Refine
Year of publication
- 2014 (3) (remove)
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (2)
- Article (1)
Language
- English (3) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (3)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (3)
Keywords
- - (1)
- Breast cancer (1)
- Diabetes mellitus (1)
- Endoscopic breast ductoscopy (1)
- Epidemiologie (1)
- Intraductal lesion (1)
- Kernspintomographie (1)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1)
- Mustererkennung (1)
- Nipple discharge (1)
Institute
- Institut für Community Medicine (3) (remove)
Publisher
- S. Karger AG (1)
SummaryBackground: According to the literature, ductoscopy is gaining increasing importance in the diagnosis of intraductal anomalies in cases of pathologic nipple discharge. In a multicenter study, the impact of this method was assessed in comparison with that of standard diagnostics. Patients and Methods: Between 09/2006 and 05/2009, a total of 214 patients from 7 German breast centers were included. All patients underwent elective ductoscopy and subsequent ductal excision because of pathologic nipple discharge. Ductoscopy was compared with the following standard diagnostics: breast sonography, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), galactography, cytologic nipple swab, and ductal lavage cytology. The histological and imaging results were compared and contrasted to the results obtained from the nipple swab and cytologic assessment. Results: Sonography had the highest (82.9%) sensitivity, followed by MRI (82.5%), galactography (81.3%), ductoscopy (71.2%), lavage cytology (57.8%), mammography (57.1%), and nipple swab (22.8%). Nipple swabs had the highest (85.5%) specificity, followed by lavage cytology (85.2%), ductoscopy (49.4%), galactography (44.4%), mammography (33.3%), sonography (17.9%), and MRI (11.8%). Conclusion: Currently, ductoscopy provides a direct intraoperative visualization of intraductal lesions. Sensitivity and specificity are similar to those of standard diagnostics. The technique supports selective duct excision, in contrast to the unselective technique according to Urban. Therefore, ductoscopy extends the interventional/diagnostic armamentarium.
Prostate volume estimation in MR images for epidemiological and clinical studies – new methods
(2014)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most widespread diseases among men older than 50 years. The literature provides various cut-off values for pathological enlargement of the prostate. Prostate volume (PV) measurement in large population-based studies would allow deriving more objective reference values and a more valid early BPH diagnosis. A fully automated method is therefore required. In the clinical context, the measurement of the PV is important for treatment response monitoring in the clinical applications for BPH management research, and an accurate method for PV is essential. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used for PV estimation. Two methods based on the Support Vector Machines (SVM) were developed: the binary Support Vector Machines (C SVM)-based method for epidemiological studies and the single-class Support Vector Machines (S SVM)-based method for clinical studies. The second method was additionally compared to the ellipsoid formula for PV estimation, which is widespread in the clinic. The comparison between volume measurement of the C SVM-based method and manual delineation of observers A and B yielded a strong correlation (Spearmans rank correlation coefficients ñ of 0.936 [p < 0.001] and 0.859 [p < 0.001], respectively). Comparing the C SVM-based method and the two manual delineations by observers A and B shows an agreement with a mean difference of 3.0 ml (95% confidence interval of -3.1 to +9.2 ml) and 1.9 ml (95% confidence interval of −7.1 to +10.8 ml), respectively. The S SVM-based method and the reference PV (manual delineation of observer A) show excellent correlation (Spearmans rank correlation coefficient ñ = 0.965, p < 0.001), while the ellipsoid formula is less well correlated with the reference PV (Spearmans rank correlation coefficient ñ = 0.873, p < 0.001). The mean difference between S SVM and the reference PV was −0.05 ml (95% confidence interval of −3.8 to +3.7 ml); on the other hand, the mean difference between the ellipsoid formula and the reference PV was much greater, with 8.6 ml (95% confidence interval of +1 to +16.2 ml). The C SVM-based method has considerable potential for integration in epidemiological studies. The prostate volumes obtained by the S SVM-based method agreed excellently with the reference and would be clinically useful for urologists in prostate volumetric analysis.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most challenging health problems for the next decades. The impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on health care systems is largely driven by the increasing prevalence, the management of the disease and subsequent comorbidities, even in people with prediabetes or undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. An early detection of high risk groups is necessary to identify and modify risk factors such as obesity, physical inactivity or cigarette smoking which showed regional disparities in their distribution within a country. This leads to the assumption that there might be regional disparities regarding the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus as well. For Germany as for other countries, comparable data on possible regional disparities in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus are missing. The aim of the present dissertation is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus on regional level within Germany, and to estimate the smoking prevalence as a modifiable risk factor in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus using data from the Diabetes Collaborative Research of Epidemiologic Studies consortium (DIAB CORE) within the Competence Net Diabetes in Germany. Well comparable data of five regional studies and one nationwide reference study are included: the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP); the Cardiovascular Disease, Living and Ageing in Halle Study (CARLA); the Dortmund Health Study (DHS); the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNR); the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg Study (KORA); and the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 (GNHIES 98). First, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was estimated. Data from five regional population-based studies and one nationwide study conducted between 1997 and 2006 with participants aged 45 to 74 years were analyzed. Type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence estimates based on self-reports (standardized to the German population for the regional studies, reference date 2007/12/31) were compared. Of 11,688 participants of the regional studies, 1,008 had a known type 2 diabetes mellitus, corresponding to a prevalence of 8.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.1% 9.1%). The standardized prevalence was highest in the East with 12.0% (95% CI 10.3% 13.7%) and lowest in the South of Germany with 5.8% (95% CI 4.9% 6.7%).Second, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was estimated. Data from participants (baseline age 45 to 74 years) from five regional population-based studies were included. The incidence rates per 1,000 person-years (95% CI) and the cumulative incidence (95% CI) from regional studies were directly standardized to the German population (reference date 2007/12/31) and weighted by inverse probability weights for losses to follow-up. Of 8,787 participants, 521 (5.9%) developed type 2 diabetes mellitus corresponding to an incidence rate of 11.8 per 1,000 person-years (95% CI 10.8 12.9). The incidence of known type 2 diabetes mellitus showed regional disparities within Germany. The incidence was highest in the East and lowest in the South of Germany with 16.9 (95% CI 13.3 21.8) vs. 9.0 (95% CI 7.4 11.1) per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Third, the smoking prevalence in participants aged 20 to 79 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the regional SHIP and the nationwide GNHIES 98 was estimated. Prevalence estimates of cigarette smoking were calculated using weights reflecting the European adult population (reference date 2005/12/31). The overall prevalence of current smoking was lower among participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus than among participants without type 2 diabetes mellitus (17.3% vs. 38.0% in SHIP and 24.7% vs. 32.1% in GNHIES 98). In both studies, the prevalence of current smoking was highest in men aged 20 to 39 years, in particular among men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To conclude, considerable disparities in prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus indicate the need for interventions on the regional level within Germany. Former smoking was more prevalent among both men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison to current and non-smoking. This finding probably reflects behavioural changes secondary to the disease onset and medical counselling. The finding that men aged 20 to 39 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus were more often current smokers than men without type 2 diabetes mellitus underpins the importance of smoking as one of the main modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus.