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Klimawandel, Änderungen der Landnutzung und Habitatzerstörung sowie die Globalisierung tragen zu einer zunehmenden Ausbreitung von bekannten und noch unbekannten Viren bei, die eine Gefahr für Mensch und Tier darstellen können. Um potenziell gefährliche Viren frühzeitig zu entdecken, kann das in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Protokoll für einen pan-viralen DNA-Microarray-gestützten (PVM) Virusnachweis verwendet werden, der optional mit einer Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung gekoppelt werden kann.
Für die Etablierung des PVM-Protokolls wurde die Leistungsfähigkeit von drei Probenbearbeitungs- und Datenauswertungsmethoden beim Nachweis von zwei Modellviren, einem DNA-Virus und einem RNA-Virus, verglichen. Für die Kopplung mit dem PVM wurden verschiedene Systeme für die Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung verwendet.
Das Ziel der Arbeit war die Etablierung eines optimierten PVM-Protokolls für einen robusten, breiten Virusnachweis, welcher einzeln oder in Kombination mit einer Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung als Teil einer mehrstufigen Analysepipeline verwendet werden kann.
Beim Nachweis beider Modellviren wies die Library-basierte Probenbearbeitungs- und Datenauswertungsmethode Limma die höchste Sensitivität auf. In der darauf folgenden Validierung konnten alle Viren, unabhängig von ihrer Genomorganisation und Komplexität der Probenmaterialien, korrekt identifiziert werden. In zwei publizierten Studien konnte der Nachweis der zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung noch unbekannten BBLV und SqAdV-1 gezeigt werden. Durch die Rückgewinnung von Virus-spezifischen Nukleinsäuren vom PVM und der anschließenden Sequenzierung
mittels Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung konnte das SqAdV-1 im Rahmen einer mehrstufigen Analysepipeline vollständig identifiziert, annotiert und taxonomisch eingeordnet werden. Durch die Kombination von PVM und Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung wurden für sechs Viren eine Virus-spezifische Anreicherung und ein damit verbundener Gewinn an Sequenzinformation erreicht. Die Library-basierte Probenbearbeitung mit Limma erlaubte einen robusten und sensitiven Virusnachweis; deshalb wurden beide Methoden für das PVM-Protokoll ausgewählt. Die Fähigkeit des hier etablierten PVM-Protokolls, Viren unabhängig von der Genomorganisation und in komplexen Probenmaterialien zu identifizieren, zeigt dessen Gleichwertigkeit mit bereits etablierten PVM-Systemen. Die Verwendung des PVM-Protokolls in einer mehrstufigen Analysepipeline erlaubt auch die Identifikation von bisher unbekannten Viren. Der durch die Kombination mit einer Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung erreichte Gewinn an Sequenzinformation ermöglicht eine Identifizierung und detailliertere Charakterisierung von Viren.
Der PVM stellt einzeln und in Verbindung mit einem Hochdurchsatzsequenzierungs- System ein wertvolles Werkzeug für die Virusdiagnostik dar, dessen Anwendung den Zeitaufwand für die Virusidentifizierung deutlich reduzieren kann.
In agricultural grasslands, management practice highly determines reproductive success for ground-nesting bird species. The most effective conservation measure is the delay of first mowing dates until broods fledge or bird friendly mowing. Late mowing often implies economical losses for farmers and may increase land use abandonment, which will, in turn, cause habitat deterioration. Thus, grassland bird conservation involves the challenge to protect broods against land use and to promote an appropriate management to sustain habitat quality at the same time. Because of their late and extended breeding season Corncrakes Crex crex are in particular vulnerable to frequent mowing which increases nest destruction, chick mortality and habitat loss.
