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Abstract
Background
Twenty five‐hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels have been proposed to protect against periodontitis based on in vitro and observational studies but evidence from long‐term randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is lacking. This study tested whether genetically proxied 25OHD is associated with periodontitis using Mendelian randomization (MR).
Methods
Genetic variants strongly associated with 25OHD in a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of 417,580 participants of European ancestry were used as instrumental variables, and linked to GWAS summary data of 17,353 periodontitis cases and 28,210 controls. In addition to the main analysis using an inverse variance weighted (IVW) model, we applied additional robust methods to control for pleiotropy. We also undertook sensitivity analyses excluding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) used as instruments with potential pleiotropic effects and used a second 25OHD GWAS for replication. We identified 288 SNPs to be genome‐wide significant for 25OHD, explaining 7.0% of the variance of 25OHD levels and providing ≥90% power to detect an odds ratio (OR) of ≤ 0.97.
Results
MR analysis suggested that a 1 standard deviation increase in natural log‐transformed 25OHD was not associated with periodontitis risk (IVW OR = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97–1.12; P‐value = 0.297). The robust models, replication, and sensitivity analyses were coherent with the primary analysis.
Conclusions
Collectively, our findings suggest that 25OHD levels are unlikely to have a substantial effect on the risk of periodontitis, but large long‐term RCTs are needed to derive definitive evidence on the causal role of 25OHD in periodontitis.
Abstract
Aim
To examine the associations between bone turnover markers and periodontitis in two cross‐sectional population‐based studies.
Materials and Methods
We used data from two independent adult samples (N = 4993), collected within the Study of Health in Pomerania project, to analyse cross‐sectional associations of N‐procollagen type 1 amino‐terminal propeptide (P1NP), C‐terminal cross‐linking telopeptide, osteocalcin, bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), fibroblast growth factor 23, wingless‐type mouse mammary tumour virus integration site family member 5a (WNT5A), and sclerostin values with periodontitis. Confounder‐adjusted gamma and fractional response regression models were applied.
Results
Positive associations were found for P1NP with mean pocket probing depth (PPD; eβ=1.008; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.001–1.015), mean clinical attachment loss (mean CAL; eβ=1.027; 95% CI: 1.011–1.044), and proportion of sites with bleeding on probing (%BOP; eβ=1.055; 95% CI: 1.005–1.109). Similar associations were seen for BAP with %BOP (eβ=1.121; 95% CI: 1.042–1.205), proportion of sites with PPD ≥4 mm (%PPD4) (eβ=1.080; 95% CI: 1.005–1.161), and sclerostin with %BOP (eβ=1.308; 95% CI: 1.005–1.704). WNT5A was inversely associated with mean PPD (eβ=0.956; 95% CI: 0.920–0.993) and %PPD4 (eβ=0.794; 95% CI: 0.642–0.982).
Conclusions
This study revealed scattered associations of P1NP, BAP, WNT5A, and sclerostin with periodontitis, but the results are contradictory in the overall context. Associations reported in previous studies could not be confirmed.
Background
Lower cortisol concentrations in adulthood were repeatedly associated with more severe childhood maltreatment. Additionally, childhood maltreatment was reported to promote health risk behavior, such as smoking or alcohol consumption, and to increase the risk of mental and somatic diseases during adulthood, such as major depressive disorders or obesity. The present study investigated if health risk behavior and disease symptoms in adults mediate the associations between past childhood maltreatment and present basal serum cortisol concentrations.
Methods
Data from two independent adult cohorts of the general population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0: N = 3,517; SHIP-START-2: N = 1,640) was used. Childhood maltreatment was assessed via the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Cortisol concentrations were measured in single-point serum samples. Health risk behavior and mental and physical symptoms were used as mediators. Mediation analyses were calculated separately for both cohorts; results were integrated via meta-analyses.
Results
In mediator-separated analyses, associations between childhood maltreatment and basal serum cortisol concentrations were partly mediated by depressive symptoms (BDI-II: βindirect effect = -.011, pFDR = .017, 21.0% mediated) and subjective somatic health complaints (somatic complaints: βindirect effect = -.010, pFDR = .005, 19.4% mediated). In the second step, both mediators were simultaneously integrated into one mediation model. The model replicated the mediation effects of the subjective somatic health complaints (whole model: βindirect effect = -.014, p = .001, 27.6% mediated; BDI-II: βindirect effect = -.006, p = .163, 11.4% mediated, somatic complaints: βindirect effect = -.020, p = .020, 15.5% mediated).
