Open Access

Microbial infections can be either caused by a single species or complex multi-species consortia. One of the most prominent opportunistic human pathogens leading to mono- or mixed-species infections is the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Understanding the molecular basis of its adaptation to infection-related stresses is an essential prerequisite for the prevention and treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. We therefore employed state-of-the-art proteomics approaches to elucidate the molecular adaptation mechanisms of P. aeruginosa to infection-related conditions. Moreover, structure, function and interaction of complex microbial consortia containing P. aeruginosa and causing catheter-associated urinary tract infections were investigated by metaproteomics analyses. Our investigations revealed that the adaptation of P. aeruginosa during infection is either based on gene expression changes caused by environmental signal integration or by gene mutations leading to a selective advantage in a particular host environment. In study I, investigating the proteome response of P. aeruginosa biofilms to the clinical relevant antibiotic ciprofloxacin, global changes in the protein profile were observed. Ciprofloxacin induced the expression of proteins involved in the Lex-induced SOS-response, drug efflux pumps and gene products of the ciprofloxacin-responsive prophage cluster and repressed the expression of porins and DNA-binding proteins. In study II the transcriptome and proteome of two clonal P. aeruginosa lineages during long-term colonization of cystic fibrosis (CF) patient’s lungs were analyzed. Point mutations in global regulator genes, i.e. retS, gacS, and gacA, were identified by genomic sequencing. Inactivation of RetS, found two years after the initial colonization, induced the expression of genes involved in chronic infections and coding for the type 6-secretion system (T6SS). Additional mutations in the GacS/GacA two-component regulatory system (TCS) were found to repress the expression of T6SS proteins and to induce the expression of proteins belonging to the type 3-secretion system (T3SS). In study III we elucidated the niche-specific adaptation of P. aeruginosa isolates from different infection sites by investigating their protein expression patterns and glucose metabolic fluxes. We could show that isolates from the urinary tract express a higher amount of proteins involved in the acquisition of micronutrients (i.e. iron) and carbohydrates compared to isolates from the CF lung. In study IV 16S rDNA sequencing and metaproteomics were employed to demonstrate that the investigated CAUTI-related biofilms consisted of two to five different species with one or two species dominating the mixed community. Following this line of research, we investigated in study V structure and function of a biofilm of a long-term catheterized patient, which was predominantly composed of P. aeruginosa and Morganella morganii, but also contained a minor proportion of the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides sp.. The comparison of in vivo and in vitro protein expression profiles of P. aeruginosa and M. morganii indicated that iron and carbohydrates are the major growth-limiting factors in the bladder. These results indicate different nutritional strategies of the two pathogens in the bladder environment. A comparison of urinary protein profiles of healthy persons and catheterized patients suggested that the human innate immune system is induced by CAUTIs. Moreover, numerous proteins involved in nutritional immunity, e.g. iron-, calcium- and magnesium-binding proteins, were found to be more abundant in the urine of catheterized patients. A follow-up (meta)proteomics study (study VI) aiming at the elucidation of interspecies interactions during multi-species infections indicated that the urease-positive uropathogen Proteus mirabilis induces the precipitation of metal ions by urine alkalization and thereby limits the availability of these important micronutrients for other co-infecting bacteria. This limitation seems to be sensed by the P. aeruginosa PhoP-PhoQ two-component system (TCS) leading to an increased resistance to antimicrobial peptides and biofilm-forming capacity of the pathogen. Also during co-cultivation of P. aeruginosa with Staphylococcus aureus a slight increase in the expression of the PhoP-PhoQ TCS and the alkaline protease could be observed (study VII). In study VIII a combined metagenomics and metaproteomics approach was employed to investigate structure and function of the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria, a complex consortium consisting of a fungus, an algal partner, cyanobacteria, and a highly diverse bacterial microbiome. The results presented in this work contribute to a better understanding of the manifold and complex bacterial adaptation mechanisms to infection-related and environmental stress and thereby foster the development of novel treatment and prevention strategies.