This thesis aims to gain knowledge on favourable habitat characteristics and brood protection in relation with grassland management to derive implications for the conservation of Corncrake breeding sites in floodplain meadows. Study area is the Lower Oder Valley National Park in northeastern Germany that holds a Corncrake population of 50 to 250 calling males. The study covered two study periods, before (1998-2000) and after (2012-2015) the implementation of new Corncrake conservation measures allowing inferences on the effects of different timing and intensity of mowing for brood protection and habitat conservation.
Breeding was only confirmed on meadows with high forb cover, low sedge cover, low litter heights and a close location to ditches. Radio-tracked females preferred areas with high cover of forbs (> 30%) and a distinct relief heterogeneity, which was associated with increased vegetation diversity. Vegetation characteristics on sites with day calling activity of males showed more similarity with breeding sites than with sites only used for nocturnal calling, supporting the assumption that diurnal calling indicates the occurrence of females. Favoured vegetation structure was best provided by mowing in the preceding year. Low-intensity grazing was less effective in reducing litter and sedge cover, especially when conducted late in the season. In the absence of management, meadows rapidly overgrow and dense litter accumulates from dead plant material in eutrophic floodplains, which increases walking resistance for Corncrakes and may impede prey accessibility. Plant species richness and forb cover declined after land use cessation. Male Corncrakes abandoned calling sites on meadows unmanaged for longer periods.
Besides the availability of suitable nesting sites, food supply and nest predation risk are also related to vegetation structure and may indirectly influence the habitat quality. Faecal samples of Corncrakes consisted mainly of beetles and their larvae, followed by snails, spiders and earthworms. Invertebrate biomass, sampled with pitfall-traps, was twice as high, the numbers of large ground beetles even five times higher on previously unmanaged than on managed meadows. Invertebrate abundance was highest in the first and second years after land use abandonment, but strongly decreased afterwards to a similar level like under annual management. Therefore, unmown refuge strips for Corncrake protection and alternating mowing also enhance invertebrate prey resources in floodplain meadows.
Mammals caused the majority of all observed artificial ground nest predations. Nest predation risk was higher on previously unmanaged than on managed sites. Unmanaged meadows probably attract mammalian predators, because they provide a more favourable vegetation structure for foraging and harbour high numbers of small rodents, increasing also the risk of incidental nest predations. These findings suggest that an annual removal of vegetation, if conducted late in the season to protect grassland birds may reduce predation risk of ground nests in the subsequent year.
Whereas during 1998-2000 half of the study area was managed by the end of July, land use was delayed on meadows occupied by Corncrakes until at least 15 July or 15 August during 2012-2015. On meadows mown between 15 July and 15 August refuge strips were applied. The majority of Corncrake broods were started in the second half of May and mowing postponement until 15 August allows 80% of chicks to fledge without disturbance in the study area. In 65% of broods chicks reach independence (> 14 days old) until 15 July and can be protected by Corncrake friendly mowing because then they are large enough to successfully escape during mowing. Both adults and chicks survived in 10 m wide refuge strips. Because most birds tried to leave the unmown block for the first time when it was up to 30 m wide and only 15 to 30 m wide strips served as temporary habitat for unfledged chicks from mowing to departure, 10 m should be considered as the absolute minimum width for refuge strips.
The strong reduction of land use especially during July should have allowed more chicks to survive until fledging in 2012-2015 than 1998-2000. Besides the protection of nests and higher chick survival, the decline of mowing intensity increased the extent of habitat available for second breeding attempts. In 2012-2015, broods were initiated until late July in the study area. Male Corncrakes showed continuous arrival and departure during the breeding season. Similar departure rates were estimated by a multi-state occupancy model and for radio-tracked males in the same study area and periods, which both left their home ranges spontaneous and due to the impact of mowing. Compared to 1998-2000, total departure of males during June and July was reduced by 50% in 2012-2015, when more calling sites were protected from mowing. Although male Corncrakes show high intra-seasonal dispersal due to their sequential polygamous breeding system, postponed land use should have increased mating opportunities and re-nesting at first breeding sites.
