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The Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is located in the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes, where it transports bile acids from the portal blood back into hepatocytes. Furthermore, NTCP has a role for the hepatic transport of some drugs. Extrapolation of drug transport data from rodents to humans is not always possible, because species differences in the expression level, localization, affinity, and substrate selectivity of relevant transport proteins must be considered. In the present study, a functional comparison of human NTCP (hNTCP) and mouse Ntcp (mNtcp) showed similar Km values of 67 ± 10 µM and 104 ± 9 µM for the probe substrate estrone-3-sulfate as well as of 258 ± 42 µM and 199 ± 13 µM for the drug rosuvastatin, respectively. IC50 values for the probe inhibitor cyclosporine A were 3.1 ± 0.3 µM for hNTCP and 1.6 ± 0.4 µM for mNtcp. In a drug and pesticide inhibitory screening on both transporters, 4 of the 15 tested drugs (cyclosporine A, benzbromarone, MK571, and fluvastatin) showed high inhibitory potency, but only slight inhibition was observed for the 13 tested pesticides. Among these compounds, only four drugs and three pesticides showed significant differences in their inhibition pattern on hNTCP and mNtcp. Most pronounced was the difference for benzbromarone with a fivefold higher IC50 for mNtcp (27 ± 10 µM) than for hNTCP (5.5 ± 0.6 µM).
In conclusion, we found a strong correlation between the transport kinetics and inhibition pattern among hNTCP and mNtcp. However, specific compounds, such as benzbromarone, showed clear species differences. Such species differences have to be considered when pharmacokinetic data are transferred from rodent to humans.
(1) Background: Sepsis is a leading cause of death and a global public health problem. Accordingly, deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms of this disease and the determinants of its morbidity and mortality is pivotal. This study examined the effect of the rs951818 SNP of the negative costimulatory lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) on sepsis mortality and disease severity. (2) Methods: 707 consecutive patients with sepsis were prospectively enrolled into the present study from three surgical ICUs at University Medical Center Goettingen. Both 28- and 90-day mortality were analyzed as the primary outcome, while parameters of disease severity served as secondary endpoints. (3) Results: In the Kaplan–Meier analysis LAG-3 rs951818 AA-homozygote patients showed a significantly lower 28-day mortality (17.3%) compared to carriers of the C-allele (23.7%, p = 0.0476). In addition, these patients more often received invasive mechanical ventilation (96%) during the course of disease than C-allele carriers (92%, p = 0.0466). (4) Conclusions: Genetic profiling of LAG-3 genetic variants alone or in combination with other genetic biomarkers may represent a promising approach for risk stratification of patients with sepsis. Patient-individual therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints, such as LAG-3, may be a future component of sepsis therapy. Further detailed investigations in clinically relevant sepsis models are necessary.
PIM1 Inhibition Affects Glioblastoma Stem Cell Behavior and Kills Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells
(2022)
Despite comprehensive therapy and extensive research, glioblastoma (GBM) still represents the most aggressive brain tumor in adults. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are thought to play a major role in tumor progression and resistance of GBM cells to radiochemotherapy. The PIM1 kinase has become a focus in cancer research. We have previously demonstrated that PIM1 is involved in survival of GBM cells and in GBM growth in a mouse model. However, little is known about the importance of PIM1 in cancer stem cells. Here, we report on the role of PIM1 in GBM stem cell behavior and killing. PIM1 inhibition negatively regulates the protein expression of the stem cell markers CD133 and Nestin in GBM cells (LN-18, U-87 MG). In contrast, CD44 and the astrocytic differentiation marker GFAP were up-regulated. Furthermore, PIM1 expression was increased in neurospheres as a model of GBM stem-like cells. Treatment of neurospheres with PIM1 inhibitors (TCS PIM1-1, Quercetagetin, and LY294002) diminished the cell viability associated with reduced DNA synthesis rate, increased caspase 3 activity, decreased PCNA protein expression, and reduced neurosphere formation. Our results indicate that PIM1 affects the glioblastoma stem cell behavior, and its inhibition kills glioblastoma stem-like cells, pointing to PIM1 targeting as a potential anti-glioblastoma therapy.
