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- synaptic spines (1)
- synaptische Dornen (1)
- synovial haemorrhage (1)
- synovial hyperemia (1)
- tapirs (1)
- tenascin (1)
- test of random effects (1)
- thiol stress (1)
- transkutaner Sauerstoffpartialdruck (1)
- ultrasound pachymeter (1)
- vacutainer (1)
- vascular muscles-antibiotics-sepsis (1)
- ventilatory efficiency (1)
- vergleichende Messung (1)
- viral vectors (1)
- virale Vektoren (1)
- within-litter variation (1)
- zentrale Hornhautdicke (1)
- Århus / ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum (1)
- Ökonomie (1)
- Östrogene (1)
Institute
- Institut für Physik (10)
- Institut für Pharmakologie (9)
- Kliniken und Polikliniken für Innere Medizin (8)
- Institut für Diagnostische Radiologie und Neuroradiologie (7)
- Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie (5)
- Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin (5)
- Poliklinik für Kieferorthopädie, Präventive Zahnmedizin und Kinderzahnheilkunde (5)
- Abteilung für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie (4)
- Institut für Geographie und Geologie (4)
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde (4)
Publisher
- IOP Publishing (2)
- De Gruyter (1)
Die Maul- und Klauenseuche (MKS) ist eine hochinfektiöse Erkrankung bei Paarhufern, die hohe wirtschaftliche Schäden verursacht. Auslöser der Erkrankung ist das MKS-Virus (MKSV), ein Mitglied der Familie Picornaviridae. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten die aus dem MKSV-Genom abgeleiteten offenen Leserahmen (ORFs) P1-2A, P1-2A3C und 3C in das Genom von Bovines Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) und BacMam Viren integriert werden, um der Fragestellung nachzugehen, inwieweit diese beiden Viren sich als virale Vektoren zur heterologen Expression von MKSV-Proteinen eignen und damit eine weitere Möglichkeit der Entwicklung von Markervakzinen gegen MKS gegeben ist. Die Integration des ORF für eine aktive MKSV Protease 3C in das Genom von BHV-1 erwies sich dabei als problematisch. Im Gegensatz dazu konnten in BacMam Viren alle MKSV Proteine erfolgreich exprimiert und prozessiert werden. Die Ergebnisse eines durchgeführten Tierversuches zeigten, dass die intramuskuläre Immunisierung von C57BL/6 Mäuse mit den rekombinanten Viren BacMam/P1-2A und BacMam/P1-2A3C zur Induktion einer humoralen Immunantwort führt. So konnten im ELISA 14 Tage nach der ersten Immunisierung MKSV-spezifische Antikörper nachgewiesen werden. Im Proliferationstest wurden isolierte Milzzellen von immunisierten Tieren mit gereinigten MKSV-Strukturproteinen restimuliert. Dabei wurden neben der Proliferation von B-Zellen auch Hinweise auf die Induktion einer spezifischen zellvermittelten Immunantwort durch die Proliferation von CD4- und CD8-positiven Zellen erhalten. Somit konnte erstmalig gezeigt werden, dass eine Immunisierung mit rekombinanten BacMam Viren in Mäusen zur Induktion einer spezifischen Immunantwort gegen MKSV führt und diese Viren somit möglicherweise gute Kandidaten für eine Markervakzine zur Bekämpfung von MKSV-Infektionen darstellen.
Multiply negatively charged aluminium clusters and fullerenes were generated in a Penning trap using the "electron-bath" technique. Aluminium monoanions were generated using a laser vaporisation source. After this, two-, three- and four-times negatively charged aluminium clusters were generated for the first time. This research marks the first observation of tetra-anionic metal clusters in the gas phase. Additionally, doubly-negatively charged fullerenes were generated. The smallest fullerene dianion observed contained 70 atoms.
