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This study aims to analyze psychometric properties and validity of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and, second, to determine a threshold for the CIUS which matches the IAT cut-off for detecting problematic Internet use. A total of 292 subjects with problematic or pathological gambling (237 men, 55 women) aged 14-63 years and with private Internet use for at least 1 h per working or weekend day were recruited via different recruitment channels. Results include that both scales were internally consistent (Cronbach's α = 0.9) and had satisfactory convergent validity (r = 0.75; 95% CI 0.70-0.80). The correlation with duration of private Internet use per week was significantly higher for the CIUS (r = 0.54) compared to the IAT (r = 0.40). Among all participants, 25.3% were classified as problematic Internet users based on the IAT with a cut-off ≥40. The highest proportion of congruent classified cases results from a CIUS cut-off ≥18 (sensitivity 79.7%, specificity 79.4%). However, a higher cut-off (≥21) seems to be more appropriate for prevalence estimation of problematic Internet use.
Background: Fetal growth failure has been associated with an increased risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes in adulthood. Exploring the mechanisms underlying this association should improve our understanding of these common adult diseases. Patients and Methods: We investigated 225 SNPs in 10 genes involved in growth and glucose metabolism (GH1, GHR, IGF1, IGF1R, STAT5A, STAT5B, MAPK1, MAPK3, PPARγ and INS) in 1,437 children from the multinational NESTEGG consortium: 345 patients born small for gestational age who remained short (SGA-S), 288 who showed catch-up growth (SGA-Cu), 410 idiopathic short stature (ISS) and 394 controls. We related genotype to pre- and/or postnatal growth parameters, response to growth hormone (if applicable) and blood pressure. Results: We found several clinical associations for GH1, GHR, IGF1, IGF1R, PPARγ and MAPK1. One SNP remained significant after Bonferroni's correction: IGF1R SNP rs4966035's minor allele A was significantly more prevalent among SGA and associated with smaller birth length (p = 0.000378) and birth weight (weaker association), independent of gestational age. Conclusion:IGF1R SNP rs4966035 is significantly associated with birth length, independent of gestational age. This and other associations suggest that polymorphisms in these genes might partly explain the phenotype of short children born SGA and children with ISS.
Bacteria are an integral part of modern biotechnology. They are used to make a variety of products, such as foods, drugs, as well as a multitude of chemicals. In order to increase their production rates molecular biotechnology offers many tuning points, starting from the selection of an applicable host, over its geno- and phenotypical characterization, followed by genetic manipulations for an optimized metabolism and stabilisation of production processes. This work comprises the optimization of Bacillus subtilis as an expression system. It describes the steps taken for selection and genomic characterization of the B. subtilis wild type strain ATCC 6051, the subsequent optimizations of the strain in respect to growth and productivity, as well as the characterization of its behaviour in a variety of cultivation conditions. The B. subtilis strain most commonly found in laboratories around the world is the first sequenced Gram-positive organism B. subtilis 168. Zeigler et al. showed that strain 168 is not a real wild type. Instead it was created through random mutagenesis with X-rays and selected for transformability. This strain has been used as the basis for popular B. subtilis strains in heterologous gene expression such as the extracellular protease deficient WB strains. Growth experiments showed the real wild type strain ATCC 6051 to be superior to its mutated ancestor 168, making it a solid basis for the construction of an optimized B. subtilis expression system. In order to gain a full understanding of the genomic and corresponding physiological differences between the two systems, B. subtilis ATCC 6051 was sequenced and compared to the genome of B. Subtilis 168. Several variations on geno- and phenotypic level could be revealed, that resulted in particular from genes involved in natural competency, the metabolism of amino acids and chemotaxis. This genomically well characterized B. subtilis ATCC 6051 was improved in respect to its application as an expression host. Improvements were achieved