Zur Aufklärung der molekularen Grundlagen einer Infektion mit dem Pseudorabiesvirus (PrV), dem Erreger der Aujeszky’schen Krankheit beim Schwein, wurde eine qualitative und quantitative Proteomstudie von PrV-infizierten bovinen Nierenzellen (MDBK) durchgeführt. Die Erstellung der Proteomkarten erfolgte durch hochauflösende zweidimensionale Gelelektrophorese, mit der neben zum größten Teil unmodifizierten Proteinen auch eine Reihe von Proteinen mit posttranslationalen Modifikationen nachgewiesen werden konnten. Die Identifizierung der Proteine erfolgte mit dem Peptidmassenfingerabdruck durch Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Time-of-Flight(MALDI-TOF)-Massenspektrometrie. Proteine wurden massenspektrometrisch durch die stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-Technik quantifiziert. Um die Komplexität des Gesamtzellextraktes zu reduzieren, wurde eine Affinitätsfestphasenchromatographie aus verschiedenen Matrices, bestehend aus einer Cibacron Blau F3G-A Matrix, die Nukleotid-bindende Proteine bindet, einer Heparin Matrix, die DNA-bindende Proteine bindet und einer Phosphoprotein spezifischen Metallchelatmatrix etabliert. Dabei zeigte sich, dass sich der Gesamtzellextrakt in gut definierte Teilproteome fraktionieren ließ. Die Fraktionierung zeichnete sich durch eine hohe Trennschärfe, eine hohe Effizienz und eine spezifische Anreicherung entsprechend der Affinitäten der verwendeten Matrices aus. Zur weiteren Erhöhung der zu analysierenden Proteine wurden die Fraktionen auf mehreren Fokussierungsstreifen mit unterschiedlichen pH-Wert Bereichen (3-6, 4-7, 6-9 und 3-10) analysiert, wobei sich lediglich der pH-Bereich zwischen 3-6, als relativ proteinarm erwies. Die Streuung bezüglich der relativen Quantifizierung wurde in einem Kontrollversuch bestimmt. Sie war sehr gering, was auch die Erfassung sehr kleiner Unterschiede in den Expressionsniveaus erlaubt. Das bovine Wirtszellproteom erwies sich vier Stunden nach Infektion mit dem PrV in qualitativer und quantitativer Hinsicht, trotz des beschriebenen shutoff, der zu einem Abbau der zellulären mRNA führt, als überraschend stabil. Quantitative Unterschiede wurden bei 109 Wirtszellproteinen gefunden. Vorwiegend handelte es sich dabei um Proteine der Kernlamina, Bestandteile des Translationsapparates, Proteine des Membran- und intrazellulären-Transports, sowie Proteine der Stressantwort. Bei den Proteinen Lamin A/C und B2, 60S Saures Ribosomale Protein P0, Hitzeschock-27 Protein 1, Heterogenes Nukleäres Ribonukleoprotein K, Sorting Nexin-9 und dem Eukaryotischen Translations-Initiations Faktor 4B wurden Mengenverschiebungen zwischen den Isoformen hin zu den stärker negativ geladenen Varianten beobachtet, die möglicherweise auf Phosphorylierungen zurückzuführen sind. Um den Mechanismus der Regulation der Wirtszellproteinexpression genauer zu untersuchen, wurde aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen der Proteomstudie eine Transkriptanalyse durchgeführt. Transkriptom- und Proteom-Analysen nach einer PrV-Wildtyp-Infektion zeigten eine nur geringe Korrelation, sodass die beobachteten Veränderungen der Proteinmengen die Folge von posttranslationalen Vorgängen sein dürften. Neben der Quantifizierung von Wirtszellproteinen wurde die SILAC-Methode zur Quantifizierung der Expression von viralen Proteinen in Deletionsmutanten getestet. Dazu wurde der Analysengang verändert und MDBK-Zellen mit einer PrV-US3-Deletionsmutante (PrV-ΔUS3) und dem PrV-Wildtyp infiziert. Die Extrakte aus PrV-Wildtyp-infizierten Zellen wurden als globaler interner Standard verwendet. Die Verwendung der SILAC-Methode erlaubte hier die Anwendung der sonst sehr Artefakt-anfälligen Zellfraktionierung in Zytosol- und Kernextrakte zur Reduktion der Probenkomplexität. Ein Vergleich zur Affinitätsfestphasenextraktion zeigte, dass ein Großteil der identifizierten Proteine auch mit letzterer erfasst wird. Einige wichtige Kernproteine wie Spleißfaktoren konnten aber nur in der Kernfraktion identifiziert werden. Vergleiche von Zellextrakten nach Infektion mit PrV-Wildtyp oder einer US3-negativen Mutante zeigten Veränderungen in den Expressionsniveaus der viralen Proteine pUL29, pUL39 und pUL42. Dabei besaßen pUL29 und pUL39 eine erhöhte und pUL42 eine verminderte relative Abundanz in Abwesenheit des pUS3. Die Proteine pUL29 und pUL42 traten in mehreren Ladungsvarianten auf, wobei das pUL42 zusätzlich eine Größenvariante aufwies. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde ein SILAC-gestütztes Verfahren zur Quantifizierung der Expression von Fremdgenen in viralen Vektoren etabliert.