Pentathiepins are polysulfur-containing compounds that exert antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity in cancer cells, induce oxidative stress and apoptosis, and inhibit glutathione peroxidase (GPx1). This renders them promising candidates for anticancer drug development. However, the biological effects and how they intertwine have not yet been systematically assessed in diverse cancer cell lines. In this study, six novel pentathiepins were synthesized to suit particular requirements such as fluorescent properties or improved water solubility. Structural elucidation by X-ray crystallography was successful for three derivatives. All six underwent extensive biological evaluation in 14 human cancer cell lines. These studies included investigating the inhibition of GPx1 and cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and the induction of ROS and DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, selected hallmarks of apoptosis and the impact on cell cycle progression were studied. All six pentathiepins exerted high cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity, while five also strongly inhibited GPx1. There is a clear connection between the potential to provoke oxidative stress and damage to DNA in the form of single- and double-strand breaks. Additionally, these studies support apoptosis but not ferroptosis as the mechanism of cell death in some of the cell lines. As the various pentathiepins give rise to different biological responses, modulation of the biological effects depends on the distinct chemical structures fused to the sulfur ring. This may allow for an optimization of the anticancer activity of pentathiepins in the future.
Purpose: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the oral cavity with an alarmingly high prevalence within the adult population. The signaling lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays a crucial role in inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses. In addition to cardiovascular disease, sepsis and tumor entities, S1P has been recently identified as both mediator and biomarker in osteoporosis. We hypothesized that S1P may play a role in periodontitis as an inflammation-prone bone destructive disorder. The goal of our study was to evaluate associations between periodontitis and S1P serum concentrations in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend cohort. In addition, we investigated the expression of S1P metabolizing enzymes in inflamed gingival tissue.
Patients and Methods: We analyzed data from 3371 participants (51.6% women) of the SHIP-Trend cohort. Periodontal parameters and baseline characteristics were assessed. Serum S1P was measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The expression of S1P metabolizing enzymes was determined by immunofluorescence staining of human gingival tissue.
Results: S1P serum concentrations were significantly increased in subjects with both moderate and severe periodontitis, assessed as probing depth and clinical attachment loss. In contrast, no significant association of S1P was seen with caries variables (number and percentage of decayed or filled surfaces). S1P concentrations significantly increased with increasing high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. Interestingly, inflamed compared to normal human gingival tissue exhibited elevated expression levels of the S1P-generating enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1).
Conclusion: We report an intriguingly significant association of various periodontal parameters with serum levels of the inflammatory lipid mediator S1P. Our data point towards a key role of S1P during periodontitis pathology. Modulation of local S1P levels or its signaling properties may represent a potential future therapeutic strategy to prevent or to retard periodontitis progression and possibly reduce periodontitis-related tooth loss.
Thiamine is substrate of the hepatic uptake transporter organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), and pathological lipid metabolism was associated with OCT1‐dependent thiamine transport. However, it is unknown whether clinical pharmacokinetics of thiamine is modulated by OCT1 genotype. We analyzed thiamine transport in vitro, thiamine blood concentrations after high‐dose and low‐dose (nutritional) intake, and heritability of thiamine and thiamine‐phosphate blood concentrations. The variant OCT1*2 had reduced and OCT1*3 to OCT1*6 had deficient thiamine uptake activity. However, pharmacokinetics of thiamine did not differ depending on OCT1 genotype. Further studies in primary human hepatocytes indicated that several cation transporters, including OCT1, OCT3, and THTR‐2, contribute to hepatic uptake of thiamine. As much as 54% of the variation in thiamine and 75% in variation of thiamine monophosphate plasma concentrations was determined by heritable factors. Apparently, thiamine is not useful as a probe drug for OCT1 activity, but the high heritability, particularly of thiamine monophosphate, may stimulate further genomic research.