Therefore, future directions of Corncrake conservation in eutrophic floodplains should address the increase of annual late mowing to protect broods and maintain favourable habitat conditions by creating a more flexible mowing regime adjusted to actual occurrence of Corncrakes. This requires expert advice to farmers based on an intense monitoring of calling Corncrakes. Repeated nocturnal surveys during May and June are highly recommended because low detection probability in combination with constant departure substantially underestimated the number of males present. Additionally, diurnal calling activity could improve the identification of breeding sites and timing could be used to estimate chick age in July to select sites for Corncrake friendly mowing. Because currently late mowing dates are unattractive for farmers conservation actions should along with financial compensations for mowing after 15 August promote the utilization of late-cut grass with poor nutrient quality for combustion. Energy production could provide an alternative income for farmers operating in conservation areas with delayed land use dates and will increase their acceptance of Corncrake protection measures.
Background
Haemosporidian parasites of the genus Polychromophilus infect bats worldwide. They are vectored by obligate ectoparasitic bat flies of the family Nycteribiidae. Despite their global distribution, only five Polychromophilus morphospecies have been described to date. The two predominant species, Polychromophilus melanipherus and Polychromophilus murinus, are broadly distributed and mainly infect miniopterid and vespertilionid bats, respectively. In areas where species from different bat families aggregate together, the infection dynamics and ability of either Polychromophilus species to infect other host families is poorly characterized.
Methods
We collected 215 bat flies from two bat species, Miniopterus schreibersii and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, which sometimes form mixed clusters in Serbia. Miniopterus schreibersii is known to be frequently infected with P. melanipherus, whereas R. ferrumequinum has been observed to be incidentally infected with both Polychromophilus species. All flies were screened for Polychromophilus infections using a PCR targeting the haemosporidian cytb gene. Positive samples were subsequently sequenced for 579 bp of cytochrome b (cytb) and 945 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1).
Results
Polychromophilus melanipherus DNA was detected at six out of nine sampling locations and in all three examined bat fly species collected from M. schreibersii (Nycteribia schmidlii, n = 21; Penicillidia conspicua, n = 8; Penicillidia dufourii, n = 3). Four and five haplotypes were found for cytb and cox1, respectively. Evidence for multiple Polychromophilus haplotypes was found in 15 individual flies. These results point to a high diversity of P. melanipherus parasites in Miniopterus hosts and efficient transmission throughout the study area. A single Phthiridium biarticulatum bat fly collected from R. ferrumequinum screened positive for P. melanipherus, but only yielded a partial cox1 sequence fragment. Nevertheless, this result suggests that secondary hosts (both bat and fly species) are regularly confronted with this parasite.
Conclusions
The results of this study provide new insights into the prevalence and distribution of Polychromophilus parasites in European bats and their nycteribiid vectors. The use of bat flies for the non-invasive investigation of Polychromophilus infections in bat populations has proven to be efficient and thus represents an alternative for large-scale studies of infections in bat populations without the need to invasively collect blood from bats.
Urbanization, industrialization, and intensification of agriculture have led to considerable heavy metal pollution across the globe, harming our ecosystems. Concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) have been analysed in 249 eggshells collected between 2006 and 2021 from 83 female Common Cranes (Grus grus) nesting within north-eastern Germany. Information on the presence of trace elements in cranes from Europe and their potential adverse effects on the reproduction are largely missing. Only Cu and Pb were found to be present in eggshell samples. Levels of both metals did not exceed concentrations considered potentially toxic in birds and unhatched eggs did not contain higher metal concentrations compared to eggshell residues from hatched eggs. Statistical analysis revealed that trace element concentrations decreased significantly over the course of the study period. The ban of leaded gasoline in the early twenty-first century and strict limitations of heavy metal-based biocontrol products are likely responsible for this decrease over the years. However, as Cu levels gradually increase with increasing proportions of agricultural areas within the cranes’ home ranges, we suggest that considerable amounts of Cu originating from agricultural practises are still being released into the environment. We found no increase in metal concentrations in eggshells with increasing female age, suggesting that heavy metals do not accumulate in the circulatory systems of the adults over time. This study is the first to assess heavy metal contamination in Common Cranes and indicates the suitability of crane’s eggshells as bioindicator for monitoring environmental pollution.
Das Gram-positive Bakterium Staphylococcus aureus besiedelt die menschliche Haut und die oberen Atemwege, z.B. die Nase. Aus noch unbekannten Gründen können die Bakterien gelegentlich einen pathogenen Charakter entwickeln und Krankheiten wie Furunkulose, Pneumonien oder Sepsis verursachen. Dieses pathogene Potenzial in Verbindung mit dem Auftreten von zahlreichen Antibiotika-Resistenzen in vielen klinisch relevanten S. aureus-Stämmen stellt ein Risiko für die menschliche Gesundheit dar. Deshalb ist es notwendig, potenzielle Effekte der bakteriellen Produkte, die die eukaryotischen Wirtszellen relevanter Organsysteme beeinflussen könnten, zu erforschen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb, spezifische Elemente der frühen Signaltransduktion, der Genregulation und der physiologischen Antworten von humanen immortalisierten Atemwegsepithelzellen (S9) auf Kontakt mit Staphylococcus aureus-Zellkulturüberständen sowie rekombinant hergestellten individuellen Virulenzfaktoren (Hämolysin A (Hla, ein porenformendes Toxin) und Hämolysin B (Hlb, ein Enzym mit Sphingomyelinase-Aktivität)) zu untersuchen. Diese Ansätze dienen dazu, Hinweise auf die Identität sezernierter Stoffwechselprodukte von S. aureus zu erhalten, die in den eukaryotischen Wirtszellen zu direkten Abwehr- oder Vermeidungsreaktionen (angeborene Immunität) oder zu Bakterien-induziertem „Fehlverhalten“ führen, das möglicherweise (Mit-)Ursache der Pathogenität einiger Stämme des Bakteriums ist. Quantitative Western-Blot-Analysen mit löslichen Proteinextrakten von S9-Zellen offenbarten dabei eine Aktivierung der Erk-Typ-MAPK, der p38 MAPK und der Akt1/3, aber keine Aktivierung der c-Jun N-terminalen Kinase (JNK) oder Akt2 infolge der Behandlung mit steril-filtrierten S. aureus-Überständen aus der exponentiellen Wachstumsphase (OD540nm = 1), der stationären Wachstumsphase (OD540nm = 10) bzw. nach der Behandlung mit rekombinant hergestellten S. aureus Hämolysinen (rHla, rHlb). Analysen der Produkte sogenannter „früher Gene“ zeigten eine moderate Erhöhung der Expression von c-Jun und Egr-1, und eine stärkere Erhöhung der Expression von c-Fos nach der Behandlung der S9-Zellen mit den bakteriellen Überständen oder rekombinanten Toxinen (rHla, rHlb). Da Atemwegsepithelzellen bei Kontakt mit potenziell pathogenen Bakterien bzw. sekretorischen Faktoren dieser Bakterien Chemokine zur Rekrutierung von Neutrophilen sekretieren, (speziell IL-8), wurde ein Multiplex-Assay-System eingesetzt, mit dem es möglich war, 11 verschiedene Zytokine im Kulturüberstand der S9-Zellen nach Behandlung der Zellen mit den bakteriellen OD10-Überständen bzw. rekombinanten Hla oder Hlb zu analysieren. Die S9-Zellen reagierten dabei auf die Behandlung mit dem Überstand, Hla oder Hlb mit der Sekretion der pro-inflammatorischen Zytokine IL-8, IFN-γ und IL-6, und diese Zytokin-Expression wurde teilweise vermittelt über die Signalwege der Erk-Typ-MAPK und der p38 MAPK. Weiter konnte gezeigt werden, dass Atemwegsepithelzellen infolge der Behandlung mit bakteriellem Überstand bzw. Hla Zellformveränderungen unterliegen und ihre Integrität verlieren. Dieses könnte parazelluläre Wege im Epithel öffnen, und so den Bakterien ermöglichen, ins Innere des Wirtskörpers vorzudringen.
Die krankhafte Fettleibigkeit (Adipositas) wird in weiten Teilen der Welt zunehmend zum bestimmenden Gesundheitsproblem. Die Datenerhebungen der Weltgesundheits-organisation (WHO) sowie der Organisation zur wirtschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) zeigen einen deutlichen Anstieg der Adipositasprävalenz über die letzten Jahrzehnte. In vielen OECD Ländern gilt heute über die Hälfte der Bevölkerung als übergewichtig oder adipös (WHO: Website der WHO, zuletzt geprüft am 02.09.2017; OECD: Fettleibigkeit und Übergewicht nehmen in den OECD-Ländern weiter zu, zuletzt geprüft am 02.09.2017). Dies wird zur immer größeren Belastung für das Gesundheitssystem, da Adipositas mit vielen Sekundärkrankheiten wie Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen, Bluthochdruck und bestimmten Krebsarten assoziiert wird (Bray 2004; Després et al. 2001; Malnick und Knobler 2006). Für das Jahr 2003 wurde für das deutsche Gesundheitssystem dadurch ein finanzieller Aufwand in Höhe von 11 Milliarden Euro für die Behandlung von Adipositas oder durch Adipositas verursachte Komorbiditäten veranschlagt (Knoll 2010). Hinzu kommen „emotionale Kosten“ der Betroffenen, die unter sozialer Ausgrenzung und Stigmatisierung leiden (Latner und Stunkard 2003; Neumark-Sztainer et al. 1998; Sobal et al. 1995; Brewis et al. 2011; Brewis 2014).
Neben diesen klar Adipositas-assoziierten gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen hat es immer wieder Untersuchungen zu einem möglichen Zusammenhang von Adipositas und Kognition gegeben. Dieser wurde in vielen Studien am Menschen untersucht und die bisherigen Ergebnisse sehr anschaulich von Anna Dahl und Linda Hassing 2013 beziehungsweise Christina Prickett und Kollegen 2015 analysiert (Dahl und Hassing 2013; Prickett et al. 2015). Diese Übersichtsarbeiten zeigen auf, dass es durchaus Belege für einen Zusammenhang von Adipositas und Kognition gibt, allerdings ist die Datenlage zu diesem Thema durchaus ambivalent.
In dieser Arbeit sollte deshalb der Einfluss von Adipositas auf die Kognition mithilfe eines etablierten Mausmodells für Adipositas untersucht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurden adulte, vier bis sechs Monate alte, Leptin-defiziente Mäuse (ob) und deren Wildtypkontrollen (wt) vergleichend untersucht. Unsere Daten zeigen, dass Adipositas im Mausmodell nicht mit einer kognitiven Beeinträchtigung einher geht. Sowohl im Verhaltensexperiment (hippocampusabhängiges Lernen, Morris water maze) als auch auf zellulärer Ebene in der Verbindungsdichte der Nervenzellen untereinander (Dichte dendritischer Dornen) zeigten sich zwischen Leptin-defizienten und Wildtyptieren keine signifikanten Unterschiede.
Allerdings wiesen Leptin-defiziente Tiere ein kleineres Hirnvolumen als Wildtypkontrolltiere auf, ein Ergebnis, das mit anderen Publikationen übereinstimmt (Ahima et al. 1999; Steppan und Swick 1999). Detaillierte Analysen der Volumenverhältnisse im Gehirn von Leptin-defizienten und Wildtypmäusen in dieser Arbeit ergaben, dass sich die relativen Größenverhältnisse im Gehirn von ob‑Tieren zugunsten des Hippocampus verschieben. Diese Ergebnisse widersprechen damit Befunden in adipösen Menschen, die kleinere Hippocampusvolumina aufwiesen (Isaac et al. 2011).
