Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (145)
- Article (44)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (189)
Keywords
- - (39)
- Staphylococcus aureus (18)
- proteomics (13)
- Massenspektrometrie (9)
- Proteomanalyse (8)
- Virologie (8)
- Bakterien (7)
- Herpesvirus (7)
- Virulenz (7)
- Bacillus subtilis (6)
- Herpesvirus suis (6)
- PrV (6)
- Proteomics (6)
- Zoonose (6)
- herpesvirus (6)
- Herpesviren (5)
- Pestivirus (5)
- mass spectrometry (5)
- Arxula adeninivorans (4)
- Aviäre Influenza (4)
- Heubacillus (4)
- Immunologie (4)
- Influenza-A-Virus (4)
- Interferon (4)
- MRSA (4)
- Molekulare Virologie (4)
- Pathogenität (4)
- Proteom (4)
- Pseudorabies Virus (4)
- Quantifizierung (4)
- Tollwut (4)
- biofilm (4)
- metaproteomics (4)
- pseudorabies virus (4)
- transcriptomics (4)
- Anpassung (3)
- Degradation (3)
- Geflügel (3)
- Genexpression (3)
- Hämagglutinin (3)
- Konfokale Mikroskopie (3)
- LC-MS (3)
- Laccase (3)
- MALDI-MS (3)
- Metaproteomics (3)
- Nuclear Egress (3)
- Phosphorylierung (3)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (3)
- Virulenzfaktor (3)
- Vogelgrippe (3)
- adaptation (3)
- autoinflammation (3)
- flux analysis (3)
- membrane proteins (3)
- osmotic stress adaptation (3)
- polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) (3)
- proline (3)
- 2D PAGE (2)
- Aeromonas salmonicida (2)
- African swine fever virus (2)
- Antibiotics (2)
- Apoptosis (2)
- Bacillus (2)
- Biofilm (2)
- Biosensor (2)
- Biotechnologie (2)
- Capsid (2)
- Coxiella burnetii (2)
- Cupriavidus basilensis (2)
- Elektrospray-Ionisation (2)
- Endokrin wirksamer Stoff (2)
- Enzym (2)
- Epidemiologie (2)
- FMDV (2)
- Feldmaus (2)
- Flavivirus (2)
- Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (2)
- Glykoprotein H (2)
- Hefeartige Pilze (2)
- Hemagglutinin (2)
- Impfstoff (2)
- Isomerisierungsreaktion (2)
- KHV (2)
- Kernhülle (2)
- Kuhpocken (2)
- Lyssavirus (2)
- Membranfusion (2)
- Metabolomics (2)
- Microarray (2)
- Mikrobiologie (2)
- Molekularbiologie (2)
- Monoklonaler Antikörper (2)
- Morphogenese (2)
- NS1 (2)
- Newcastle Disease (2)
- Newcastle-Krankheit (2)
- Nuclear Egress Complex (2)
- Phytase (2)
- Plasmamembran (2)
- Protein-Protein-Interaktion (2)
- Proteine (2)
- Proteinquantifizierung (2)
- Proteolyse (2)
- Pseudomonas putida (2)
- Regenbogenforelle (2)
- Rekombinantes Protein (2)
- SILAC (2)
- Sequencing (2)
- Sequenzanalyse (2)
- Sequenzanalyse <Chemie> (2)
- Spektrenbibliothek (2)
- T-Lymphozyt (2)
- Tandem-Massenspektrometrie (2)
- Tollwutvirus (2)
- Toxizitätstest (2)
- Toxoplasma gondii (2)
- Transcriptomics (2)
- Vakzine (2)
- Vesikel (2)
- Virology (2)
- Virus (2)
- Virus-Eintritt (2)
- Virusinfektion (2)
- W-Protein (2)
- Zoonoses (2)
- bank vole (2)
- biotechnology (2)
- gene expression (2)
- generelle Stressantwort (2)
- laccase (2)
- live-cell imaging (2)
- membrane fusion (2)
- metabolomics (2)
- metagenomics (2)
- microbial diversity (2)
- microbiome (2)
- molecular epidemiology (2)
- molekulare Epidemiologie (2)
- nuclear egress (2)
- pUL34 (2)
- proteasome (2)
- proteome (2)
- transcriptome (2)
- virology (2)
- virus entry (2)
- 1,4-naphthoquinones (1)
- 16S rRNA gene-sequencing (1)
- 16S sequencing (1)
- 18S rRNA (1)
- 2D-Gelelektrophorese (1)
- 4-Hydroxycoumarin (1)
- <i>Babesia</i> (1)
- <i>Clostridiodes difficile</i> (1)
- <i>Enterobacter</i> (1)
- <i>S. aureus</i> (1)
- <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (1)
- A/H5N1 Influenza (1)
- ADGRE1 (1)
- ASFV (1)
- Abiraterone (1)
- Adaptation (1)
- Aerobe Bakterien (1)
- Aeromonas (1)
- Affinitätschromatographie (1)
- Afrikanische Schweinepest (1)
- Afrikanische Schweinepest Virus (1)
- Afrikanisches Schweinepest-Virus (1)
- Allgemeine Mikrobiologie (1)
- Alternative Translation (1)
- AmaP (1)
- Aminierung (1)
- Aminosäurederivate (1)
- Anaerobe Bakterien (1)
- Anaerobiose (1)
- Anreicherung (1)
- Antibiotika (1)
- Antibiotika-Stress (1)
- Antibiotikum , Proteom , Clostridium difficile , In vivo , In vitro (1)
- Antikörper (1)
- Antikörperantwort (1)
- Apoptose (1)
- Arbovirus (1)
- Arenaviren (1)
- Arenavirus (1)
- Argininphosphorylierung (1)
- Arxula adeninivorans yeast androgen screen Assay (A-YAS Assay) (1)
- Arxula adeninivorans yeast androgen screen assay (A-YAS assay) (1)
- Arxula adeninivoras (1)
- Asp23 (1)
- Astrovirus (1)
- Atemwege (1)
- Aujeszky-Krankheit (1)
- Avian Influenza Virus (1)
- Aviäre Influenza Viren (1)
- Azotobacter chroococcum (1)
- BALB/c Maus (1)
- BHV-1 (1)
- BPA-Abbauweg (1)
- BTX-Aromaten (1)
- BacMam (1)
- Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (1)
- Bacillus licheniformis (1)
- Bacillus pumilus (1)
- Bacteria (1)
- Bacterial cell membrane (1)
- Bacterial cell wall (1)
- Bakterielle Infektion (1)
- Bakteriolyse (1)
- Baltic Sea (1)
- Barth syndrome (1)
- Barth syndrome (BTHS) (1)
- Bauchfellentzündung (1)
- Biocomputational metho (1)
- Biokatalyse (1)
- Biomarker (1)
- Biomedical model (1)
- Biomolecules (1)
- Biotinylierungsansatz (1)
- Biotramsformation (1)
- Biotransformation (1)
- Bisphenol A (1)
- Bisphenole (1)
- Bivalent (1)
- Blastobotrys adeninivorans (1)
- Blau/Weiß-Selektion (1)
- Blut (1)
- Blutimmunzelle (1)
- Blutplasma (1)
- Blutplasmafaktor (1)
- Bornavirus (1)
- Bovine TB, neutrophils, immunology, zoonotic TB (1)
- Brackwasser (1)
- Brain infection (1)
- Brustkrebs (1)
- Budding (1)
- Bungowannah-Virus (1)
- Burkholderia (1)
- CAD (1)
- CD44 (1)
- CD56 (1)
- CD8+ T-Zellantwort (1)
- CNS (1)
- CP7_E2alf (1)
- CRISPR/Cas-Methode (1)
- Candida albicans (1)
- Capripox (1)
- Carbazol (1)
- Cell aggregation (1)
- Cell division defect (1)
- Central Europe (1)
- Chemotherapy (1)
- Classical swine fever virus (1)
- Clethrionomys glareolus (1)
- Clostridioides difficile (1)
- Clostridium difficile (1)
- Clp proteolysis (1)
- Coagulation (1)
- CodY (1)
- Cowpox (1)
- Cowpox virus (1)
- Cumarine (1)
- Cutinase (1)
- Cysten (1)
- Cystic Fibrosis (1)
- Cytometrie (1)
- Cytoprotection (1)
- D61Y mutation (1)
- DEB-model (1)
- DIVA Vakzine (1)
- DIVA-Impfstoff (1)
- DNA extraction bias (1)
- DNA preservation (1)
- DUF322 (1)
- Dekanol (1)
- Demographie (1)
- Desulfococcus multivorans (1)
- Detoxifizierung (1)
- Dibenzothiophen (1)
- Durchflusscytometrie (1)
- EBLV-1 (1)
- ECM (1)
- EMR1 (1)
- ER stress (1)
- ERK-Signalkaskade (1)
- Early Warning (1)
- Ebola-Virus (1)
- Effektive Konzentration (1)
- Effizienz (1)
- Egyptian Rousette Bat (1)
- Einschlusskörper (1)
- Elastase (1)
- Elastase-abhängige Lebend-attenuierte Vakzine (1)
- Elektronenmikroskopie (1)
- Elektronensprayionisations-Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Encephalitis (1)
- Endocrine disruption (1)
- Endokrine Disruption (1)
- Endokrine Disruptoren (1)
- Endoplasmatisches Retikulum (1)
- Entzündung (1)
- Enzymaktivität (1)
- Erdöl-Kohlenwasserstoffe (1)
- Escherichia coli (1)
- Esterasen (1)
- Estradiol (1)
- Euterentzündung (1)
- Extracellular Matrix (1)
- Extrazelluläre Matrix (1)
- F-Protein (1)
- F-protein (1)
- F4/80 (1)
- Ferkel (1)
- Festphasenextraktion (1)
- Fibronectin binding protein (1)
- Fibronektinbindungsprotein (1)
- Filoviruses (1)
- Fish (1)
- Fledermaus (1)
- Flow Cytometry (1)
- Flow cytometry (1)
- Flughund (1)
- Fluoren (1)
- Fragmentierung (1)
- Fragmentierung der Kernmembran (1)
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Insel Riems (1)
- Functional characterization (1)
- Fusionsprotein (1)
- Gedächtniszelle (1)
- Geflügelpest (1)
- Geflügelpestvirus (1)
- Gelfreie Proteinanalytik (1)
- General Stress (1)
- Genetic diversity (1)
- Genom (1)
- Genomic classification (1)
- Genomik (1)
- Genotyp (1)
- Geobacter sulfurreducens (1)
- Glukosehunger (1)
- Glutathion (1)
- Glycoprotein B (1)
- Glykoprotein B (1)
- Glykoprotein D (1)
- Glykoproteine (1)
- Goatpox virus (1)
- Golgi-Apparat (1)
- Gram-positive Bakterien (1)
- Gram-positive bacteria (1)
- Grippe (1)
- Gromov-Wasserstein distance (1)
- Group B streptococcus (1)
- GudB (1)
- H10N7 (1)
- H1N1 (1)
- H3N2 (1)
- H4N2 (1)
- H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4 (1)
- H9N2 (1)
- HEV (1)
- HN-Protein (1)
- HN-protein (1)
- HPLC-MS (1)
- HSV-1 (1)
- Hanta-Virus (1)
- Hantaviren (1)
- Hantavirus (1)
- Hantaviruses (1)
- Harn (1)
- Hausratte (1)
- Heat shock protein 27 (1)
- Heimtiere (1)
- Hemolysis (1)
- Hendravirus (1)
- Henipavirus-ähnliche Partikel (1)
- Hepatitis-E-Virus (1)
- High-throughput Sequencing (1)
- High-throughput screening (1)
- Hitzestress (1)
- Hormonrezeptor (1)
- Humorale Immunität (1)
- Hund (1)
- Hydrophobizität (1)
- Hydroxylierung (1)
- Hyperthyreose (1)
- ICUAW (1)
- IFN-Antagonist (1)
- Imhoff sedimentation cones (1)
- Immunantwort (1)
- Immune response (1)
- Immunity (1)
- Immunology (1)
- Immunoproteasome (1)
- Infektion (1)
- Inflammation (1)
- Influenza (1)
- Influenza virus (1)
- Influenzaviren (1)
- Influenzavirus (1)
- Inositol (1)
- Integrins (1)
- Interactions (1)
- Interferons (1)
- Ion Torrent (1)
- Iron limitation (1)
- Isotopenmarkierung (1)
- Junín virus (1)
- Kalb (1)
- Kaltes Plasma (1)
- Kaninchen (1)
- Kapsid (1)
- Katze (1)
- Kernaustrittskomplex (1)
- Kernexport (1)
- Kernfreisetzungskomplex (1)
- Kleinsäuger (1)
- Koi (1)
- Kontaktwinkel (1)
- Krebs (1)
- Kuhpockenvirus (1)
- LMP2 (1)
- LMP7 (1)
- Lebendimpfstoff (1)
- Lebendmarker-Vakzine (1)
- Lebendzellmikroskopie (1)
- Lebenswissenschaften (1)
- Leptospira (1)
- Leptospira spp. (1)
- Leptospiren (1)
- Leukozyten (1)
- Lichtscheibenmikroskopie (1)
- Life sciences (1)
- Ligandenbindungsdomäne (1)
- Lipoproteine (1)
- Lipoproteins (1)
- Listeria monocytogenes (1)
- Live-Cell-Imaging (1)
- Lokalisation (1)