through the inactivation of both sporulation and reduction of autolysis, leading to a more robust behaviour during the overproduction and secretion of a reporter enzyme. A positive effect on the activity of an acetoin induced promoter by the addition of second copies for its transcription factors SigmaL and AcoR could be observed. Anaerobic zones and areas with excess glucose caused by insufficient mixing are common conditions in large scale bioprocesses and lead to oscillating conditions for the cells. In turn, this oscillation provokes an excretion of so called overflow metabolites, which can negatively affect the bacterial productivity. Detailed scientific characterizations of industrial scale processes under such oscillating conditions are scarce due to the high costs and logistics involved. A B. Subtilis sporulation mutant was thus examined in respect to its extra- and intracellular metabolites in a scale-down, two-compartment reactor giving hints about conditions the host is exposed to and how it reacts. To improve tolerance thresholds and utilization capacity for such metabolites in B. subtilis, the glyoxylate cycle was transferred from its close relative Bacillus licheniformis into the genome of B. subtilis. This feature enabled our B. subtilis ACE mutant to grow on acetate. The improved strain showed higher tolerance towards excess glucose in a fed-batch as well as higher productivity during the expression of a reporter enzyme in comparison to the wild type. The ACE strain and B. licheniformis showed an increased formation of glycolate during growth with the glyoxylate cycle. This with regard to bacteria undescribed metabolite seems to play a role as a by-product of the glyoxylate cycle. Summarizing, this thesis deals with the characterization and optimization of B. subtilis for growth on overflow metabolites, enhancements of the acoA-expression system and the influence of sporulation and lysis mutants on its activity. Complementary, the host was begun to be characterized in respect to its behaviour in industrial scale processes.
Background: This study aims to assess the role of ductoscopy for detecting intraductal anomalies in patients with nipple discharge in comparison to conventional tests and to find an effective combination of both approaches. Materials and Methods: Prior to duct excision, ductoscopy was performed in 97 women. Histologic and all other diagnostic results were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency were calculated for all methods. These parameters were also calculated for all possible test combinations in 12 patients who had completed all tests. Results: Breast sonography reached the highest sensitivity (64.1%) and efficiency (64%); mammography had the highest specificity (100%). The sensitivity of ductoscopy was 53.2%, its specificity 60%, and its efficiency 55.1%. Among combinations of all methods, the combination ductoscopy + galactography was the most sensitive (80%). Mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ductoscopy were each 100% specific. Ductoscopy was the most efficient (75%) single method. Conclusion: Ductoscopy is a valuable test for diagnosing intraductal lesions in patients with nipple discharge. It is more efficient than conventional tests in patients undergoing all tests.
Hyperuricemia and its symptoms are becoming increasingly common worldwide. Elevated serum uric acid levels are caused by increased uric acid synthesis from food constituents and reduced renal excretion. Treatment in most cases involves reducing alcohol intake and consumption of meat and fish or treatment with pharmaceuticals. Another approach could be to reduce uric acid level in food, either during production or consumption. This work reports the production of recombinant urate oxidase by Arxula adeninivorans and its application to reduce uric acid in a food product. The A. adeninivorans urate oxidase amino acid sequence was found to be similar to urate oxidases from other fungi (61-65% identity). In media supplemented with adenine, hypoxanthine or uric acid, induction of the urate oxidase (AUOX) gene and intracellular accumulation of urate oxidase (Auoxp) was observed. The enzyme characteristics were analyzed from isolates of the wild-type strain A. adeninivorans LS3, as well as from those of transgenic strains expressing the AUOX gene under control of the strong constitutive TEF1 promoter or the inducible AYNI1 promoter. The enzyme showed high substrate specificity for uric acid, a broad temperature and pH range, high thermostability and the ability to reduce uric acid content in food.