In Germany, around 5.7 million people suffer from osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is characterised by a reduced bone mineral density that leads to an increased risk of fractures. The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) is an important regulator of local cortisol metabolism. It converts biologically inactive cortisone to biologically active cortisol, but can also catalyse the reverse reaction. 11β-HSD1 is strongly expressed in liver, but 11β-HSD1 expression and activity were also reported in bone. Moreover, polymorphisms in intron 5 of HSD11B1 (the gene encoding for 11β-HSD1) are associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and risk of fractures.
This work aimed to confirm and refine the associations between polymorphisms in intron 5 of HSD11B1 and BMD, and to identify the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. To this end, analyses were performed on three different levels:
i) studies in humans, to confirm and refine the association of polymorphisms in intron 5 of HSD11B1 with BMD, suppressed cortisol levels (PDC) and stiffness index,
ii) cellular analyses, to identify the role of 11β-HSD1 in differentiation of the immortalised human mesenchymal stem cell line SCP-1,
iii) molecular genetic analyses, to reveal the effect of intron 5 polymorphisms on transcriptional regulation.
Fine-mapping analyses of already existing clinical data from 452 osteoporosis patients (HSD study) did not point to another intron 5 SNP as being causative for the observed clinical association. A second prospective clinical study (OsteoGene) was performed to confirm the association of rs11811440 and rs932335 with PDC levels and BMD. A trend to decreased PDC levels and increased BMD was observed in homozygous carriers of the minor A-allele of rs11811440 in patients above the age of 65 years. Pooled analyses of the HSD and the OsteoGene studies revealed a significant association of the minor A-allele with increased Z-scores of the left femoral neck. No associations of rs11811440 and rs932335 with stiffness index, BMI and fat depots were detected the general population using data from the SHIP study.
To analyse the effect of 11β-HSD1 on differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, HSD11B1 overexpressing and HSD11B1 knockout SCP-1 cells were generated. HSD11B1 was stably overexpressed in SCP-1 cells using targeted chromosomal integration. The successful overexpression was shown by 243-fold increased HSD11B1 mRNA expression levels and a 9 fold increased 11β-HSD1 activity, compared to the wildtype cells. Knockout cells were generated by CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene editing targeting exon 2 and exon 5 of HSD11B1. Using next generation sequencing, the clones 1C4 and 2D10 were confirmed to carry two inactive HSD11B1 alleles and were chosen for further analyses. mRNA expression was unchanged in both knockout clones. However, a clear enzyme activity was detected in the 2D10 clone, whereas no cortisol production was detected in the 1C4 clone. SNaPshot analyses revealed the presence of wildtype cells in the 2D10 clone that became predominant with increased passages. Therefore, further analyses were focused on the 1C4 clone only. The protein expression in the 1C4 clone decreased to 30% of the expression of the wildtype cells.
HSD11B1 expression and cortisol production were compared between wildtype, knockout and overexpressing SCP-1 cells under three differentiation conditions: adipogenic, osteogenic with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and osteogenic with dexamethasone. HSD11B1 expression increased upon adipogenic differentiation and in the presence of cortisone in the wildtype and the overexpressing, but not in the knockout cells. Also, the cortisol production from cortisone increased over time in the overexpressing and the wildtype cells, but not in the knockout cells. The increase was dependent on the differentiation used between 3-fold and 9-fold higher in the overexpressing than in the wildtype cells.
The generated and validated overexpressing and knockout cell lines were used to analyse the influence of 11β-HSD1 on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Upon adipogenic differentiation, the overexpressing cells accumulated significantly more lipid droplets than the wildtype cells. The accumulation of lipid droplets was not abolished in the knockout. However, when dexamethasone was substituted by cortisone, the knockout cells accumulated less lipid droplets than in the presence of dexamethasone, supporting the involvement of 11β-HSD1 in adipogenic differentiation. Expression of the adipogenic markers FABP4 and LPL increased upon adipogenic differentiation, but a distinct influence of the presence or absence of HSD11B1 on the FABP4 and LPL expression was not detected. Upon osteogenic differentiation with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, ALP activity increased only in the knockout cells (more than 5-fold). Accordingly, the strongest increase in ALPL expression was detected also in the knockout cells. Both, ALP activity and gene expression were independent of cortisone. Addtionally, BGLAP expression was increased upon osteogenic differentiation. Unexpectedly, in the presence of cortisone, BGLAP expression increased in the overexpressing cells. Expression of the Wnt inhibitor DKK1 also increased in the overexpressing cells in the presence of cortisone indicating a decreased osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, expression of the adipogenic markers FABP4 and LPL increased in the overexpressing cells in the presence of cortisone indicating a switch from osteogenic to adipogenic differentiation. Upon osteogenic differentiation with dexamethasone, ALP activity and matrix mineralisation was lowest in the overexpressing cells.