Conclusion
The results support the hypothesis that the long-lasting effects of childhood maltreatment on the stress response system are partly mediated through self-perceived disease symptoms. However, no mediation was found for health risk behavior or physically measured mediators. Mediation models with multiple simultaneous mediators pointed to a relevant overlap between the potential mediators. This overlap should be focused on in future studies.
Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Background and objectives
Various cross-sectional studies have observed an association between high circulating concentrations of the adipokine chemerin and an unfavorable metabolic profile. However, the prognostic value of chemerin for the risk of associated diseases and mortality was examined only in a few studies mostly using small and highly selected patient populations. We aimed to analyze the association between plasma chemerin concentrations and all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality in the general population.
Study design and methods
From the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), participants of two independent cohorts (SHIP-START-1 [n = 3037], SHIP-TREND-0 [n = 4193]) were followed up for 15 and 9 years (median), respectively. The association between plasma chemerin and all-cause mortality was analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models. Additionally, cause-specific hazards for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality were modeled considering competing events.
Results
A total number of 507 and 208 deaths occurred during follow-up in SHIP-START-1 and SHIP-TREND-0, respectively. Multivariable regression analyses revealed a significant association between high plasma chemerin concentrations and greater overall mortality that was independent of major confounders. Each 30 ng/mL increase in chemerin was associated with a 17% higher risk of all-cause mortality (95%-confidence interval: 1.10–1.26). Cause-specific analyses further showed that the chemerin concentration was significantly associated with cancer mortality but not with CVD mortality.
Conclusion
The present study detected a positive association between plasma chemerin concentrations and all-cause mortality in a large population-based study sample. Cause-specific analyses have shown that chemerin is likely to play a decisive role in cancer-related deaths. However, a direct association with cardiovascular mortality could not be established.
Osteoporosis, a complex chronic disease with increasing prevalence, is characterised by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. The high heritability of BMD suggests substantial impact of the individual genetic disposition on bone phenotypes and the development of osteoporosis. In the past years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified hundreds of genetic variants associated with BMD or osteoporosis. Here, we analysed 1103 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), previously identified as associated with estimated BMD (eBMD) in the UK Biobank. We assessed whether these SNPs are related to heel stiffness index obtained by quantitative ultrasound in 5665 adult participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). We confirmed 45 significant associations after correction for multiple testing. Next, we analysed six selected SNPs in 631 patients evaluated for osteoporosis [rs2707518 (CPED1/WNT16), rs3779381 (WNT16), rs115242848 (LOC101927709/EN1), rs10239787 (JAZF1), rs603424 (PKD2L1) and rs6968704 (JAZF1)]. Differences in minor allele frequencies (MAF) of rs2707518 and rs3779381 between SHIP participants (higher MAF) and patients evaluated for osteoporosis (lower MAF) indicated a protective effect of the minor allele on bone integrity. In contrast, differences in MAF of rs603424 indicated a harmful effect. Co-localisation analyses indicated that the rs603424 effect may be mediated via stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) expression, an enzyme highly expressed in adipose tissue with a crucial role in lipogenesis. Taken together, our results support the role of the WNT16 pathway in the regulation of bone properties and indicate a novel causal role of SCD expression in adipose tissue on bone integrity.
