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In course of the recent results from Wendelstein 7-X, stellarators are on the brink for assessing their maturity as a fusion reactor. To this end, stellarator specific transport regimes need detailed exploration both with appropriate systematic experimental investigations and models. A way to enhance the efficiency of this process is seen in an systematic evaluation of existing experimental data. We propose appropriate tools developed in information theory for examining large datasets. Information entropy calculations, that have proven to assist the systematic assessment of datasets in many other scientific fields, are used for novelty detection.
Potentially, as a first use-case of this holistic process, this thesis attempts to link and to develop approaches to examine the stellarator specific core-electron-root-confinement (CERC) regime. The specific interest for CERC emerges from the behavior of the radial electric field. While ion-root conditions exhibit negative radial electric fields, CERC’s positive field in the very core of fusion grade plasmas adds an outward thermodynamic force to high-Z impurities and could add to potential actuators to control impurity influx as to be examined for full-metal wall operation in large stellarators. Recently, this feature received revived intent for reactor scale stellarators.
Also, in this work, parameter regions close to the transition from ion-root to CERC are
examined. At lower rotational transform (a characteristic feature of the magnetic field confining fusion grade plasmas), transitions were detected when the plasma current evolved. As in smaller stellarators, it is concluded that low-order rationals and magnetic islands are related to the transitions. This is widely supported by extensive MHD simulations which finally provide indications for the role of zonal flow oscillations. As one of the outcomes, gyrokinetic instabilities are seen interacting for the first time with the neoclassical mechanisms in experiments.
In order to cope with the vast number of highly sampled spatio-temporal plasma data, new
techniques for novelty detection are required. Fundamental prerequisites for the detailed
physics investigations were the feasibility study of entropy-based data analysis techniques, and their adaptation to detect previously unrevealed transition mechanisms. These tools were applied to multivariate bulk plasma emissivity data, which allowed the exploration of large parameter spaces and provided insights in the spatio-temporal dynamics of CERC transitions.
In this manner, this research highlights the feasibility of information flow measure analysis in fusion studies. Applications of different entropy-based complexity measures are explored and this work sheds light on the capabilities, added value and limitations of these techniques. This investigation presents the integration of information flow measures to gain deeper understanding of plasma transport phenomena, by providing an approach to fast systematic data mining suited for real-time analysis. This work paves the way for further development and implementation of information-theoretic methods for plasma data analysis.
In summary, this research highlights the gained insight on CERC transitions, while showcasing the feasibility, added values and limitations of information flow measure analysis for fusion studies, to induce theory based analysis revealing new insights in fundamental, stellarator-specific transport mechanisms.
An experimental investigation of particle parallel flows has been carried out at Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), one of the most advanced stellarators in the world. The studies are restricted to the outermost plasma region, the scrape-off layer (SOL), which is shaped to tackle the exhaust problem in vision of future fusion reactors based on plasma magnetic confinement. The aim of the measurements is to set the basis for a physics analysis of the SOL dynamics by obtaining direct information on convective heat transport, together with the assessment of the predominant flow directions of the main plasma ions and of fusion-products or wall-released impurities. In this way, a better comprehension of the interplay between the transport parallel and perpendicular to the SOL field lines can be achieved, contributing to the understanding of the effectiveness of the island divertor configuration.
The chosen instrument for the experimental studies is the Coherence Imaging Spectroscopy (CIS) diagnostic, a camera-based interferometer capable of measuring 2D Doppler particle flows associated with a selected visible line from the plasma. The diagnostic is distinguished by its high time resolution and spatial coverage, allowing the visualisation and measurements of flow velocities for a full module of W7-X simultaneously. A CIS diagnostic has been fully designed for W7-X with an improved level of accuracy achieved thanks to the implementation of a new calibration source, a continuous-wave-emission tunable laser. The laser allowed a full characterization of the diagnostic and a frequent precise calibration, making the CIS system reliable for parallel flow investigations during the operational campaign OP1.2. The validity and importance of the CIS measurements have been further confirmed with dedicated simulation of the SOL plasma parameters by the EMC3-EIRENE code, and by comparisons with other edge diagnostics. The CIS results show the effects related to dynamical changes in the SOL due to impurity gas puffs or the development of a plasma current. Moreover, CIS can be used as a powerful tool to test the limits of the current theoretical models, for example in the case of forward and reversed field experiments.
