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Der Fokus meiner Dissertation lag auf der genauen Charakterisierung epileptischer AnfĂ€lle eines klar definierten Patientenkollektivs mit spĂ€t manifestierender (â„ 55. Lebensjahr) nicht-lĂ€sioneller Epilepsie (nonlesional late-onset epilepsy, NLLOE). Erstmalig wurden semiologische Merkmale der epileptischen AnfĂ€lle in dieser Kohorte systematisch untersucht und entsprechend des neusten Klassifikationssystems der Internationalen League Against Epilepsy von 2017 eingeordnet. Die Kohorte umfasste 54 Patienten, von denen zusĂ€tzlich EEG- und Liquordaten im Rahmen ihrer Behandlung am Epilepsiezentrum der UniversitĂ€tsmedizin Greifswald erhoben und mit einer Kontrollkohorte verglichen wurden. Diese setzte sich aus 58 Patienten mit frĂŒh beginnender nicht-lĂ€sioneller Epilepsie (nonlesional early-onset epilepsy, NLEOE) zusammen. Ein weiterer wesentlicher Aspekt meiner Dissertation war die ĂberprĂŒfung des Behandlungserfolges nach 12-monatiger antikonvulsiver Therapie in der NLLOE-Kohorte.
Die durchgefĂŒhrte Studie zeigte bei Patienten mit spĂ€t manifestierender nicht-lĂ€sioneller Epilepsie ein im Vergleich zur Kontrollkohorte signifikant hĂ€ufigeres Auftreten von focal onset impaired awareness non-motor seizures. Diese manifestierten sich insbesondere in Form von passageren BeeintrĂ€chtigungen der Kognition und sensorischen Auren. Im Liquor der NLLOE-Patienten konnten bei drei Patienten oligoklonale Banden nachgewiesen werden. Bei einem dieser Patienten wurde im Nachhinein eine autoimmune Enzephalitis als Ursache der Epilepsie postuliert. Ferner waren 70% der NLLOE-Patienten nach einem Beobachtungszeitraum von 12 Monaten anfallsfrei. Den besten Behandlungserfolg, jedoch auch die höchste Nebenwirkungsrate, wurde mit dem Antikonvulsivum Levetiracetam erzielt.
Diese Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass bei NLLOE-Patienten durch das Fehlen charakteristischer und leicht erkennbarer motorischer Symptome eine genaue Charakterisierung auch anderer semiologischer Merkmale unabdingbar ist, um gerade in dieser Patientengruppe epileptische AnfĂ€lle sicher identifizieren und eine adĂ€quate Therapie einleiten zu können. Die Liquoranalyse deutet zudem daraufhin, dass systematische Antikörpertestungen im Liquor und Serum als weiterfĂŒhrende diagnostische MaĂnahme zum Ausschluss einer autoimmunen Genese einer Epilepsie berĂŒcksichtigt werden sollten. DarĂŒber hinaus belegen die Resultate ein gutes therapeutisches Ansprechen der medikamentösen antikonvulsiven Therapie bei Patienten mit nicht-lĂ€sioneller Epilepsie im höheren Lebensalter.
Background: Many regions worldwide reported a decline of stroke admissions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It remains unclear whether urban and rural regions experienced similar declines and whether deviations from historical admission numbers were more pronounced among specific age, stroke severity or treatment groups.
Methods: We used registry datasets from (a) nine acute stroke hospitals in Berlin, and (b) nine hospitals from a rural TeleNeurology network in Northeastern Germany for primary analysis of 3-week-rolling average of stroke/TIA admissions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared course of stroke admission numbers with regional cumulative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-CoV-2) infections. In secondary analyses, we used emergency department logs of the Berlin Charité University hospital to investigate changes in age, stroke severity, and thrombolysis/thrombectomy frequencies during the early regional Sars-CoV-2 spread (March and April 2020) and compared them with preceding years.