Staphylococcus aureus ist ein ubiquitär verbreitetes Bakterium. Häufig als Kommensale des Menschen vorkommend, zählt das Bakterium jedoch zu einem der wichtigsten Infektionserreger des 21. Jahrhunderts. Neben lokalen Infektionen (z. B. Furunkel) kann der Erreger nach einer Besiedlung auch systemische Erkrankungen in seinem Wirt (z. B. Sepsis, Endokarditis, Pneumonie) hervorrufen. Die pathogene Wirkung von S. aureus ist auf die Produktion und Sekretion von Pathogenitäts- bzw. Virulenzfaktoren, unter anderem Superantigene, hämolytische Toxine, Gewebe-zerstörende Enzyme und Oberflächenproteine, welche ihrerseits mit dem Immunsystem des Wirtes interferieren, zurückzuführen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war unter anderem die Analyse des extrazellulären Proteoms von S. aureus RN1HG in pMEM, ein an das bakterielle Wachstum adaptierte Zellkulturmedium. Bei den extrazellulären Proteomanalysen von S. aureus RN1HG konnten 39 Proteine identifiziert werden, welche dem Bakterium eine Interaktion mit dem Wirt (Clumping-Faktoren) ermöglichen, die Phagozytose (Protein A) verhindern oder die Ausbreitung im Gewebe (alpha-Hämolysin, gamma-Hämolysin, Lipase) erleichtern. Da die Zusammensetzung des extrazellulären Proteoms durch diverse Regulons (z. B. agr-System, sarA, sigB) bestimmt wird, stellte sich die Frage, inwiefern diese einen Einfluss auf die Virulenz des Stammes RN1HG-Stamm haben. Ein vielfach in der Literatur diskutierter Regulator ist SigB. Die vergleichende gelfreie LC-MS/MS-Analyse des extrazellulären Proteoms von S. aureus RN1HG mit einer sigB Deletion (RN1HG delta sigB) zeigte, dass sich im Vergleich zum Wildtyp die Zusammensetzung des extrazellulären Proteoms nicht grundsätzlich ändert. Jedoch konnte durch eine „labelfreie“ Quantifizierung eine verstärkte Akkumulation zahlreicher Virulenzfaktoren (z. B. Aureolysin, 1-Phosphatidylinositol- Phosphodiesterase, alpha-Hämolysin, gamma-Hämolysin, Lipase, Thermonuklease) in der delta sigB Mutante nachgewiesen werden. Die Serin-Proteasen A, C und E konnten nur für die delta sigB Mutante identifiziert werden. Adhäsine, darunter Clumping-Faktoren oder Elastin-Bindeprotein, wurden lediglich während der exponentiellen Wachstumsphase für die delta sigB Mutante nachgewiesen. Dies konnte für clf auch durch Transkriptomanalysen belegt werden. Die gelfreien Analysen wurden durch gelbasierte Verfahren (2D-Gelelektrophorese) ergänzt. Neben der Erstellung einer Referenzkarte des extrazellulären Proteoms von S. aureus RN1HG (Wildtyp und delta sigB Mutante) wurden quantitative gelbasierte Daten erhoben, die einerseits die Ergebnisse der gelfreien Analysen bestätigten, andererseits aber auch zeigten, dass SigB nur wenig Einfluss auf die Prozessierung und posttranslationale Modifikation extrazellulärer Proteine in S. aureus RN1HG hat. Die Zusammensetzung des extrazellulären Proteoms ist vor allem bei pathogenen Bakterien bedeutsam, da z. B. durch extrazelluläre Enzyme die Erschließung von Nährstoffquellen in extremen Habitaten begünstigt und durch Virulenzfaktoren sowohl die Kolonisierung als auch die Überlebensfähigkeit im Wirtsorganismus gesichert wird. Um die Erreger-Wirt Interaktion näher zu charakterisieren, wurde die Reaktion von humanen bronchialen Epithelzellen (S9-Zellen) auf eine Infektion mit S. aureus RN1GH pMV158 untersucht. Die Durchführung der Infektionsstudien mit einem GFP-markierten RN1HG-Stamm ermöglichte die Sortierung der infizierten S9-Zellen durch die Durchflusszytometrie. Da im Epithelverband nicht jede Zelle mit S. aureus infiziert ist, lag der Vorteil der Sortierung darin, dass Proteomanalysen spezifisch für die S9-Zellen mit internalisierten Staphylokokken durchgeführt werden konnten. Infolge einer Internalisierung von S. aureus durch die S9-Epithelzellen kam es zunächst zu einer Integrin-vermittelten Adhäsion. Eine zunehmende Inkubation mit S. aureus führte zu inflammatorischen Prozessen. Die Invasion pathogener Bakterien in Wirtzellen führt somit zum Remodelling biologischer Prozesse, die dem Wirt die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Pathogen ermöglichen.