Die vorliegende kumulative Promotionsarbeit basiert auf drei Originalmanuskripten, die am Ende der Arbeit eingebunden sind. Arterielle Hypertonie ist eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland und ein wichtiger Prädiktor für kardiovaskuläre Morbidität und Mortalität. Das Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron System (RAAS) nimmt bei der Blutdruckregulation sowie bei der Aufrechterhaltung des Wasser- und Elektrolythaushalts eine Schlüsselrolle ein. Das RAAS kann durch verschiedene Ursachen gestört werden und dadurch zum Auslöser einer arteriellen Hypertonie werden. So weisen Patienten mit primärem Hyperaldosteronismus (PAL) eine vom RAAS autonome, erhöhte Aldosteronproduktion auf. PAL wird im Großteil der Fälle durch Aldosteron-produzierende Adenome in der Nebenniere bzw. uni- oder bilaterale Hyperplasie der Nebennieren verursacht. Man vermutet, dass der PAL die häufigste Form der sekundären Hypertonie ist. Die exakte Prävalenz des PAL ist allerdings unbekannt. Als Screeningtest wird der Aldosteron-Renin-Quotient (ARR) empfohlen, der einen relativen Aldosteronüberschuss im Vergleich zum Renin anzeigen kann. Die in diversen Studien ermittelten ARR Grenzwerte für das PAL Screening unterscheiden sich deutlich. Diese Grenzwerte wurden überwiegend anhand von Vergleichen des ARR von Patienten mit und ohne PAL ermittelt. Eine andere Möglichkeit um zwischen einem physiologischen und pathophysiologischen ARR zu unterscheiden liefern Referenzbereiche. Ziel der ersten Analyse war es Referenzwerte für den ARR aber auch die Plasma Aldosteronkonzentration (PAC) sowie die Plasma Reninkonzentration (PRC) zu ermitteln. Aldosteron nimmt auch bei der Pathogenese weiterer kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen eine bedeutende Rolle ein, da es prooxidative, proinflammatorische und profibrotische Effekte ausübt. Die exakten Mechanismen die diesen Effekten unterliegen, sind bisher nur teilweise geklärt. Ziel der vorgestellten Studie war es herauszufinden, ob die PAC oder der ARR in einer großen Studie mit Probanden aus der Hintergrundsbevölkerung mit einer eingeschränkten flussvermittelten Vasodilatation (FMD) einhergehen. Neben der Vielzahl an Studien die Effekte des RAAS auf das kardiovaskuläre System beschreiben, mehren sich in den letzten Jahren Untersuchungen, die den Einfluss des RAAS auf den Metabolismus analysieren. Das RAAS wird dabei im Zusammenhang mit pathologischen Veränderungen des Glukosemetabolismus, des Fettstoffwechsels und der Insulinresistenz gesehen. Das Metabolische Syndrom (MetS) bezeichnet das gemeinsame Auftreten von multiplen metabolischen Veränderungen. Zur Definition des MetS werden die Faktoren viszerale Adipositas, erhöhter Blutzucker, erhöhte Triglyceride, erniedrigtes HDL-Cholesterol sowie erhöhter Blutdruck herangezogen. Bei Vorliegen von mindestens drei dieser Komponenten kann ein MetS festgestellt werden. Ziel der vorgestellten Analyse war es die Assoziation zwischen der PAC und dem MetS sowie seinen Einzelkomponenten in zwei großen deutschen Studien zu prüfen. Die der Arbeit zugrundeliegenden Daten stammen aus der ersten Follow-up Untersuchung der Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-1). Die Assoziation zwischen der PAC und dem MetS wurde in SHIP-1 und dem F4 Survey der Kooperativen Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA F4) analysiert. Die Referenzwerte für die PAC, PRC und den ARR wurden in einer Population bestehend aus 1347 Probanden ermittelt. Es wurden geschlechts- und altersgruppenspezifische (25-54 Jahre und 55-74 Jahre) Referenzwerte berechnet. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der PAC bzw. dem ARR und der FMD in der SHIP-1 Studie wurde anhand der Daten von 972 Probanden im Alter zwischen 25 und 88 Jahren geprüft. Es wurde ein inverser Zusammenhang zwischen dem ARR und der FMD bei Probanden beobachtet. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der PAC und dem MetS wurde in SHIP-1 anhand der Daten von 2830 Probanden und in KORA F4 anhand der Daten von 2901 Probanden geprüft. Sowohl in SHIP-1 als auch in KORA F4 wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen der PAC und dem MetS sowie Fettstoffwechselstörungen detektiert. Eine hohe PAC war mit erhöhten Odds Ratios für ein MetS, niedriges HDL-Cholesterol und erhöhte Triglyceride assoziiert. Zusammenfassend bekräftigen die durchgeführten Analysen die Hypothese, dass Störungen des RAAS mit pathophysiologischen kardiovaskulären und metabolischen Veränderungen in der Allgemeinbevölkerung einhergehen.