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‘Chameleonic' Serological Findings Leading to Life-Threatening Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions
(2015)
Background: The phenomena of co-incidence of transfusion-induced allo- and autoantibodies, blockage and/or loss of red blood cell (RBC) antigens are conspicuous and may result in confusion and misdiagnosis. Case Report: A 67-year-old female was transferred to the intensive care unit due to hemolysis which developed 2 days following transfusion of three Rh(D)-negative RBC units in the presence of strongly reactive autoantibodies. Standard serological testing and genotyping were performed. Upon arrival, the patient was typed as Ccddee. Her hemolysis was decompensated, and an immediate blood transfusion was required. In addition, direct and indirect antiglobulin tests (DAT and IAT) as well as the eluate were strongly positive. Emergency transfusion of Rh(D)-negative RBCs resulted in increased hemolysis and renal failure. An exhaustive testing revealed anti-D, anti-c, CCddee phenotype and CCD.ee genotype. Three units of cryopreserved CCddee RBCs were transfused, and the patient's condition immediately improved. The discrepancy between Rh-D phenotyping and genotyping was likely caused by masking of the D-epitopes by the autoantibodies. In fact, further enquiry revealed that the patient had been phenotyped as Rh(D)-positive 6 months ago and had been transfused at that time following hip surgery. Conclusion: The phenomena of transfusion-induced autoantibodies, masked alloantibodies, antigen blockage and/or loss are rare but important features which should be considered in patients presenting with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and/or hemolytic transfusion reactions.
Background: Hyperthyroidism is known to induce a hypercoagulable state. It stimulates plasma levels of procoagulative factors and reduces fibrinolytic activity. So far most of the data have been derived from patients with endogenous hyperthyroidism with a wide variability in the underlying pathogenesis and severity of the disease. Objectives: In this study we experimentally induced thyrotoxicosis in healthy volunteers to explore the effects of thyroxine excess on the plasma proteome. Using a shotgun proteomics approach, the abundance of plasma proteins was monitored before, during and after thyrotoxicosis. Methods: Sixteen healthy male subjects were sampled at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks under 250 µg/day thyroxine p.o., as well as 4 and 8 weeks after stopping the application. Plasma proteins were analyzed after depletion of 6 high-abundance proteins (MARS6) by LC-ESI-MS/MS mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometric raw data were processed using a label-free, intensity-based workflow. Subsequently, the linear dependence between protein abundances and fT<sub>4</sub> levels were calculated using a Pearson correlation. Results: All subjects developed biochemical thyrotoxicosis, and this effect was reversed within the first 4 weeks of follow-up. None of the volunteers noticed any subjective symptoms. Levels of 10 proteins involved in the coagulation cascade specifically correlated with fT<sub>4</sub>, supporting an influence of thyroid hormone levels on blood coagulation even at nonpathological levels. Conclusions: The results suggest that experimental thyrotoxicosis exerts selective and specific thyroxine-induced effects on coagulation markers. Our study design allows assessment of thyroid hormone effects on plasma protein levels without secondary effects of other diseases or therapies.
Bis zu 5% der Patienten, welche unfraktioniertes Heparin erhalten, bilden eine immunogene Thrombozytopenie aus. Komplikationen dieser Heparin-induzierten Thrombozytopenie (HIT) können gliedmaßen- und lebensbedrohliche Thrombosen sein. Die HIT wird durch Antikörper ausgelöst, die an Komplexe aus dem körpereigenen Protein Plättchenfaktor 4 (PF4) und Heparin binden. Die Pathogenese der HIT ist weitestgehend aufgeklärt. Jedoch ist immer noch unklar, warum nicht alle Patienten mit anti-PF4/Heparin-Antikörpern eine klinische HIT entwickeln. Testverfahren, die zum Nachweis von anti-PF4/Heparin-Antikörpern aufgereinigte Thrombozyten verwenden sind sensitiver als solche, bei denen Vollblut oder Plättchen-reiches Plasma eingesetzt werden. Daraus ergab sich die Fragestellung, ob Faktoren im Plasma den Durchbruch einer HIT bei Anwesenheit von anti-PF4/Heparin Antikörpern inhibieren können. Ein wichtiger Mechanismus in der Pathogenese der HIT ist die Bindung von PF4 an die Thrombozytenoberfläche. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, welche Plasmafaktoren die PF4-Bindung an Thrombozyten beeinflussen können. Da Blutfette und Zuckerstrukturen ausgeschlossen werden konnten, lag der Fokus auf Proteinen als mögliche Hemmfaktoren. Da nicht nur Plasma, sondern auch Serum die PF4-Bindung inhibieren konnte, kamen keine Gerinnungsfaktoren in Frage. Die gesuchten Faktoren waren auch nicht Hitze sensitiv, sodass es sich auch nicht um Komplementfaktoren handeln konnte. Bei einer Standardmethode zur Aufreinigung von IgG aus dem Serum fiel auf, dass das vom IgG befreite Serum keine hemmende Wirkung mehr auf die PF4-Bindung an Thrombozyten zeigte. Jedoch führte die Substitution mit IgG nicht zu dem erwarteten Hemmeffekt, so dass der gesuchte Faktor ebenfalls bei der Aufreinigung entfernt worden sein musste. Die in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zur Charakterisierung des Hemmfaktors bildeten eine wichtige Grundlage, um in weiterführenden Versuchen in der gleichen Arbeitsgruppe Fibronektin als möglichen Kandidaten zu identifizieren.