Results: Compared to past years, stroke admissions decreased by 20% in urban and 20-25% in rural hospitals. Deviations from historical averages were observable starting in early March and peaked when numbers of regional Sars-CoV-2 infections were still low. At the same time, average admission stroke severity and proportions of moderate/severe strokes (NIHSS >5) were 20 and 20â40% higher, respectively. There were no relevant deviations observed in proportions of younger patients (<65 years), proportions of patients with thrombolysis, or number of thrombectomy procedures. Stroke admissions at CharitĂ© subsequently rebounded and reached near-normal levels after 4 weeks when the number of new Sars-CoV-2 infections started to decrease.
Conclusions: During the early pandemic, deviations of stroke-related admissions from historical averages were observed in both urban and rural regions of Northeastern Germany and appear to have been mainly driven by avoidance of admissions of mildly affected stroke patients.
Background: Huntingtonâs disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The striatum is one of the first brain regions that show detectable atrophy in HD. Previous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 tesla (3 T) revealed reduced functional connectivity between striatum and motor cortex in the prodromal period of HD. Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological studies have suggested segregated corticostriatal pathways with distinct loops involving different cortical regions, which may be investigated using fMRI at an ultra-high field (7 T) with enhanced sensitivity compared to lower fields. Objectives: We performed fMRI at 7 T to assess functional connectivity between the striatum and several chosen cortical areas including the motor and prefrontal cortex, in order to better understand brain changes in the striatum-cortical pathways. Method: 13 manifest subjects (age 51 ± 13 years, cytosine-adenine-guanine [CAG] repeat 45 ± 5, Unified Huntingtonâs Disease Rating Scale [UHDRS] motor score 32 ± 17), 8 subjects in the close-to-onset premanifest period (age 38 ± 10 years, CAG repeat 44 ± 2, UHDRS motor score 8 ± 2), 11 subjects in the far-from-onset premanifest period (age 38 ± 11 years, CAG repeat 42 ± 2, UHDRS motor score 1 ± 2), and 16 healthy controls (age 44 ± 15 years) were studied. The functional connectivity between the striatum and several cortical areas was measured by resting state fMRI at 7 T and analyzed in all participants. Results: Compared to controls, functional connectivity between striatum and premotor area, supplementary motor area, inferior frontal as well as middle frontal regions was altered in HD (all p values <0.001). Specifically, decreased striatum-motor connectivity but increased striatum-prefrontal connectivity were found in premanifest HD subjects. Altered functional connectivity correlated consistently with genetic burden, but not with clinical scores. Conclusions: Differential changes in functional connectivity of striatum-prefrontal and striatum-motor circuits can be found in early and premanifest HD. This may imply a compensatory mechanism, where additional cortical regions are recruited to subserve functions that have been impaired due to HD pathology. Our results suggest the potential value of functional connectivity as a marker for future clinical trials in HD.
Abstract
Head motion during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) induces image artifacts that affect virtually every brain measure. In parallel, crossâsectional observations indicate a correlation of head motion with age, psychiatric disease status and obesity, raising the possibility of a systematic artifactâinduced bias in neuroimaging outcomes in these conditions, due to the differences in head motion. Yet, a causal link between obesity and head motion has not been tested in an experimental design. Here, we show that a change in body mass index (BMI) (i.e., weight loss after bariatric surgery) systematically decreases head motion during MRI. In this setting, reduced imaging artifacts due to lower head motion might result in biased estimates of neural differences induced by changes in BMI. Overall, our finding urges the need to rigorously control for head motion during MRI to enable valid results of neuroimaging outcomes in populations that differ in head motion due to obesity or other conditions.
Abstract
Background
Identifying predictors for general cognitive training (GCT) success in healthy older adults has many potential uses, including aiding intervention and improving individual dementia risk prediction, which are of high importance in health care. However, the factors that predict training improvements and the temporal course of predictors (eg, do the same prognostic factors predict training success after a short training period, such as 6âweeks, as well as after a longer training period, such as 6 months?) are largely unknown.