Die adulte hippocampale Neurogenese selbst, also die Bildung neuer, funktionaler Neuronen im adulten Gehirn, war im Gyrus dentatus von Leptin-defizienten Mäusen signifikant vermindert. Zusammen mit den Analysen von Proliferation und Apoptose von Hirnzellen im Gyrus dentatus, konnte diese eingeschränkt Neurogenese auf eine geringere Proliferation neuronaler Vorläuferzellen zurückgeführt werden. Die Überlebens-wahrscheinlichkeit schien dabei nicht beeinflusst, da keine erhöhte Apoptose im Gyrus dentatus ermittelt werden konnte.
Die hier durchgeführten Experimente konnten keine direkte, negative Auswirkung von Adipositas auf Kognition im Mausmodell belegen. Wenngleich ein Einfluss auf Aspekte der neuronalen Plastizität durch eine verminderte adulte Neurogenese sowie das Gehirngesamtvolumen bestätigt werden konnte, waren Veränderungen des Verhaltens der ob‑Tiere unter Berücksichtigung ihrer motorischen Defizite nicht nachweisbar.
Background
Phylogenomic studies over the past two decades have consolidated the major branches of the arthropod tree of life. However, especially within the Chelicerata (spiders, scorpions, and kin), interrelationships of the constituent taxa remain controversial. While sea spiders (Pycnogonida) are firmly established as sister group of all other extant representatives (Euchelicerata), euchelicerate phylogeny itself is still contested. One key issue concerns the marine horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura), which recent studies recover either as sister group of terrestrial Arachnida or nested within the latter, with significant impact on postulated terrestrialization scenarios and long-standing paradigms of ancestral chelicerate traits. In potential support of a nested placement, previous neuroanatomical studies highlighted similarities in the visual pathway of xiphosurans and some arachnopulmonates (scorpions, whip scorpions, whip spiders). However, contradictory descriptions of the pycnogonid visual system hamper outgroup comparison and thus character polarization.
Results
To advance the understanding of the pycnogonid brain and its sense organs with the aim of elucidating chelicerate visual system evolution, a wide range of families were studied using a combination of micro-computed X-ray tomography, histology, dye tracing, and immunolabeling of tubulin, the neuropil marker synapsin, and several neuroactive substances (including histamine, serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and orcokinin). Contrary to previous descriptions, the visual system displays a serial layout with only one first-order visual neuropil connected to a bilayered arcuate body by catecholaminergic interneurons. Fluorescent dye tracing reveals a previously reported second visual neuropil as the target of axons from the lateral sense organ instead of the eyes.
Conclusions
Ground pattern reconstruction reveals remarkable neuroanatomical stasis in the pycnogonid visual system since the Ordovician or even earlier. Its conserved layout exhibits similarities to the median eye pathway in euchelicerates, especially in xiphosurans, with which pycnogonids share two median eye pairs that differentiate consecutively during development and target one visual neuropil upstream of the arcuate body. Given multiple losses of median and/or lateral eyes in chelicerates, and the tightly linked reduction of visual processing centers, interconnections between median and lateral visual neuropils in xiphosurans and arachnopulmonates are critically discussed, representing a plausible ancestral condition of taxa that have retained both eye types.