- Lumpy Skin Disease virus (1)
- Lyssaviren (1)
- Lösungsmittel (1)
- MECL-1 (1)
- MKSV (1)
- MLVA (1)
- Markervakzine (1)
- Massenspektromie (1)
- Mathematical bioscience (1)
- Matrixprotein (1)
- McsB arginine kinase (1)
- Medizinische Mikrobiologie (1)
- Membranproteine (1)
- Memory T cell (1)
- Metabolom (1)
- Metagenomics (1)
- Metagenomik (1)
- Metallomics (1)
- Methylcarbazol (1)
- MgsR (1)
- Microtus (1)
- Mikrobieller Abbau (1)
- Mikroskopie (1)
- Minigenome system (1)
- Mukoviszidose (1)
- Mutante (1)
- Myceliophthora thermophila (1)
- Mycobacterium neoaurum (1)
- Myodes glareolus (1)
- NAFLD (1)
- NEC (1)
- NSs protein (1)
- NXF1 (1)
- Nagetiere (1)
- Natural host (1)
- Nervensystem (1)
- Neuroimmunologie (1)
- Newcastle Disease Virus (1)
- Newcastle disease (1)
- Newcastle-Disease-Virus (1)
- Next-Generation Sequencing (1)
- Niedertemperaturplasma (1)
- Nipahvirus (1)
- Nocardia cyriacigeorgica (1)
- Nuclear export (1)
- Nucleoprotein (1)
- Nukleocapsid (1)
- Nutztiere (1)
- OMV (1)
- Oberflächenplasmonresonanz (1)
- Omnilog (1)
- Optimierung (1)
- Oral Vaccine (1)
- Oral vaccine (1)
- Organisches Lösungsmittel (1)
- Orthobunyaviren (1)
- Orthobunyavirus (1)
- Osmoregulation (1)
- Outbreak (1)
- Outbreak Preparedness (1)
- Oxidative Stress (1)
- Oxidativer Stress (1)
- P (1)
- PB2 (1)
- PCLake (1)
- PPMV-1 (1)
- Pan-lipoproteome analysis (1)
- Parasit (1)
- Passagieren (1)
- Pathogen (1)
- PavB (1)
- Pelargonie (1)
- Peritonitis (1)
- Pest der kleinen Wiederkäuer (1)
- Pharmaceuticals (1)
- Phenol (1)
- Phenoloxidase (1)
- Phenylalkane (1)
- Phospholipids (1)
- Phosphopeptid-Anreicherung (1)
- Phosphopeptidanreicherung (1)
- Phosphoproteom (1)
- Phosphoproteomik (1)
- Phylogenetik (1)
- Physiological proteomics (1)
- Physiologie (1)
- Phytase reporter assay (1)
- Pig (1)
- Pigment (1)
- Pilze (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plasmadiagnostik (1)
- Plasmawechselwirkung (1)
- Plasminogen binding protein (1)
- Plasminogenbindungsprotein (1)
- Pneumokokken (1)
- Polycaprolactone (1)
- Polyerase-Komplex (1)
- Polyester (1)
- Polymorphismus (1)
- Poultry and mammals (1)
- Predation (1)
- Progesteron (1)
- Prostate cancer (1)
- Proteasom (1)
- Protein Carbonylation (1)
- Protein-Microarray (1)
- Protein-Phosphorylierung (1)
- Proteinidentifizierung (1)
- Proteinisoform (1)
- Proteinisoforms (1)
- Proteinkinase (1)
- Proteinphosphorylierung (1)
- Proteins (1)
- Proteom-Analyse (1)
- Proteomik (1)
- Proteomstudien (1)
- Protoplastenfusion (1)
- Pseudomallei (1)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1)
- Pseudomonas fluorescens (1)
- Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E (1)
- Pseudomonas putida P8 (1)
- Pseudorabies (1)
- Pseudorabiesvirus (1)
- Puumala virus (1)
- Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (1)
- Q-Fieber (1)
- Quantification (1)
- RABV (1)
- RNAlater (1)
- RT-PCR (1)
- Rabies (1)
- Rabiesvirus (1)
- Rainbow Trout (1)
- Rainbow trout (1)
- Ralstonia solanacearum (1)
- Rasterkraftmikroskopie (1)
- Redox signaling (1)
- Regulation (1)
- Regulator (1)
- Rekombination (1)
- Replikation (1)
- Replikon (1)
- Reporter Assay (1)
- Reservoirwirt (1)
- Resistenz (1)
- Resistenzzüchtung (1)
- Retention (1)
- Reverse Genetics (1)
- Reverses Genetisches System (1)
- Reverses genetisches System (1)
- Rex (1)
- Rhabdoviren (1)
- Rhodococcus ruber (1)
- Ribotyping (1)
- Ribotypisierung (1)
- Rickettsia (1)
- Rodents (1)
- RpoN signaling (1)
- SARS-CoV-2 (1)
- SHP2 (1)
- SRM (1)
- STEC (1)
- Sae (1)
- Saisonalität (1)
- Sandsäulen (1)
- SarA (1)
- Schadstoffabbau (1)
- Schilddrüse (1)
- Schmallenberg-Virus (1)
- Schweinekrankheit (1)
- Sekretion (1)
- Selective breeding (1)
- Sequenzierung (1)
- Ser/Thr kinases (1)
- Sheeppox virus (1)
- Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1)
- Shotgun (1)
- Sicherheit (1)
- SigB (1)
- Signaltransduktion (1)
- Spaltstellen (1)
- Sporulation (1)
- Staphylococcus (1)
- Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, USA300, antibiotic resistance, drug evasion. (1)
- Stickland reactions (1)
- Stickstofffixierung (1)
- Stress (1)
- Structure (1)
- Superantigen (1)
- Sus scrofa domesticus (1)
- T cell (1)
- T cells (1)
- T zell (1)
- TCF11/Nrf1 (1)
- TGR(mREN2)27 (1)
- Tannase (1)
- Tannase reporter assay (1)
- Tegumentprotein (1)
- Teichoic acid (1)
- Tetrahydrocarbazol (1)
- Thauera aromatica (1)
- Thioredoxin (1)
- Thyroxin (1)
- Tiergesundheit (1)
- Tiermedizin (1)
- Tierseuche (1)
- Tissue Optical Clearing (1)
- Topologie (1)
- Toxoplasmose (1)
- Transaktivierungsbiosensor (1)
- Transcriptom (1)
- Transmission (1)
- Trichosporon (1)
- Tumore (1)
- Tumorzellen (1)
- UAP56 (1)
- UL31 (1)
- UL34 (1)
- UPS (1)
- Umweltfaktor (1)
- V-Protein (1)
- Vaccine (1)
- Vakzin (1)
- Vektor (1)
- Vektor-Vakzine (1)
- Vektorvakzine (1)