Methods
Data (N = 4,184 healthy older individuals) from two arms (GCT vs. control) of a threeâarm randomized controlled trial were reanalyzed to investigate predictors of GCT success in five cognitive tasks (grammatical reasoning, spatial working memory, digit vigilance, paired association learning, and verbal learning) at three time points (after 6âweeks, 3 months, and 6 months of training). Possible investigated predictors were sociodemographic variables, depressive symptoms, number of training sessions, cognitive baseline values, and all interaction terms (group*predictor).
Results
Being female was predictive for improvement in grammatical reasoning at 6âweeks in the GCT group, and lower cognitive baseline scores were predictive for improvement in spatial working memory and verbal learning at 6 months.
Conclusion
Our data indicate that predictors seem to change over time; remarkably, lower baseline performance at study entry is only a significant predictor at 6 months training. Possible reasons for these results are discussed in relation to the compensation hypothesis. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:â, 2020.
Background: Stroke patients are at risk of acquiring secondary infections due to stroke-induced immune suppression (SIIS). Immunosuppressive cells comprise myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and immunosuppressive interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing monocytes. MDSCs represent a small but heterogeneous population of monocytic, polymorphonuclear (or granulocytic), and early progenitor cells (âearlyâ MDSC), which can expand extensively in pathophysiological conditions. MDSCs have been shown to exert strong immune-suppressive effects. The role of IL-10-producing immunosuppressive monocytes after stroke has not been investigated, but monocytes are impaired in oxidative burst and downregulate human leukocyte antigenâDR isotype (HLA-DR) on the cell surface.
Objectives: The objective of this work was to investigate the regulation and function of MDSCs as well as the immunosuppressive IL-10-producing monocytes in experimental and human stroke.
Methods: This longitudinal, monocentric, non-interventional prospective explorative study used multicolor flow cytometry to identify MDSC subpopulations and IL-10 expression in monocytes in the peripheral blood of 19 healthy controls and 27 patients on days 1, 3, and 5 post-stroke. Quantification of intracellular STAT3p and Arginase-1 by geometric mean fluorescence intensity was used to assess the functionality of MDSCs. In experimental stroke induced by electrocoagulation in middle-aged mice, monocytic (CD11b+Ly6GâLy6Chigh) and polymorphonuclear (CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clow) MDSCs in the spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry.
Results: Compared to the controls, stroke patients showed a relative increase in monocytic MDSCs (percentage of CD11b+ cells) in whole blood without evidence for an altered function. The other MDSC subgroups did not differ from the control. Also, in experimental stroke, monocytic, and in addition, polymorphonuclear MDSCs were increased. The numbers of IL-10-positive monocytes did not differ between the patients and controls. However, we provide a new insight into monocytic function post-stroke since we can report that a differential regulation of HLA-DR and PD-L1 was found depending on the IL-10 production of monocytes. IL-10-positive monocytes are more activated post-stroke, as indicated by their increased HLA-DR expression.
Conclusions: MDSC and IL-10+ monocytes can induce immunosuppression within days after stroke.