This thesis will discuss the different fields of application of the two soft ionization techniques ESI and MALDI in microbial proteomics and their importance for a better understanding of bacteria physiology. The general development in the past 25 years coming from 2D-gel analysis and protein identification by peptide mass fingerprint analysis via MALDI-TOF to genome wide quantitative LC-ESI-MS experiments with fast and sensitive ESI instruments is exemplary shown for the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis in article I. Even though 2D-PAGE in conjunction with MALDI-MS is still an important tool in proteomic research, the more recently established global quantitative LC-ESI-MS workflows gain more and more relevance as they overcome 2D-PAGE based protein restrictions and enable the acquisition of higher accurate protein quantities. In article II such a workflow was used to analyze the physiological adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin treatment on a global-scale. Also post-translational modifications of proteins, that are important for regulation of their activity and allow rapid adaption to changed environmental conditions, could be analyzed by LC-ESI-MS workflows using special enrichment strategies (article III and IV). Despite the mentioned discrimination and less accurate quantification of proteins, 2D-PAGE analyses are still advantageous when analyzing large-scale time series experiments. To gain highly time resolved data but also very accurate relative quantities on a global-scale, 2D-PAGE-MALDI-MS and LC-ESI-MS techniques have been combined to investigate dynamic proteome adaptations of B. subtilis during nutrition shift as part of a global systems biology approach (article V). Also absolute quantities of proteins are of high interest for systems biology, but are still challenging to obtain on large-scale as well as with sufficient accuracy. In article VI a method that again combined 2D-PAGE-MALDI-MS and LC-ESI-MS was introduced to gain absolute protein quantities on global-scale. Utilizing the complementarity of 2D-PAGE and LC-ESI-MS this new workflow enabled fast and cost efficient data acquisition on absolute scale. In article VII we described for the first time a global quantitative LC-MALDI-MS workflow. Cross validation with an LTQ Orbitrap proofed that LC-MALDI-MS is able to process complex samples and obtain highly reliable quantities. The comparative analysis of data gained with both instrument types revealed biases for certain biochemical properties of MALDI as well as ESI instruments, resulting in a general complementarity of both ionization techniques. Article I Becher, D., Büttner, K., Moche, M., Hessling, B., Hecker, M., 2011. From the genome sequence to the protein inventory of Bacillus subtilis. Proteomics 11, 2971–2980. Article II Hessling,B., Bonn,F., Herbst,F.-A., Rappen,G.-M., Bernhardt,J., Hecker,M. and Becher,D. Global proteome analysis of vancomycin stress in Staphylococcus aureus. Submitted to Mol. Cell Proteomics. Article III Elsholz, A.K.W., Turgay, K., Michalik, S., Hessling, B., Gronau, K., Oertel, D., Mäder, U., Bernhardt, J., Becher, D., Hecker, M., Gerth, U., 2012. Global impact of protein arginine phosphorylation on the physiology of Bacillus subtilis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 7451–7456. Article IV Chi, B.K., Gronau, K., Mäder, U., Hessling, B., Becher, D., Antelmann, H., 2011. S-bacillithiolation protects against hypochlorite stress in Bacillus subtilis as revealed by transcriptomics and redox proteomics. Mol. Cell Proteomics 10, M111.009506. Article V Buescher,J.M., Liebermeister,W., Jules,M., Uhr,M., Muntel,J., Botella,E., Hessling,B., Kleijn,R.J., Le Chat,L., Lecointe,F., et al. (2012) Global network reorganization during dynamic adaptations of Bacillus subtilis metabolism. Science, 335, 1099–1103. Article VI Maass, S., Sievers, S., Zühlke, D., Kuzinski, J., Sappa, P.K., Muntel, J., Hessling, B., Bernhardt, J., Sietmann, R., Völker, U., Hecker, M., Becher, D., 2011. Efficient, global-scale quantification of absolute protein amounts by integration of targeted mass spectrometry and two-dimensional gel-based proteomics. Anal. Chem. 83, 2677–2684. Article VII Hessling,B., Büttner,K., Hecker,M. and Becher,D. Global relative quantification with LC-MALDI – cross-validation with LTQ-Orbitrap proves reliability and reveals complementary ionization preferences. Submitted to Mol. Cell Proteomics.