- Vielfalt (1)
- Viren (1)
- Virulence determinants (1)
- Virulenzfaktor S. pneumoniae (1)
- Virulenzfaktoren (1)
- Virus Discovery (1)
- Virus der klassischen Schweinepest (1)
- Virus discovery (1)
- Virus evolution (1)
- Virus isolation (1)
- Virus-Wirt (1)
- Virus-host interaction (1)
- Virusdiarrhoe-Mucosal-Disease-Virus (1)
- Vitronectin binding protein (1)
- Vitronektinbindungsprotein (1)
- Wanderratte (1)
- Warburg effect (1)
- Weiße Biotechnologie (1)
- Western diet (1)
- White Biotechnology (1)
- Wirt-Erreger Interaktion (1)
- Wirtsfaktoren (1)
- Wirtsspezifität (1)
- Wirtszellmanipulation (1)
- Xanthomonas (1)
- Xplor2® Transformations-/Expressionssystem (1)
- Yeast (1)
- Zell-Plasmawechselwirkung (1)
- Zellautonome Immunität (1)
- Zellkern (1)
- Zelloberflächenproteine (1)
- Zelltropismus (1)
- Zellwand (1)
- Zi-Pi plot (1)
- Zoonosen (1)
- Zoonosis (1)
- absolute protein quantification (1)
- acid resistance (1)
- adhesion (1)
- aggregate biofilm (1)
- akzessorische Proteine (1)
- amination (1)
- aminoglycoside antibiotics (1)
- anaerob (1)
- antibakteriell (1)
- antibiotic (1)
- antibiotics (1)
- antibody (1)
- antifungal (1)
- antimicrobial (1)
- antimicrobial activity (1)
- antimicrobial peptides (1)
- antimicrobial resistance (AMR) (1)
- aquatic plants (1)
- arctic (1)
- arginine phosphorylation (1)
- artificially in vitro assay (1)
- aureus (1)
- avian influenza virus (1)
- aviäre Schweineviren (1)
- bacterial pathogens (1)
- bacterioplankton (1)
- bile acids (1)
- biocatalysis (1)
- biofilm degradation (1)
- biofilms (1)
- bioinformatics (1)
- biomanipulation (1)
- biomedical model swine (1)
- biotinylation approach (1)
- biotransformation (1)
- bisphenol A (1)
- bovine (1)
- bovine soft palate (1)
- bvdv (1)
- carbapenem (1)
- cardiolipin (1)
- carp (1)
- castration-resistant prostate cancer (1)
- catechol-1,2-dioxygenase (ACDO1) (1)
- cell biology (1)
- cell surface antigens (1)
- cell-surface proteins (1)
- cellobiose (1)
- cellular proliferation (1)
- chemosynthesis (1)
- chimäre Proteine (1)
- cluster formation (1)
- co-occurrence network (1)
- cold atmospheric plasma (1)
- colonization type (1)
- colony biofilm (1)
- complete genome (1)
- contact angle (1)
- coumarin (1)
- coumarins (1)
- crispr/cas9 (1)
- cystic fibrosis (1)
- cytotoxicity (1)
- decanol (1)
- decontamination (1)
- degradation (1)
- degree of saturation (1)
- diversity (1)
- drying–rewetting (1)
- ecological succession (1)
- effective concentration (1)
- efficacy (1)
- endemic region (1)
- endocrine disrupting chemicals (1)
- entry (1)
- enzyme (1)
- enzyme activity (1)
- essentielles Tegumentprotein pUL36 (1)
- eutrophication (1)
- evolutionary lineage (1)
- filamentöse Pilze (1)
- fish vaccine (1)
- flagella (1)
- flash freezing (1)
- florfenicol (1)
- food industry (1)
- food spoilage (1)
- food spoilers (1)
- foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) (1)
- functional analyses (1)
- funktionelle Analyse (1)
- fusion loops (1)
- gH/gL complex (1)
- gallic acid decarboxylase (AGDC1) (1)
- gastrointestinal microbiome (1)
- gel-free proteomics (1)
- gelbasiert (1)
- gelfrei (1)
- general stress response (1)
- genome (1)
- genomics (1)
- global (1)
- glycoprotein H (1)
- glycosylation (1)
- great plate count anomaly (1)
- growth rates (1)
- hemagglutinin (1)
- high-throughput sequencing (1)
- holobiont (1)
- host-microbe interactions (1)
- hydrophobicty (1)
- hydrothermal vents (1)
- imipenem (1)
- immune response (1)
- immunity (1)
- immunoproteasome (1)
- in vitro (1)
- in vitro Bioassay (1)
- in vitro bioassay (1)
- in vivo (1)
- in-vitro Kultur (1)
- inactivated vaccine (1)
- inactivation (1)
- infection (1)
- influenza virus (1)
- innate immune system (1)
- integrated multi-omics (1)
- interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) (1)
- intracellular transport (1)
- intrazellulärer Transport (1)
- iron limitation (1)
- isotopic labeling (1)
- keystone taxa (1)
- konfokale Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie (1)
- label-free quantification (1)
- lake restoration. nutrient load reduction (1)
- large tegument protein (1)
- large tegument protein pUL36 (1)
- ligand binding domain (1)
- light microscopy (1)
- light sheet fluorescence microscopy (1)
- lipidation (1)
- lipids (1)
- lipoproteins (1)
- live marker vaccine (1)
- liver fibrosis (1)
- mRNA-Editierung (1)
- mTORC1 (1)
- macrophage (1)
- marine bacteria (1)
- marker vaccines (1)
- meta-analysis (1)
- metabolic activity (1)
- metabolic labeling of complete cells (1)
- metabolische markierung von Gesamtzellen (1)
- metabolism (1)
- methicillin-resistant (1)
- microbial communities (1)
- microbial community (1)
- microbial function (1)
- microbiota (1)
- microglia (1)
- mitochondria (1)
- molecular (1)
- monoclonal antibodies (1)
- monoklonale Antikörper (1)
