suggests that AF itself influences myocardial blood flow. The present review summarizes the effect of AF on the occurrence of ventricular oxidative stress, redox-sensitive signaling pathways and gene expression, and microcirculatory flow abnormalities in the left ventricle.

Redox regulation by glutathione needs enzymes

Berndt, Carsten ; Lillig, Christopher H. ; Flohé, Leopold

Open Access

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