In the post genomic era, novel “Omics” technologies like genomics and proteomics can be used in powerful screening approaches to provide unbiased lists of candidate genes and proteins and thus facilitate a comprehensive analysis of complex diseases such as cancer, which would not have been possible applying traditional genetic and biochemical approaches alone. During my PhD tenure I applied functional genomics screening technologies including proteomics in combination with traditional biochemical and cell biology approaches in two disease oriented projects: 1. Characterization of the role of BCL11b in Human T cell lymphomas (and) 2. Elucidation of the mechanism of pathophysiology of Johanson Blizzard Syndrome using UBR1 knockout mice and JBS patients’ lymphoblasts cell lines. 1.Characterization of the role of BCL11b in Human T cell lymphomas : The Bcl11b protein belongs to the C2H2-family of Krueppel-like zinc finger proteins and thus is a member of the largest family of transcription factors in eukaryotes. It was shown to be important for a variety of functions such as T cell differentiation, normal development of central nervous system and DNA damage response. Malignant T cells undergo apoptotic cell death upon BCL11B down-regulation. However, the detailed mechanism of this cell death is not fully understood. Two dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), mass spectrometry and cell biological experiments were employed to investigate the functional impact of knock down of BCL11B in malignant T cell lines such as Jurkat and huT78. To further confirm the findings of these experiments, changes in protein patterns were also recorded after down-regulation of BCL11B expression in Jurkat cells over expressing BcL-xL and in Jurkat cells over expressing BCL11B. These experiments provide evidence for the involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and increased levels of cleavage fragments of known caspase targets such as myosin, spectrin and vimentin were observed after BCL11B knockdown. The findings suggest an involvement of ERM proteins, which were up-regulated and phosphorylated upon BCL11B down-regulation. Besides ERM proteins, PDCD5, a key regulator of apoptosis, was also found at increased levels upon down regulation of BCL11B. Moreover, the levels of several proteins implicated in cell cycle entry, including DUT-N, UCK2, MAT1, CDK6, MCM4 and MCM6 were elevated, which might lead to uncontrolled cell cycle progression, uracil misincorporation and cell death. Interestingly, an inverse regulation pattern, i.e. decreased levels of ERM proteins, DUT-N, UCK2 and PDCD5 was seen upon over expression of BCL11B in Jurkat cells. In summary, proteome analyses revealed several previously unidentified mechanisms which could significantly contribute to the cell death following BCL11B knockdown. 2.Elucidation of the mechanism of pathophysiology of Johanson Blizzard Syndrome using UBR1 knockout mice and JBS patients’ lymphoblasts cell lines : Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS; OMIM 243,800), which was first described in 1971, is a rare autosomal recessively inherited genetic disorder with a unique combination of congenital abnormalities. The most constant clinical feature of JBS is the loss of exocrine pancreatic function due to progressive destruction of pancreatic acini. Genome wide linkage analysis identified the disease associated locus in the 15q14-q21 chromosome region and high-throughput sequencing of this region revealed several truncated and some missense mutations in the UBR1 gene. UBR1 gene contains 47 exons and spans over 161 kilobases. The UBR1 protein belongs to the E3 ubiquitin ligase family and is an important component of the N-end rule pathway of ubiquitous protein degradation. It was hypothesized that stabilization of direct and unique substrates of UBR1 could be the main cause of the JBS pathophysiology. So far sequencing of the UBR1 gene is the only available diagnostic procedure. However, sequencing might not always allow precise prediction of residual UBR1 activity. Hence, this study was started to develop a protein based diagnostic assay for the detection of subclinical cases of JBS and to identify signalling pathways contributing to the pathophysiology of this complex disorder using a murine UBR1 knockout model. 