- multi-omics (1)
- multidrug resistance (MDR) (1)
- muscle wasting (1)
- mussel cultivation (1)
- nasopharynx (1)
- nervous system (1)
- neue Virulenzfaktoren (1)
- neurodevelopmental disorders (1)
- neuroinflammation (1)
- new Arxula Yeast Estrogen Assay (nAES-Assay) (1)
- new virulence factors (1)
- nitrosativer Stress (1)
- non-H5/H7 (1)
- non-thermal plasma (1)
- nuclear egress complex (1)
- nuclear envelope breakdown (1)
- oligotroph (1)
- oncolytic (1)
- onkolytisch (1)
- organic solvents (1)
- organische Lösungsmittel (1)
- osmotic stress (1)
- outbreak (1)
- outer membrane vesicles (1)
- oxidativer Stress (1)
- pUL17 (1)
- pUL25 (1)
- pUL31 (1)
- pUL35 (1)
- pUL36 (1)
- pUL37 (1)
- pUS3 (1)
- pathogenicity (1)
- pathway (1)
- permafrost (1)
- phosphatases (1)
- phosphate starvation (1)
- phosphopeptide enrichment (1)
- phosphoproteomics (1)
- phosphorylation (1)
- phycosphere (1)
- plant traits (1)
- pneumococcal colonization (1)
- polymerase complex (1)
- porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (1)
- portal hypertension (1)
- porzines epidemisches Diarrhoevirus (1)
- prevalence (1)
- primär umhüllte Virionen (1)
- profitability (1)
- protection (1)
- protein aggregation (1)
- protein identification/quantification (1)
- protein kinase (1)
- protein quantification (1)
- protein synthesis (1)
- proteolysis (1)
- proteolytic activation (1)
- proteome signatures (1)
- proteomic adaptation (1)
- proteomic analysis (1)
- proteostasis (1)
- proteostasis in skeletal muscle (1)
- questing tick (1)
- rabies virus (1)
- receptor binding (1)
- recombinant baculoviruses (1)
- recombinant viruses (1)
- regime shift (1)
- regulatorisches Netzwerk (1)
- regulatory network (1)
- rekombinante Baculoviren (1)
- rekombinante Viren (1)
- reservoir (1)
- resistance (1)
- respiratory tract (1)
- reverse Genetik (1)
- reverse genetics (1)
- safety (1)
- sample storage (1)
- sand columns (1)
- seagrass microbiome (1)
- shotgun-proteomics (1)
- sigB (1)
- sigma factor σW (1)
- signal transduction (1)
- small mammals (1)
- snoD mutant (1)
- soil proteins (1)
- solvents (1)
- spectral libraries (1)
- spectral library (1)
- sporulation (1)
- sputum (1)
- stabile Isotopenmarkierung (1)
- starvation (1)
- stress response (1)
- stress signal (1)
- subcellular fractionation (1)
- tPMP resistance (1)
- tafazzin (1)
- tannic acid degradation pathway (1)
- tannin catabolism (1)
- temperature (1)
- temperature adaptation (1)
- tissue optical clearing (1)
- torsin (1)
- toxin A (1)
- toxin formation (1)
- trans-cis ratio (1)
- trans/cis-Verhältnis (1)
- transmission (1)
- transporters (1)
- tumor-cells (1)
- ubiquitin (1)
- ubiquitin-proteasome system (1)
- unfolded protein response (1)
- vaccine (1)
- vector vaccine (1)
- viral vectors (1)
- virale Vektoren (1)
- virion morphogenesis (1)
- virulence determinants (1)
- virulence factor S. pneumoniae (1)
- virus (1)
- virus discovery (1)
- virus-host interaction (1)
- xGND (1)
- zellautonome Immunität (1)
- zeta potential (1)
- zytotoxic (1)
- zytotoxisch (1)
- Östrogen-Rezeptor-Modulator (1)
- Östrogenität (1)
- β-lactam antibiotics (1)
Institute
- Abteilung für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie (189) (remove)
Publisher
- MDPI (20)
- Frontiers Media S.A. (16)
- S. Karger AG (3)
- ASM (1)
- Elsevier (1)
- Frontiers (1)
- John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (1)
- Wiley (1)
Responses of bovine and human neutrophils to members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
(2023)
PMN are one of the most important cells of the innate immune system and are responsible for fast clearance of invading pathogens in most circumstances. The role of human PMN during mycobacterial infection have been widely studied. Nevertheless, there are contradicting results regarding their role in protection or pathology during TB. Similar studies focusing on bovine PMN and their role in M. bovis infection remain understudied. Also, not much is known about attenuation of M. tb in cattle and responses of PMN to this MTBC member.
The major aims of this study were to i) gain insights into bovine PMN biology and the cellular processes triggered by challenge with virulent mycobacteria and to ii) find out whether interspecies differences result in different outcomes upon in vitro challenge. In the first part of the work, a new isolation method for bovine PMN from whole blood was developed. Human and bovine PMN have different buoyant properties and hence need to be isolated using different procedures. The magnetic isolation method developed within this thesis is robust and results in very good yields of highly pure, viable bovine PMN populations. This is extremely advantageous and indispensable for downstream functional assays that are required to be performed on a single day.