The rapid neutron-capture or the r-process is responsible for the origin of about half of the neutron-rich atomic nuclei in the universe heavier than iron. For the calculation of the abundances of those nuclei, atomic masses are required as one of the input parameters with very high precision. In the present work, the masses of the neutron-rich Zn isotopes (A=71 to 81) lying in the r-process path have been measured in the ISOLTRAP experiment at ISOLDE/CERN. The mass of 81Zn has been measured directly for the first time. The half-lives of the nuclides ranged from 46.5 h (72Zn) down to 290 ms (81Zn). In case of all the nuclides, the relative mass uncertainty (∆m/m) achieved was in the order of 1E-8 corresponding to a 100-fold improvement in precision over previous measurements.
Genome-wide responses and regulatory mechanisms to thiol-specific electrophiles in Bacillus subtilis
(2008)
The soil-dwelling bacterium Bacillus subtilis is regarded as model organism for functional genomic research of low GC Gram-positive bacteria. Recently, the group of Haike Antelmann has monitored the expression profile of B. subtilis after exposure to phenolic compounds. Interestingly, proteome and transcriptome analyses showed a strong overlap in the expression profile after exposure to catechol, MHQ that auto-oxidized to quinones and the thiol-reactive electrophile diamide. The response to electrophilic quinones and diamide is governed by a complex network of transcription factors, including Spx, CtsR, PerR, CymR and the novel MarR-type repressors MhqR (YkvE), YodB and YvaP. The regulatory mechanisms of these novel thiol-stress sensors YodB and YvaP are studied as part of this thesis in collaboration with the group of Peter Zuber (Oregon). YodB negatively regulates the expression of the nitroreductase YodC and the azoreductase YocJ (AzoR1) after exposure to electrophilic quinones and diamide. The azoreductase AzoR1 is a paralog of AzoR2 that is under control of MhqR. Both paralogous azoreductases (AzoR1 and AzoR2) have common functions in quinone and azo-compound reduction to protect cells against the thiol reactivity of electrophiles. DNA binding activity of YodB is directly inhibited by thiol-reactive compounds in vitro. Mass spectrometry approaches suggested that YodB is regulated by a thiol-(S)-alkylation mechanism in response to quinones. Mutational analyses revealed that the conserved Cys6 residue of YodB is required for optimal repression in vivo and in vitro. Recent studies further suggest that YodB is redox-regulated by intersubunit disulfide formation in vivo by diamide. In addition to the azoreductases, several thiol-dependent dioxygenases confer resistance to quinones. In collaboration with Kazuo Kobayashi (Nara), the YodB-paralogous MarR/DUF24-family regulator, YvaP was identified as repressor of the catechol-2,3-dioxygenase encoding yfiDE (catDE) operon. DNA binding activity of YvaP was also directly inhibited by quinones and diamide in vitro indicating that also YvaP is regulated via post-translational modifications. Mutational analyses showed that the conserved Cys7 is essential for YvaP regulation in vivo and serves as sensor for thiol-reactive compounds. In addition, also the basic amino acids K19, R20 are essential for YvaP repression in vivo as well as conserved basic arginine and lysine residues located in the DNA binding helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif. Non-reducing PAGE analysis suggests the formation of an intersubunit disulfide bond in a YvaP dimer upon treatment with quinones and diamide in vitro. Besides quinones, also aldehydes are electrophilic compounds which react via the thiol-(S)-alkylation reaction with thiols. Thus, we were also interested in the response of B. subtilis to the toxic electrophiles methylglyoxal (MG) and formaldehyde (FA). We analyzed the changes in the transcriptome and proteome of B. subtilis after exposure to MG and FA. Like quinone compounds, both MG and FA induce the thiol-specific stress response. Metabolomic approaches confirmed that these reactive aldehydes deplete the cellular thiol pool and thus act like quinones as another class of thiol-reactive electrophiles. Additionally, MG and FA also triggered