Background: Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare but serious condition. A fraction of patients suffering from PACNS concurrently exhibit pronounced cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) which is characterized by deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) in and around the walls of small and medium-sized arteries of the brain. PACNS with CAA has been identified as a distinct disease entity, termed Aβ-related angiitis (ABRA). Evidence points to an immune reaction to vessel wall Aβ as the trigger of vasculitis. Objective: To investigate whether the inflammatory response to Aβ has (1) any effect on the status of immune activation in the brain parenchyma and (2) leads to clearance of Aβ from brain parenchyma. Methods: We studied immune activation and Aβ load by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis in brain parenchyma adjacent to affected vessels in 11 ABRA patients and 10 matched CAA controls. Results: ABRA patients showed significantly increased immune activation and decreased Aβ loads in the brain parenchyma adjacent to affected vessels. Conclusion: Our results are in line with the hypothesis of ABRA being the result of an excessive immune response to Aβ and show that this can lead to enhanced clearance of Aβ from the brain parenchyma by immune-mediated mechanisms.
The objective of the present investigation was to examine the residual antimicrobial activity after a topical exposure of reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) to equimolar solutions of either chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG, 0.144% w/v) or octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT, 0.1% w/v) for 15 min. RHE-associated antiseptic agents were more effective on Staphylococcus aureus than on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. S. aureus was not detected after 24 h of contact, which demonstrated a microbicidal efficacy of greater than 5-log<sub>10</sub> reduction. In contrast, P. aeruginosa was reduced by approximately 2 log<sub>10</sub> at the same incubation time, which parallels the growth of the initial inoculum. This result could be interpreted either as a microbiostatic effect or as an adherence of P. aeruginosa to a low positively charged surface. Small amounts of CHG and OCT can penetrate the stratum corneum. Using these antiseptic agents, the viability of keratinocytes was reduced to 65-75% of that of the untreated RHE control following 24 h incubation in the presence of test microorganisms. With consideration of antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effect, OCT corresponds better to a biocompatible antiseptic agent than CHG.
Background/Aims: Only a small percentage of pathological gamblers utilizes professional treatment for gambling problems. Little is known about which social and gambling-related factors are associated with treatment utilization. The aim of this study was to look for factors associated with treatment utilization for pathological gambling. Methods: The study followed a sampling design with 3 different recruitment channels, namely (1) a general population-based telephone sample, (2) a gambling location sample and (3) a project telephone hotline. Pathological gambling was diagnosed in a telephone interview. Participants with pathological gambling (n = 395) received an in-depth clinical interview concerning treatment utilization, comorbid psychiatric disorders and social characteristics. Results: Variables associated with treatment were higher age [odds ratio (OR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.08], an increased number of DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.70), more adverse consequences from gambling (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.16) and more social pressure from significant others (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07-1.27). Affective disorders were associated with treatment utilization in the univariate analysis (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.19-2.73), but multivariate analysis showed that comorbid psychiatric disorders were not independently associated. Conclusion: These results indicate that individuals with more severe gambling problems utilize treatment at an older age when more adverse consequences have occurred. Further research should focus on proactive early interventions.
There is a growing interest in the application of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma for the treatment of wounds. Due to the generation of various ROS and RNS, UV radiation and electric fields plasma is a very promising tool which can stimulate skin and immune cells. However, not much is known about the mammalian cell responses after plasma treatments on a molecular level. The present work focusses on the impact of plasma on cell signaling in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT by using the methods DNA microarray, qPCR, ELISA and flow cytometry. Here, cell signaling mediators such as cytokines and growth factors which could promote wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis, reepithelization, migration and proliferation were of major interest. Additionally, the crosstalk between keratinocytes and monocytes was studied using a co-culture. For the first time extensive investigations on the impact of plasma on cell signaling in human keratinocytes were conducted. The most prominent cytokines and growth factors which were regulated by plasma at gene and protein level were VEGF-A, GM-CSF, HB-EGF, IL-8, and IL-6. The latter was not activated due to the JAK/STAT-pathway but probably by a combined activation of MAPK- and PI3K/Akt-pathways. By the use of conditioned medium it was found out that ROS and RNS generated directly after plasma treatment induced larger effects on cell signaling in keratinocytes than the subsequently secreted growth factors and cytokines. Furthermore, monocytes and keratinocytes hardly altered their secretion profiles in co-culture. From these results it is deduced that the plasma generated reactive species are the main actors during cell signaling. In order to differentiate the impact of ROS and RNS on the cellular response the ambience of the plasma effluent was controlled, varying the ambient gas composition from pure nitrogen to pure oxygen. Thereby a first step towards the attribution of the cellular response to specific plasma generated reactive species was achieved. While IL-6 expression correlated with ROS generated by the plasma source, the cell signaling mediators VEGF-A, GM-CSF and HB-EGF were significantly changed by RONS. Above all hydrogen peroxide was found to play a dominant role for observed cell responses. In summary, plasma activates wound healing related cell signaling mediators as cytokines and growth factors in keratinocytes. It was also shown that the generated reactive species mainly induced cell signaling. For the first time cell responses can be correlated to ROS and RONS in plasma treated cells. These results underline the potential of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma sources for their applications in wound treatment.
Gout was described by Hippocrates in the 5th century BC as a disease of rich people and linked with excess food and alcohol. It is caused by long-lasting hyperuricemia, which is a result of an imbalance between excretion and production of uric acid. The surplus of uric acid leads to deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints, which can initiate a painful inflammation called a gout attack. Despite various pharmacological treatments for this disease, a low purine diet remains the basis of all gout therapies. Since food is rich in purines, the aim of this project was to develop a novel enzyme system to decrease the purine content of food, what should result in reduced serum urate concentration in patients with hyperuricemia. The system consists of five degrading enzymes (adenine deaminase, guanine deaminase, xanthine oxidoreductase, urate oxidase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase) that combined in one product are able to hydrolyse all purines to a highly soluble allantoin, which can be easily removed from the body. This approach provides the patients a possibility to reduce the symptoms and frequency of gout attacks or even doses of prescribed drugs. In order to obtain necessary system components, yeast Arxula adeninivorans LS3 was screened for enzyme activities. A. adeninivorans is known to utilise various purines and this ability is a result of activity of desired enzymes, two of which, adenine deaminase and xanthine oxidoreductase, are in focus of this thesis. The analysis of growth of A. adeninivorans on various carbon and nitrogen sources gave the first insight into the cells’ nutrient preferences indicating the presence of purine degrading enzymes, such as adenine deaminase and xanthine oxidoreductase. Purines, such as adenine and hypoxanthine, could be utilised by this yeast as sole carbon and nitrogen sources and were shown to trigger the gene expression of the purine degradation pathway. Enzyme activity tests and quantitative real-time PCR method allowed for identification of the best inducers for adenine deaminase and xanthine oxidoreductase, as well as their concentration and time of induction. The adenine deaminase (AADA) and the xanthine oxidoreductase (AXOR) genes were isolated and subjected to homologous expression in A. adeninivorans cells using Xplor®2 transformation/expression platform. The selected transgenic strains accumulated the recombinant adenine deaminase in very high concentrations. The expression of AXOR gene posed difficulties and remained a challenge. Additional expression of both proteins in alternative E. coli system was undertaken but failed for AXOR gene. The recombinant adenine deaminase and wild-type xanthine oxidoreductase were purified and characterized biochemically. The characterization included determination of optimal pH and temperature, stability in different buffers and temperatures, molecular weight, substrate spectrum, enzyme activators and inhibitors, kinetics and intracellular localisation. The determination of these parameters was necessary to ensure optimal conditions for application of these enzymes in the industry. At the final stage, the enzymes were combined in one mix with provided guanine deaminase and urate oxidase and used to degrade purines in selected food constituents. The application was successful and demonstrated the potential of this approach for the production of food with lower purine concentration.