Finally, the effects of the SNPs rs11811440, rs11119328, rs1000283 and rs932335 in intron 5 of HSD11B1 on transcriptional regulation were analysed by reporter gene assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. All four SNPs are genetically linked and are localized within evolutionary conserved regions. The minor C-allele of rs932335 significantly increased luciferase activity. In contrast, the major G-allele of rs932335 showed strong protein binding. However, no transcription factor binding sites were identified at the SNP sites. Additionally, bioinformatics analyses of publicly available RNA-Seq data of adipose tissue and liver confirmed the absence of alternative splicing. Alignment of HSD11B1 intron 5 to the Rfam database predicted the presence of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in intron 5. However, none of the ncRNAs overlapped with the SNP sites.
In conclusion, 11β-HSD1 was shown to be involved in adipogenic differentiation and peripheral cortisol production by 11β-HSD1 promotes a switch from osteogenic to adipogenic differentiation. Moreover, among osteoporosis patients, homozygous carriers of the minor A-allele of rs11811440 have increased Z-scores of the femoral neck. Furthermore, HSD11B1 knockout and overexpressing cell lines were successfully generated and validated. These cell lines could be a useful tool in future analyses of the role of peripheral cortisol activation by 11β-HSD1 in differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.
Dynamics of Vascular Protective and Immune Supportive Sphingosine-1-Phosphate During Cardiac Surgery
(2021)
Introduction
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid and crucial in vascular protection and immune response. S1P mediated processes involve regulation of the endothelial barrier, blood pressure and S1P is the only known inducer of lymphocyte migration. Low levels of circulatory S1P correlate with severe systemic inflammatory syndromes such as sepsis and shock states, which are associated with endothelial barrier breakdown and immunosuppression. We investigated whether S1P levels are affected by sterile inflammation induced by cardiac surgery.
Materials and Methods
In this prospective observational study we included 46 cardiac surgery patients, with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB, n=31) and without CPB (off-pump, n=15). Serum-S1P, S1P-sources and carriers, von-Willebrand factor (vWF), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured at baseline, post-surgery and at day 1 (POD 1) and day 4 (POD 4) after surgical stimulus.
Results
Median S1P levels at baseline were 0.77 nmol/mL (IQR 0.61-0.99) and dropped significantly post-surgery. S1P was lowest post-surgery with median levels of 0.37 nmol/mL (IQR 0.31-0.47) after CPB and 0.46 nmol/mL (IQR 0.36-0.51) after off-pump procedures (P<0.001). The decrease of S1P was independent of surgical technique and observed in all individuals. In patients, in which S1P levels did not recover to preoperative baseline ICU stay was longer and postoperative inflammation was more severe. S1P levels are associated with its sources and carriers and vWF, as a more specific endothelial injury marker, in different phases of the postoperative course. Determination of S1P levels during surgery suggested that also the anticoagulative effect of heparin might influence systemic S1P.
Discussion
In summary, serum-S1P levels are disrupted by major cardiac surgery. Low S1P levels post-surgery may play a role as a new marker for severity of cardiac surgery induced inflammation. Due to well-known protective effects of S1P, low S1P levels may further contribute to the observed prolonged ICU stay and worse clinical status. Moreover, we cannot exclude a potential inhibitory effect on circulating S1P levels by heparin anticoagulation during surgery, which would be a new pro-inflammatory pleiotropic effect of high dose heparin in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.