responses to overcome DNA damage. Our studies further revealed the specific induction of two FA detoxification pathways regulated by the MarR/DUF24 family repressor HxlR, and the novel MerR/NmlR-type regulator YraB (AdhR). HxlR positively regulates the hxlAB operon encoding the ribulose monophosphate pathway. AdhR positively regulates an adhA-yraA operon that encodes the thiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (AdhA) and the DJ1/PfpI-like cysteine proteinase (YraA), and the yraC gene that encodes a γ-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase. Thus, the AdhR regulon is involved in the detoxification of FA to formate via the formaldehyde dehydrogenase AdhA which catalyzes the cleavage of S-hydroxymethylcysteine adducts. In addition, the cysteine proteinase YraA could be involved in the degradation of S-hydroxymethylcysteine-modified and damaged protein thiols. In collaboration with the group of John Helmann (Ithaca), it was shown that AdhR binds in vitro to a conserved inverted repeat between the -10 and -35 promoter elements upstream of adhA, yraB and yraC. In addition, we showed that the conserved Cys52 of AdhR is essential for aldehyde sensing and activation of adhA-yraA transcription in vivo. Thus, we speculate that redox regulation of AdhR involves thiol-(S)-alkylation of this Cys52 residue by aldehydes as another novel mechanism of bacterial physiology.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von Rosuvastatin auf die eNOS-Expression (endotheliale NO-Synthase), LOX-1, dem Rezeptor für oxidiertes LDL, und verschiedene Adhäsionsmoleküle (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) in humanen Endothelzellen analysiert. Rosuvastatin zeigte keine physiologisch relevante Abnahme der Zellviabilität. In Hinblick auf die eNOS-mRNA- und Proteinexpression führte Rosuvastatin zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung sowohl unter normalen physiologischen als auch unter inflammatorsichen Bedingungen, ausgelöst durch eine Koinkubation mit TNF-alpha. Auch war es in der Lage, die Aktiviät der endothelialen NO-Synthase signifikant zu erhöhen. Eine Inkubation humaner Endothelzellen mit TNF-alpha resultierte in einer signifikanten Expressionserhöhung von LOX-1 sowohl auf mRNA- als auch auf Proteinebene, welche durch eine gleichzeitige Gabe von Rosuvastatin sogar noch ausgeprägter ausfiel. Trotz dieser vermehrten Expression führte die Inkubation mit Rosuvastatin aber zu einer signifikant verminderten Aufnahme von oxLDL in die Zellen. Diese statinvermittelten Effekte ließen sich durch einen Inhibitor der Rho-assoziierten Proteinkinase (Y27632) imitieren. Des Weiteren konnte diese Arbeit zeigen, dass Rosuvastatin die Oberflächenexpression von ICAM-1 und VCAM-1 signifikant vermindert, wohingegen auf mRNA-Ebene eine Expressionssteigerung zu beobachten war. Untersuchungen im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnten klären, dass dieser Widerspruch auf ein vermehrtes Shedding der löslichen Proteine zurückzuführen ist. Rosuvastatin vermittelt diese Effekte auf die Adhäsionsmoleküle möglicherweise durch das Eingreifen in den NF-kappaB-Signalweg, da es sowohl Effekte auf die Degradation von IkappaB-alpha als auch die Translokation der NF-kappaB-Untereinheit p50 ausübt.
Medizinische Dokumentation wird im Zeitalter von DRG und Klinikvernetzung einen grundlegenden Wandel erfahren. Sie soll neben der Verlaufsdokumentation der medizinisch relevanten Befunde und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen den Anforderungen der Leistungsvergütung, dem wirtschaftlichen Wettbewerb im Rahmen von Mindestmengen und wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen gerecht werden. Unterschiedlich professionalisierte Gruppen im Gesundheitssystem haben differenzierte Vorgaben und Vorstellungen von einer transparenten medizinischen Dokumentation. Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte steht die Zeitknappheit im Vordergrund. Die Diskrepanz zwischen Vollständigkeit und Korrektheit der täglichen Visitendokumentation und ihre abschließende Zusammenfassung in einer kumulativen Epikrise könnte durch die Einführung mobiler Computersysteme und spezifischer Softwarelösungen überwunden werden.