Background: Huntingtonâs disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The striatum is one of the first brain regions that show detectable atrophy in HD. Previous studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 tesla (3 T) revealed reduced functional connectivity between striatum and motor cortex in the prodromal period of HD. Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological studies have suggested segregated corticostriatal pathways with distinct loops involving different cortical regions, which may be investigated using fMRI at an ultra-high field (7 T) with enhanced sensitivity compared to lower fields. Objectives: We performed fMRI at 7 T to assess functional connectivity between the striatum and several chosen cortical areas including the motor and prefrontal cortex, in order to better understand brain changes in the striatum-cortical pathways. Method: 13 manifest subjects (age 51 ± 13 years, cytosine-adenine-guanine [CAG] repeat 45 ± 5, Unified Huntingtonâs Disease Rating Scale [UHDRS] motor score 32 ± 17), 8 subjects in the close-to-onset premanifest period (age 38 ± 10 years, CAG repeat 44 ± 2, UHDRS motor score 8 ± 2), 11 subjects in the far-from-onset premanifest period (age 38 ± 11 years, CAG repeat 42 ± 2, UHDRS motor score 1 ± 2), and 16 healthy controls (age 44 ± 15 years) were studied. The functional connectivity between the striatum and several cortical areas was measured by resting state fMRI at 7 T and analyzed in all participants. Results: Compared to controls, functional connectivity between striatum and premotor area, supplementary motor area, inferior frontal as well as middle frontal regions was altered in HD (all p values <0.001). Specifically, decreased striatum-motor connectivity but increased striatum-prefrontal connectivity were found in premanifest HD subjects. Altered functional connectivity correlated consistently with genetic burden, but not with clinical scores. Conclusions: Differential changes in functional connectivity of striatum-prefrontal and striatum-motor circuits can be found in early and premanifest HD. This may imply a compensatory mechanism, where additional cortical regions are recruited to subserve functions that have been impaired due to HD pathology. Our results suggest the potential value of functional connectivity as a marker for future clinical trials in HD.
Bei Verschluss einer Zerebralarterie kommt es zu einer lokalen Minderdurchblutung und folg-lich zum Absterben von Gewebe der betroffenen Region sowie zur Induktion einer lokalen In-flammation. Diese Reaktion am Patienten kann auch beim experimentellen Verschluss mittels tMCAO (transiente Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) beobachtet werden.
Die Auswirkung des Schlaganfalls betrifft nicht ausschlieĂlich das Hirngewebe, sondern fĂŒhrt auch zu einer Immunsuppression in der Peripherie: Es kommt zu Lymphozytopenie, erhöhter Apoptose der Splenozyten und zu einer Atrophie lymphatischer Organe, wie z.âŻB. der Milz.
Die immunologischen Folgen des Schlaganfalls und speziell die Funktionen verschiedener Leu-kozytenpopulationen stehen im Fokus aktueller Forschungen. Die Rolle der Tregs, besonders mit fortschreitendem Alter, ist bisher nicht eindeutig geklÀrt und wurde daher in der vorliegen-den Arbeit nÀher untersucht.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden FoxP3+-Treg-depletierte Tiere (Deregs) mit C57BL/6 (BL6) naiven und schlaganfallinduzierten Tiere verglichen. Untersucht wurde die apoptotische Dichte (Anzahl apoptotischer Leukozyten einer Population pro mm2 von dieser Population bedeckter FlĂ€che) von ausgewĂ€hlten Lymphozytenpopulationen: CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, Ly6G+ und CD11c+. Die Untersuchung erfolgt im folgenden Design: 1) Entwicklung der Apoptose im zeit-lichen Verlauf 1 bis 7 Tage bzw. 7 bis14 Tage nach Infarkt. Diese Untersuchung ergab einen Trend zu höherer Apoptose und Varianz in BL6-Tieren sowie Signifikanzen fĂŒr einzelne Popu-lationen und Zeitpunkte. 2) Es wurden die Unterschiede zwischen âjungenâ und âaltenâ Tieren untersucht, wobei sich die in âjungenâ Tieren beobachtete Tendenz zu höherer Apoptose und Varianz in BL6-Tieren stĂ€rker zeigte. 3) Des Weiteren wurde der Zusammenhang von Apopto-sedichte und Schlaganfallvolumen untersucht. Dabei konnten vereinzelt Korrelationen zwischen hoher Apoptose und InfarktgröĂe ermittelt werden, die in den âaltenâ Tieren stĂ€rker ausgeprĂ€gt sind. Die Korrelationen traten sowohl in BL6- als auch in Dereg-Tieren auf. 4) Die Untersu-chungen zum Zusammenhang zwischen apoptotischer Dichte und Milzvolumen ergaben aus-schlieĂlich fĂŒr die CD11c+-FĂ€rbung der âjungenâ BL6-Tiere eine Korrelation. Einige Effekte und Trends gilt es noch mit gröĂerer Tierzahl zu ĂŒberprĂŒfen.