2D-DIGE proteome analysis was carried out for a comparative evaluation of lymphoblast samples of 14 patients and 11 controls. Principal component Analysis (PCA) clearly discriminated JBS patients from controls. However, 4 JBS patients differed from the rest and resembled controls more closely. Western-blot analysis revealed residual UBR1 levels in these patients, which were linked to a milder phenotype. Hierarchical clustering of the three groups (controls, patients with residual UBR1 levels and patients without UBR1) showed group-specific characteristic differences in the abundance of differentially regulated proteins. Quantification of a panel of five selected protein spots encompassing Interferon-induced GTP binding protein, HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, Annexin A6, FK506-binding protein 4 and GRP78 permitted discrimination of controls and JBS patients with mild phenotypes. Of note, the molecular chaperones GRP78 (BiP) and FK506BP were consistently altered in level in JBS patients and probably constitute UBR1 dependent substrates. This suggested JBS as an ER-stress related disease also indicating a possible way of therapeutic intervention. Comparative proteome analysis of UBR1 knockout and wild type animals after caerulein treatment revealed a significant accumulation of pancreatic proteases such as chymotrypsin B, anionic trypsin and pancreatic elastase in animals lacking UBR1. Furthermore, an up-regulation of ER-stress proteins and inflammation related proteins was observed. Phenotypic characterisation revealed in UBR1 knockout animals significantly increased lipase levels, a significantly increased histological score and significantly increased elastase activity 8h after the onset of pancreatitis. In isolated pancreatic acini of UBR1 knockout animals we found a significant increase in intracellular elastase activation upon supramaximal CCK stimulation, which was associated with a significant rise in the rate of necrosis explaining the more severe phenotype in the UBR1 knock-out animals. A TUNEL assay showed that there was more apoptosis in wild type compared to UBR1 knockout mice. Another set of experiments was designed to identify physiologically important substrates of UBR1. Inhibition of such substrates might then in turn allow reversion or prevention of the severe form of pancreatitis in UBR1 knockout mice. However, using the trypsin specific and reversible inhibitor S-124 it was shown that impaired trypsin degradation and thereby prolonged activation of this protease did not critically influence the phenotype. Calcium analysis after physiological stimulation revealed an increase of pathological Ca2+ signalling events, i.e. significant decrease of spike number and significant increase of spike duration. Of the candidates potentially influencing Ca2+ signalling RGS4 turned out to be of particular importance. Pre-incubation of pancreatic acini of UBR1 knockout animals with a specific RGS4 inhibitor (CCG-4986, 10 µM) normalized Ca2+ patterns, did not affect trypsin activity itself but prevented Ca2+-triggered premature trypsin activation and thus acinar disintegration. In summary, using lymphoblasts samples of JBS patients we were able to deduce a protein panel which could be developed as a possible diagnostic tool for confirmation of JBS syndrome. Furthermore, using UBR1 knockout mice in an experimental model we were able to elucidate the vital function of UBR1 and its direct substrate RGS4 in the defense against pathologic pancreatic damage thereby manifesting JBS as an inflammatory disorder due to an inadequate UBR1 mediated defense.