The second goal of this study was to compare and contrast the functional differences between bovine and human PMN upon BCG infection. The findings reveal for the first time that human PMN phagocytose more BCG in comparison to bovine counterparts. Non-opsonized bacteria were internalized via the lectin-like C-domain, require cholesterol and an active cytoskeleton in human PMN, whereas opsonized bacteria entered cells via the CR3 and, in particular, CD11b. It remains unresolved why bovine PMN reacted differently, notably phagocytosis remained unaltered, to various treatments, including blocking monoclonal antibodies to CD11b and chemical inhibitors altering the cell membrane. Nonetheless, the increased uptake of BCG by human PMN correlates to more potent response of these cells in functional assays in comparison to bovine PMN. No PMN intrinsic differences were found in the basal cholesterol content. Comparative assays with the virulent strains would be essential in order to generalize these observations.
The third aim was to investigate the responses of bovine PMN to BCG, M. tb and M. bovis. While there was no difference in uptake between BCG and M. tb, serum opsonized BCG was taken up at a higher amount. This finding suggests differential binding of bacterial epitopes to host cell receptors which modulates mycobacteria uptake. However, between the virulent strains M. tb and M. bovis, the human-adapted bacillus was phagocytosed at a higher rate which hints towards the possibility of rapid recognition and clearance of M. tb in bovine host thereby possibly preventing pathology. The release of selective cytokines by PMN post infection with the virulent strains offers baseline information relevant for processes that probably occur in vivo. This work for the first time provides insights into responses of bovine PMN to mycobacteria in a two-tier approach: by cross-species analysis of PMN responses to selected mycobacterium and by head-to-head analysis of bovine PMN to animal-adapted and human-adapted mycobacteria.
As a prospect for future research in bovine PMN biology in the context of mycobacterial infection, it would be highly advantageous to compare the subcellular localization of M. tb and M. bovis in bovine PMN using confocal and/or electron microscopy. This analysis would confer proof on attachment or internalization of mycobacteria by PMN and identify the features of the mycobacteria-containing compartments. Also, in-depth investigations of additional entry pathways for the pathogen in bovine cells would be informative for unlocking downstream cell signaling events. In addition, PMN viability studies will be meaningful particularly in bovine PMN challenged with M. bovis and M. tb, given the impact of death patterns on tissue pathology. Current results and follow up studies will contribute to the understanding of the roles of PMN in controlling elimination or growth of M. bovis and M. tb in cattle.
Coding constraints imposed by the very small genome sizes of negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs) have led to the development of numerous strategies that increase viral protein diversity, enabling the virus to both establish a productive viral replication cycle and effectively control the host antiviral response. Arenaviruses are no exception to this, and previous findings have demonstrated that the nucleoprotein (NP) of the highly pathogenic Junín virus (JUNV) exists as three additional N-terminally truncated isoforms of 53 kD (NP53kD), 47 kD (NP47kD), and 40 kD (NP40kD). The two smaller isoforms (i.e. NP47kD and NP40kD) have been characterized as products of caspase cleavage, which appears to serve a decoy function to inhibit apoptosis induction. However, whether they have additional functions in the viral replication cycle remains unknown. Further, the origin and function of NP53kD has not yet been described.
In order to first identify the mechanism responsible for production of the NP53kD variant, a possible role of additional caspase cleavage sites was first excluded using a site mutagenesis approach. Subsequently, alanine mutagenesis was then used to identify a region responsible for NP53kD production. As a result, three methionine residues were identified within the characterized sequence segment of NP, linking the production of NP53kD to an alternative in-frame translation initiation. Further site-directed mutagenesis of the previously identified putative in-frame methionine codons (i.e. M78, M80 and M100) finally led to the identification of translation initiation at M80 as being predominantly responsible for the production of NP53kD. Once the identity of all three NP isoforms was known, it was then of further interest to more deeply characterize their functional roles. Consistent with the N-terminal domain containing RNA binding and homotrimerization motifs that are relevant for the viral RNA synthesis process, it could be demonstrated that all three truncated NP isoforms lost the ability to support viral RNA synthesis in a minigenome assay. However, they also did not interfere with viral RNA synthesis by full-length NP, nor did they affect the ability of the matrix protein Z to inhibit viral RNA synthesis. Moreover, it was observed that loss of the oligomerization motifs in the N-terminus also affected the subcellular localization of all three NP isoforms, which were no longer localized in discrete perinuclear inclusion bodies, but rather showed a diffuse distribution throughout the cytoplasm, with the smallest isoform NP40kD also being able to enter the nucleus. Surprisingly, the 3'-5' exonuclease function of NP, which is associated with the C-terminal domain and plays a role in inhibiting interferon induction by digestion of double-stranded RNAs, was found to be retained only by the NP40kD isoform, despite that all three isoforms retained the associated domain. Finally, previous studies using transfected NP and chemical induction of apoptosis have suggested that cleavage of NP at the caspase motifs responsible for generating NP47kD and NP40kD plays a role in controlling activation of the apoptosis pathway. Therefore, to further characterize the connection between the generation of NP isoforms and the regulation of apoptosis in a viral context, recombinant JUNVs deficient in the respective isoforms were generated. Unlike infections with wild-type JUNV, mutations of the caspase cleavage sites resulted in the induction of caspases activation. Surprisingly, however, this was also the case for mutation of the alternate start codon responsible for NP53kD generation.
Taken together, the data from this study suggest a model whereby JUNV generates a pool of smaller NP isoforms with a predominantly cytoplasmic distribution. As a result of this altered localization, NP53kD appears to be able to serve as the substrate for further generation of NP47kD and NP40kD by caspase cleavage. Not only does this cleavage inhibit apoptosis induction during JUNV infection, it also results in a cytoplasmic isoform of NP that retains strong 3'-5' exonuclease activity (i.e. NP40kD) and thus may play an important role in preventing viral double-stranded RNA accumulation in the cytoplasm, where it can lead to activation of IFN signaling. Overall, such results emphasize the relevance of alternative protein isoforms in virus biology, and particularly in regulation of the host response to infection.