Summary Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer found in men from western countries and is the leading cancer death next to lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Proteomic studies on PCa identified a number of differentially expressed proteins and some of them were reported as potential markers, but clinical application of these markers is mostly missing. Most of the expression profiling studies have been carried out on radical prostatectomy specimens, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections, serum, urine and prostate fluids. To define the protein expression pattern of prostate biopsies, in the present study we investigated biopsy samples from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and PCa patients by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (BPH n=11 and PCa n=12) and mass spectrometry to identify potential biomarkers which might distinguish the two clinical situations. 2-DE results revealed 88 protein spots expressed differentially among hyperplasia and cancer groups with statistical significance. Interesting spots were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS-MS and 79 different proteins identified. The important proteins identified included, Prohibitin and NDRG1 tumor suppressor proteins, HSPs, cytoskeletal proteins, enzymes like DDAH1 and ALDH2. Prohibitin expression was investigated in detail at mRNA level and protein level using immunohistochemistry on prostatectomized specimens. We found that the level of mRNA for prohibitin correlates with the increased amount of protein indicating the involvement of changes at transcriptional level. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed no staining in BPH, moderate staining in prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and strong staining in PCa. From the list of differentially proteins compared to PCa, TPD52 is over expressed in prostate cancer and also mRNA estimation by real-time PCR confirmed over expression of TPD52 at transcriptional level in cancer. TPD52 is a protein over expressed in prostate and breast cancer due to gene amplification but its exact physiological function is not investigated in detail. In the present study, we explored the responsiveness of LNCaP cells after dysregulation of TPD52 expression. Transfection of LNCaP cells with specific shRNA giving efficient knockdown of TPD52 resulted in a significant cell death of the carcinoma LNCaP cells. As evidenced by the activation of caspases (caspase-3 and -9) and by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cell death occurs due to apoptosis. The disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential indicates that TPD52 acts upstream of the mitochondrial apoptotic reaction. To study the effect of TPD52 expression on cell proliferation, LNCaP cells were either transfected with EGFP-TPD52 or a specific shRNA. EGFP-TPD52 overexpressing cells showed an increased proliferation rate whereas TPD52-depleted cells showed a reverse effect. Additionally, we demonstrated that the exogenous expression of TPD52 promotes cell migration via ávâ3 integrin in prostate cancer cells through the activation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) pathway. In an attempt to identify new interacting proteins for TPD52, GST pulldown assays provided evidence for the physical interaction between TPD52 and Prx1 in LNCaP cells. Further, immunoprecipitation results confirmed this interaction. Our results demonstrates that protein profiling and mRNA studies can be performed on prostate biopsies. Moreover, our study revealed a significant up-regulation of prohibitin in prostate cancer compared to BPH which may be a potential marker to distinguish PCa and BPH. From the results for functional characterization of TPD52, we conclude that TPD52 plays an important role in various molecular events particularly in morphological diversification and dissemination of PCa. It may be a promising target to investigate further in detail to develop new therapeutic strategies to treat PCa patients. Caspases represent a family of cysteine proteases that are regarded as central executioners of apoptotic cell death. Activation of caspase cascade is an essential prerequisite in the induction of apoptosis in cellular systems. So far, in many tumors caspases were shown to be downregulated while anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 is up-regulated. To get insight in their putative role in PCa progression we determined the expression of caspase-1, uncleaved caspases 3 and 6, cleaved (activated) caspases 3 and 6, caspase-9 and antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in benign prostate epithelium (BPE) and prostate carcinoma. In the current study 20 prostates were obtained from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy due to PCa. Paraffin embedded prostate whole mounts were cut at (4 µm) and investigated immunohistochemically using anti-mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against caspases 1 and 9, uncleaved caspases 3 and 6, cleaved caspases 3 and 6, and Bcl-2. In BPE all caspases were localized in the cytoplasm of glandular cells. Comparing BPE to PCa, no differences were found for caspase-1, uncleaved caspases 3 and 6 as well as caspase-9. Immunostaining for cleaved caspases 3 and 6, however, revealed a statistically significant reduction in PCa compared to non-neoplastic tissue. Whereas in BPE Bcl-2 protein was detected in the basal compartment of epithelial gland cells no immunostaining was seen in PCa. As our results show a decreased amount of activated caspases may be due to the alterations of posttranslational cleavage rather than expression of caspases 3 and 6. This suggests that the modification in their activation pathway could play an important role during PCa progression.