Abstract
Two decades after the discovery of adult‐born neurons in the brains of decapod crustaceans, the deutocerebral proliferative system (DPS) producing these neural lineages has become a model of adult neurogenesis in invertebrates. Studies on crayfish have provided substantial insights into the anatomy, cellular dynamics, and regulation of the DPS. Contrary to traditional thinking, recent evidence suggests that the neurogenic niche in the crayfish DPS lacks self‐renewing stem cells, its cell pool being instead sustained via integration of hemocytes generated by the innate immune system. Here, we investigated the origin, division and migration patterns of the adult‐born neural progenitor (NP) lineages in detail. We show that the niche cell pool is not only replenished by hemocyte integration but also by limited numbers of symmetric cell divisions with some characteristics reminiscent of interkinetic nuclear migration. Once specified in the niche, first generation NPs act as transit‐amplifying intermediate NPs that eventually exit and produce multicellular clones as they move along migratory streams toward target brain areas. Different clones may migrate simultaneously in the streams but occupy separate tracks and show spatio‐temporally flexible division patterns. Based on this, we propose an extended DPS model that emphasizes structural similarities to pseudostratified neuroepithelia in other arthropods and vertebrates. This model includes hemocyte integration and intrinsic cell proliferation to synergistically counteract niche cell pool depletion during the animal's lifespan. Further, we discuss parallels to recent findings on mammalian adult neurogenesis, as both systems seem to exhibit a similar decoupling of proliferative replenishment divisions and consuming neurogenic divisions.
Abstract
Nervous system development has been intensely studied in insects (especially Drosophila melanogaster), providing detailed insights into the genetic regulatory network governing the formation and maintenance of the neural stem cells (neuroblasts) and the differentiation of their progeny. Despite notable advances over the last two decades, neurogenesis in other arthropod groups remains by comparison less well understood, hampering finer resolution of evolutionary cell type transformations and changes in the genetic regulatory network in some branches of the arthropod tree of life. Although the neurogenic cellular machinery in malacostracan crustaceans is well described morphologically, its genetic molecular characterization is pending. To address this, we established an in situ hybridization protocol for the crayfish Procambarus virginalis and studied embryonic expression patterns of a suite of key genes, encompassing three SoxB group transcription factors, two achaete–scute homologs, a Snail family member, the differentiation determinants Prospero and Brain tumor, and the neuron marker Elav. We document cell type expression patterns with notable similarities to insects and branchiopod crustaceans, lending further support to the homology of hexapod–crustacean neuroblasts and their cell lineages. Remarkably, in the crayfish head region, cell emigration from the neuroectoderm coupled with gene expression data points to a neuroblast‐independent initial phase of brain neurogenesis. Further, SoxB group expression patterns suggest an involvement of Dichaete in segmentation, in concordance with insects. Our target gene set is a promising starting point for further embryonic studies, as well as for the molecular genetic characterization of subregions and cell types in the neurogenic systems in the adult crayfish brain.
Animals face strong environmental variability even on short time scales particularly in shallow coastal habitats, forcing them to permanently adjust their metabolism. Respiration rates of aquatic ectotherms are directly influenced by water temperature, whereas ingestion rates might additionally be influenced by behavior. We aim to understand how respiration and ingestion rates of an aquatic invertebrate respond to changing temperature during a diurnal thermal fluctuation cycle and how both processes are related. We studied the benthopelagic mysid Neomysis integer as an important food web component of coastal ecosystems. Mysids were collected at the southern Baltic Sea coast and exposed in the laboratory to either constant temperature of 15°C or daily temperature fluctuation of 15 ± 5°C. Short-term (1–2 h) respiration and ingestion rates were measured at four equidistant time points within 24 h and did not differ among time points at constant temperature, but differed among time points in the fluctuating treatment. Respiration was highest at the thermal maximum and lowest at the thermal minimum. Ingestion rates showed the opposite pattern under fluctuation, likely due to differences in underlying thermal performance curves. When temperature transited the average, the direction of temperature change influenced the animals' response in respiration and ingestion rates differently. Our results suggest that respiration is not only instantaneously affected by temperature, but also influenced by the previously experienced direction of thermal change. Our experiment, using an important non-model organism, delivered new insights on the relationship between the crucial organismal processes ingestion and respiration under thermal variability.