The aim of this work was to characterize the distribution of TULV in European common vole populations, to clarify the host association of TULV and to investigate correlations between host population dynamics and changes in TULV prevalence. Furthermore, the potential of common voles as reservoir for other rodent-borne pathogens was examined in comparison to other rodent species.
Molecular and serological analysis of rodents captured at 87 locations in Germany, France, Luxembourg, and Austria revealed TULV infections at 53.6 % of all trapping locations. The seroprevalence in common voles was low with a mean of 8.5 % (range: 0 – 19 %). TULV RNA was more often detected (mean: 15.3 %, range 0 - 37.5 %). Field voles (Microtus agrestis) and water voles (Arvicola amphibius) were less often tested positive for TULV: mean seroprevalence was 7 % for field voles and 6.7 % for water voles. RNA could be detected in 5.4 % of all tested field voles and 3.2 % of water voles and with exception of a single field vole only when TULV-RNA-positive common voles were trapped at the same location. Those results indicate that TULV infections of field and water voles are spillover infections from sympatric TULV-infected common voles. Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct genetic differences between TULV sequences of regions of greater geographical distance which were associated with different evolutionary common vole lineages. Furthermore, we could detect genetic differences between TULV strains from trapping sites close to each other (ca. 10 km).
In a capture-mark-recapture study 1042 common voles captured in live traps in Germany were sampled as well as 225 captured in snap traps. When analyzing the seroprevalence of fluctuating common vole populations over several years and seasons we found a negative correlation between prevalence and population density in the current season but a delayed density-dependent positive correlation between the current population density and seroprevalence in the next season. However, this trend varied geographically between the four trapping locations. Usually, population density as well as seroprevalence peaked at the end of the reproductive period in autumn with the exception of Weissach (2010-2012), Jeeser (2010) and Gotha (2012) where population peaks in summer were observed.
In a pilot study in Austria common voles were captured as well as three other rodent species. They were investigated not only for presence of different viruses (TULV, Dobrava- Belgrade orthohantavirus (DOBV), Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV), Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus (LCMV), Cowpox virus (CPXV)) but also pathogenic bacteria and endoparasites (Leptospira spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Borrelia afzelii, Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia spp. und Bartonella spp.). Of all four captured species, common voles were most often infected with at least one pathogen (66.7 %), followed by wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) (57.7 %), bank voles (Myodes glareolus) (35 %) and yellow-necked field mice (Apodemus flavicollis) (34.5 %). Common voles were also exceptionally susceptible to multiple infections: 66.7 % of them were infected with two or three different pathogens, compared to 6.9 % of yellow-necked field mice and 2.5 % of bank voles. No multiple infections could be detected in wood mice.
The broad geographic distribution of TULV in its reservoir host is in contrast to the rare reports of human infection but might be explained with a low pathogenicity for humans or with the low prevalence in host populations. In addition, the rare detection of human TULV infections could be a result of the used diagnostic methods. Since the reservoir population is known for its dramatic changes in population density and recurring superabundances which facilitates frequent contact to humans, TULV should more often be considered as cause for human disease in future analysis. In
addition, several other zoonotic pathogens could be detected in common voles which could influence TULV infections in the reservoir host but also TULV transmission to humans and therefore deserve more attention in future research.
Abstract
DNA extraction and preservation bias is a recurring topic in DNA sequencing‐based microbial ecology. The different methodologies can lead to distinct outcomes, which has been demonstrated especially in studies investigating prokaryotic community composition. Eukaryotic microbes are ubiquitous, diverse, and increasingly a subject of investigation in addition to bacteria and archaea. However, little is known about how the choice of DNA preservation and extraction methodology impacts perceived eukaryotic community composition. In this study, we compared the effect of two DNA preservation methods and six DNA extraction methods on the community profiles of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes in phototrophic biofilms on seagrass (Zostera marina) leaves from the Baltic Sea. We found that, whereas both DNA preservation and extraction method caused significant bias in perceived community composition for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, extraction bias was more pronounced for eukaryotes than for prokaryotes. In particular, soft‐bodied and hard‐shelled eukaryotes like nematodes and diatoms, respectively, were differentially abundant depending on the extraction method. We conclude that careful consideration of DNA preservation and extraction methodology is crucial to achieving representative community profiles of eukaryotes in marine biofilms and likely all other habitats containing diverse eukaryotic microbial communities.
Tafazzin—an acyltransferase—is involved in cardiolipin (CL) remodeling. CL is associated with mitochondrial function, structure and more recently with cell proliferation. Various tafazzin isoforms exist in humans. The role of these isoforms in cardiolipin remodeling is unknown. Aim of this study was to investigate if specific isoforms like Δ5 can restore the wild type phenotype with respect to CL composition, cellular proliferation and gene expression profile. In addition, we aimed to determine the molecular mechanism by which tafazzin can modulate gene expression by applying promoter analysis and (Ingenuity Pathway Analyis) IPA to genes regulated by TAZ-deficiency. Expression of Δ5 and rat full length TAZ in C6-TAZ- cells could fully restore CL composition and—as proven for Δ5—this is naturally associated with restoration of mitochondrial respiration. A similar restoration of CL-composition could not be observed after re-expression of an enzymatically dead full-length rat TAZ (H69L; TAZMut). Re-expression of only rat full length TAZ could restore proliferation rate. Surprisingly, the Δ5 variant failed to restore wild-type proliferation. Further, as expected, re-expression of the TAZMut variant completely failed to reverse the gene expression changes, whereas re-expression of the TAZ-FL variant largely did so and the Δ5 variant to somewhat less extent. Very likely TAZ-deficiency provokes substantial long-lasting changes in cellular lipid metabolism which contribute to changes in proliferation and gene expression, and are not or only very slowly reversible.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is gaining in importance and is linked to obesity.
Especially, the development of fibrosis and portal hypertension in NAFLD patients requires treatment.
Transgenic TGR(mREN2)27 rats overexpressing mouse renin spontaneously develop NAFLD with
portal hypertension but without obesity. This study investigated the additional role of obesity in this
model on the development of portal hypertension and fibrosis. Obesity was induced in twelve-week
old TGR(mREN2)27 rats after receiving Western diet (WD) for two or four weeks. Liver fibrosis
was assessed using standard techniques. Hepatic expression of transforming growth factor-β1
(TGF-β1), collagen type Iα1, α-smooth muscle actin, and the macrophage markers Emr1, as well as
the chemoattractant Ccl2, interleukin-1β (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) were analyzed.