1. The study confirms an association between transverse arch dimensions and severity of ankyloglossia, which reflects relationship between molar difference and free tongue. 2. Molar difference in group A (complete and severe ankyloglossia cases) has high negative values (average -4.38) which was much smaller than the data from the literature concerning many different types of occlusion. 99 3. The exact relation between transverse arch dimension and severity of ankyloglossia needs further research.
The primary objective of this study is to practically apply geostatistical tools that can help to improve an evaluation of groundwater quality for a particular area. The Nam Dinh area, an area of 70 x 70 km2, located in the Southern part of the Red River Delta, was selected as a source for different data sets to be used as case studies. A set of geostatistical tools has thus been applied to the different real data sets which were collected from the coastal Quaternary aquifers in the different campaigns. This gives us a yardstick by which the success of a specific approach can be measured. Throughout the thesis a series of the case studies are, in turn, represented in order to get insight into and an understanding of what various geostatistical tools can do and, more importantly, what their shortcomings are. There are nine different methods of data analyses use in this thesis, which include: (1) Major Ion Comparison, (2) Graphic Plots, (3) Exploratory Statistical Data Analysis, (4) Variogram Analysis, (5) Spatial Estimation Using Kriging, (6) Cluster Analysis, (7) Principle Component Analysis, (8) Multivariate Regionalization Analysis, and (9) Contamination Risk Mapping Using Indicator Kriging. First, major ion comparison and graphic analysis are performed in order to get a general hydrogeochemical view of the collected datasets, before stepping into a further geostatistical approach. By these analyses, various groundwater types are observed and a general hydrochemical trend is visualized using Stiff- and Piper diagrams as well as site maps. The major ion ratios in relation to TDS concentration are compared to investigate the origin of water. Second, a statistical exploratory data analysis is applied to describe the important features of the data by which the character of a specific hydrogeochemical variable might be recognized. Deviations from the Gaussian probability model are detected and appropriate transformations for a formal analysis in geostatistics are selected. Since the Theory of Regionalized Variables (Mathéron 1971; short term: Geostatistics) assumes Gaussian distribution the hydrochemical variables used here are checked for normality. These analyses show that although the data are facing some problems such as outliers and they are very positively skewed at the linear scale, this can effectively be minimized by transforming the data to log-scale. Third, both variogram analyses and Kriging techniques are used to spatially estimate a rectangular 36x36 estimation grid within an area of 70 x 70 km based on the sampled locations (85, 45 and 74 and 38 visited locations for the Pleistocene RS, the Pleistocene DS, the Holocene RS, the Holocene DS, respectively). These estimated values are then used to map the spatiotemporal variability of groundwater quality. In practice, estimation of unknown values and mapping of concentrations of a specific variable can, of course, easily be created by many available software programs. However, error variances are always present in any estimation due to a level of uncertainty, so the reliability of how these estimates could be yielded has also been evaluated in this case study. A critical assessment of all possible variations, tightly related to the seasonal change, directional influence, spatial distribution and prediction error is conducted and concluded. Fourth, Cluster Analysis (CA), Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Multivariate Regionalization Analysis (RA) are applied to three main datasets of all Quaternary aquifers in the Nam Dinh area to discover the relationships among measured hydrochemical parameters by which we can detect and regionalize major factors which have an impact upon groundwater quality. These approaches are also to overcome the plethora of data that is usually a common problem for any one who has already tackled groundwater data. In this case study both clustering and R mode principal component analyses are thus performed based on the following parameters: The log-transformed concentrations of all measured major ions and of NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, PO42-, i.e. 11 variables from three different datasets of the main aquifers. By cluster analysis three classes of water types, ranging from freshwater to brackish-saltwater types, are typically grouped. Finally, Indicator Kriging (IK) is performed to evaluate the risks of arsenic contamination. The focus of this approach is to assess contamination risk expressed as probability of exceeding threshold- values. The region may thus be subdivided into “safe” and “unsafe” zones on the basis of probability maps which mark contaminated all places where the risk of arsenic contamination exceeds a given threshold for drinking water purpose. By this case study, it is shown that Indicator Kriging is a useful method which has some advantages for many contamination studies. Firstly, it is well known as the non-parametric technique which can be appreciably used when a dataset does not reach normal shape or nearly normal shape as in this situation. Secondly, the outlier problem that often exists in any analysis can be overcome when applying this method. Thirdly, it can be applied in practice to delimit a study area into “safe zone” or “unsafe zone” from which decision-making on the water supply can be decided for the remediation of a contaminated water source or selecting an appreciative source for exploitation. The combined use of spatial (Geostatistics) and multivariate statistical measures have proven to be of major assistance in questions of assessing groundwater quality especially in less sampled regions. A major advantage lies in the possibility of simultaneously creating spatial estimates as well as estimation confidence limits.