Assessment of portal and systemic hemodynamics was performed using the colored microsphere
technique. As expected, WD induced obesity and liver fibrosis as confirmed by Sirius Red and Oil Red
O staining. The expression of the monocyte-macrophage markers, Emr1, Ccl2, IL1β and TNFα were
increased during feeding of WD, indicating infiltration of macrophages into the liver, even though this
increase was statistically not significant for the EGF module-containing mucin-like receptor (Emr1)
mRNA expression levels. Of note, portal pressure increased with the duration of WD compared
to animals that received a normal chow. Besides obesity, WD feeding increased systemic vascular
resistance reflecting systemic endothelial and splanchnic vascular dysfunction. We conclude that
transgenic TGR(mREN2)27 rats are a suitable model to investigate NAFLD development with liver
fibrosis and portal hypertension. Tendency towards elevated expression of Emr1 is associated with
macrophage activity point to a significant role of macrophages in NAFLD pathogenesis, probably
due to a shift of the renin–angiotensin system towards a higher activation of the classical pathway.The hepatic injury induced by WD in TGR(mREN2)27 rats is suitable to evaluate different stages of
fibrosis and portal hypertension in NAFLD with obesity
We analyzed the proteomic response of the Gram-negative fish pathogen A. salmonicida to iron limitation, an elevated incubation temperature, and the antibiotic florfenicol. Proteins from different subcellular fractions (cytosol, inner membrane, outer membrane, extracellular and outer membrane vesicles) were enriched and analyzed. We identified several iron-regulated proteins that were not reported in the literature for A. salmonicida before. We could also show that hemolysin, an oxidative-stress-resistance chaperone, a putative hemin receptor, an M36 peptidase, and an uncharacterized protein were significantly higher in abundance not only under iron limitation but also with an elevated incubation temperature. This may indicate that these proteins involved in the infection process of A. salmonicida are induced by both factors. The analysis of the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) with and without applied stresses revealed significant differences in the proteomes. OMVs were smaller and contained more cytoplasmic proteins after antibiotic treatment. After cultivation with low iron availability, several iron-regulated proteins were found in the OMVs, indicating that A. salmonicida OMVs potentially have a function in iron acquisition, as reported for other bacteria. The presence of iron-regulated transporters further indicates that OMVs obtained from ‘stressed’ bacteria might be suitable vaccine candidates that induce a protective anti-virulence immune response.
Osmotic changes are common challenges for marine microorganisms. Bacteria have developed numerous ways of dealing with this stress, including reprogramming of global cellular processes. However, specific molecular adaptation mechanisms to osmotic stress have mainly been investigated in terrestrial model bacteria. In this work, we aimed to elucidate the basis of adjustment to prolonged salinity challenges at the proteome level in marine bacteria. The objects of our studies were three representatives of bacteria inhabiting various marine environments, Shewanella baltica, Vibrio harveyi and Aliivibrio fischeri. The proteomic studies were performed with bacteria cultivated in increased and decreased salinity, followed by proteolytic digestion of samples which were then subjected to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. We show that bacteria adjust at all levels of their biological processes, from DNA topology through gene expression regulation and proteasome assembly, to transport and cellular metabolism. The finding that many similar adaptation strategies were observed for both low- and high-salinity conditions is particularly striking. The results show that adaptation to salinity challenge involves the accumulation of DNA-binding proteins and increased polyamine uptake. We hypothesize that their function is to coat and protect the nucleoid to counteract adverse changes in DNA topology due to ionic shifts.
The anaerobic bacterium Clostridioides difficile represents one of the most problematic pathogens, especially in hospitals. Dysbiosis has been proven to largely reduce colonization resistance against this intestinal pathogen. The beneficial effect of the microbiota is closely associated with the metabolic activity of intestinal microbes such as the ability to transform primary bile acids into secondary ones. However, the basis and the molecular action of bile acids (BAs) on the pathogen are not well understood. We stressed the pathogen with the four most abundant human bile acids: cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA). Thin layer chromatography (TLC), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and electron microscopy (EM) were employed to track the enrichment and destination of bile acids in the bacterial cell. TLC not only revealed a strong accumulation of LCA in C. difficile, but also indicated changes in the composition of membrane lipids in BA-treated cells. Furthermore, morphological changes induced by BAs were determined, most pronounced in the virtually complete loss of flagella in LCA-stressed cells and a flagella reduction after DCA and CDCA challenge. Quantification of both, protein and RNA of the main flagella component FliC proved the decrease in flagella to originate from a change in gene expression on transcriptional level. Notably, the loss of flagella provoked by LCA did not reduce adhesion ability of C. difficile to Caco-2 cells. Most remarkably, extracellular toxin A levels in the presence of BAs showed a similar pattern as flagella expression. That is, CA did not affect toxin expression, whereas lower secretion of toxin A was determined in cells stressed with LCA, DCA or CDCA. In summary, the various BAs were shown to differentially modify virulence determinants, such as flagella expression, host cell adhesion and toxin synthesis. Our results indicate differences of BAs in cellular localization and impact on membrane composition, which could be a reason of their diverse effects. This study is a starting point in the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the differences in BA action, which in turn can be vital regarding the outcome of a C. difficile infection.
The increasing demand for new and effective antibiotics requires intelligent strategies to obtain a wide range of potential candidates. Laccase-catalyzed reactions have been successfully applied to synthesize new β-lactam antibiotics and other antibiotics. In this work, laccases from three different origins were used to produce new aminoglycoside antibiotics. Kanamycin, tobramycin and gentamicin were coupled with the laccase substrate 2,5-dihydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-benzamide. The products were isolated, structurally characterized and tested in vitro for antibacterial activity against various strains of Staphylococci, including multidrug-resistant strains. The cytotoxicity of these products was tested using FL cells. The coupling products showed comparable and, in some cases, better antibacterial activity than the parent antibiotics in the agar diffusion assay, and they were not cytotoxic. The products protected mice against infection with Staphylococcus aureus, which was lethal to the control animals. The results underline the great potential of laccases in obtaining new biologically active compounds, in this case new antibiotic candidates from the class of aminoglycosides.