Die Sepsis ist eine generalisierte Entzündungsreaktion des gesamten Organismus auf eine Infektion. Sie zeichnet sich auch heute noch durch eine hohe Letalität von bis zu 50 % aus. Ein Leitsymptom ist die vasomotorische Regulationsstörung bis hin zum septischen Schock. Aufgabe der vorliegenden Studie war es herauszufinden, ob Antibiotika, die einen wesentlichen Eckpfeiler der Sepsistherapie darstellen, einen vasodilatitiven Effekt auf Gefäße ausüben. Untersucht wurden Tobramycin, Vancomycin, Imipenem, Metronidazol und Neomycin an der glatten Gefäßmuskulatur der Rattenaorta. Medikamente stellen Stoffgemische aus der Wirksubstanz und einer Vielzahl an Zusatzstoffen dar. Um einen möglichen Einfluß der Zusatzstoffe dieser Medikamente nachzuweisen, wurden einerseits die Zusatzstoffe des Medikamentes Tobramycin (Phenol, Natriummetabisulfit und Natrium-EDTA), andererseits die Reinsubstanzen Tobramycin, Vancomycin und Imipenem selbst auf mögliche Effekte auf den Tonus der Gefäßmuskulatur untersucht. Um einen Vasodilatation der verschiedenen Substanzen nachzuweisen, wurden die Gefäße zuvor präkontrahiert. Hierfür wurden zum einem Phenylephrin als α1-Sympatomimetikum eingesetzt, zum anderen wurde über eine Verschiebung des Membranpotentials durch Kaliumchloridlösungen in verschiedenen Konzentrationen von 20 mM und 40 mM eine Präkontraktion der Gefäße erzeugt. Der Einsatz dieser verschiednen Präkontraktoren ermöglichte es, Aussagen über den Einfluss auf die verschiedenen physiologischen Signalübertragungen zur Kontraktion zu treffen. Es zeigte sich, dass alle getesteten Medikamente, Reinsubstanzen und Zusatzstoffe Einfluss auf das rezeptorvermittelte System (Phosphatidylinositolkaskade) aufweisen und über diesen Weg zu einer Vasodilatation führen können. Hervorzuheben ist das Imipenem und die Reinsubstanz von Tobramycin, welches ausschließlich über diesen Weg den Gefäßtonus beeinflusst. Alle anderen Substanzen zeigen auch einen gewissen vasodilatativen Effekt auf die elektromechanische Kopplung (Kaliumkanäle). Dies spricht dafür dass diese Substanzen in den intrazellulären Kalziumhaushalt oder den eigentlichen intrazellulären Kontraktionsmechanismus eingreifen. Hervorzuheben ist Tobramycin, bei welchem nicht nur die Reinsubstanz, sondern auch die Zusatzstoffe einen signifikanten vasodilatatorischen Effekt aufweisen. Hier wären unspezifische Effekte oder eine Beeinflussung des NO-Systems denkbar. Möglich wäre aber auch eine Summation verschiedener Mechanismen. Aus dieser Arbeit lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass der Faktor „Vasodilatation durch Antibiotika“ durch die entsprechende Wahl eines ebenso potenten Alternativantibiotikums ausgeschaltet werden könnte und somit möglicher Weise ein weiterer Baustein in der Therapie der Sepsis vorliegt.