The collisionless tearing mode is investigated by means of the delta-f PIC code EUTERPE solving the gyrokinetic equation. In this thesis the first simulations of electromagnetic non-ideal MHD modes in a slab geometry with EUTERPE are presented. Linear simulations are carried out in the cases of vanishing and finite temperature gradients. Both cases are benchmarked using a shooting method showing that EUTERPE simulates the linearly unstable tearing mode to a very high accuracy. In the case of finite diamagnetic effects and values of the linear stability parameter Delta of order unity analytic predictions of the linear dispersion relation are compared with simulation results. The comparison validates the analytic results in this parameter range. Nonlinear single-mode simulations are performed in the small- to medium-Delta range measuring the dependency of the saturated island half width on the equilibrium current width. The results are compared with an analytic prediction obtained with a kinetic electromagnetic model. In this thesis the first simulation results in the regime of fast nonlinear reconnection~(medium- to high-Delta range) are presented using the standard gyrokinetic equation. In this regime a nonlinear critical threshold has been found dividing the saturated mode from the super-exponential phase for medium-Delta values. This critical threshold has been proven to occur in two slab equilibria frequently used for reconnection scenarios. Either changing the width of the equilibrium current or the wave number of the most unstable mode makes the threshold apparent. Extensive parameter studies including the variation of the domain extensions as well as the equilibrium current width are dedicated to a comprehensive overview of the critical threshold in a wide range of parameters. Additionally, a second critical threshold for high-Delta equilibria has been observed. A detailed comparison between a compressible gyrofluid code and EUTERPE is carried out. The two models are compared with each other in the linear regime by measuring growth rates over wave numbers of the most unstable mode for two setups of parameters. Analytical scaling predictions of the dispersion relation relevant to the low-Delta regime are discussed. Employing nonlinear simulations of both codes the saturated island half width and oscillation frequency of the magnetic islands are compared in the small-Delta range. Both models agree very well in the limit of marginal instability and differ slightly with decreasing wave vector. Recently, the full polarisation response in the quasi-neutrality equation was implemented in EUTERPE using the Padé approximation of the full gyrokinetic polarisation term. Linear simulation results including finite ratios of ion to electron temperature are benchmarked with the dispersion relation obtained from a hybrid model. Finite temperature effects influence the saturated island width slightly with increasing ion to electron temperature ratio which has been verified by both models.
There is a wide variety of Alfvén waves in tokamak and stellarator plasmas. While most of them are damped, some of the global eigenmodes can be driven unstable when they interact with energetic particles. By coupling the MHD code CKA with the gyrokinetic code EUTERPE, a hybrid kinetic-MHD model is created to describe this wave–particle interaction in stellarator geometry. In this thesis, the CKA-EUTERPE code package is presented. This numerical tool can be used for linear perturbative stability analysis of Alfvén waves in the presence of energetic particles. The equations for the hybrid model are based on the gyrokinetic equations. The fast particles are described with linearized gyrokinetic equations. The reduced MHD equations are derived by taking velocity moments of the gyrokinetic equations. An equation for describing the Alfvén waves is derived by combining the reduced MHD equations. The Alfvén wave equation can retain kinetic corrections. Considering the energy transfer between the particles and the waves, the stability of the waves can be calculated. Numerically, the Alfvén waves are calculated using the CKA code. The equations are solved as an eigenvalue problem to determine the frequency spectrum and the mode structure of the waves. The results of the MHD model are in good agreement with other sophisticated MHD codes. CKA results are shown for a JET and a W7-AS example. The linear version of the EUTERPE code is used to study the motion of energetic particles in the wavefield with fixed spatial structure, and harmonic oscillations in time. In EUTERPE, the gyrokinetic equations are discretized with a PIC scheme using the delta-f method, and both full orbit width and finite Larmor radius effects are included. The code is modified to be able to use the wavefield calculated externally by CKA. Different slowing-down distribution functions are also implemented. The work done by the electric field on the particles is measured to calculate the energy transfer between the particles and the wave and from that the growth rate is determined. The advantage of this approach is that the full magnetic geometry is retained without any limiting assumptions on guiding center orbits. Extensive benchmarks have been performed to test the new CKA-EUTERPE code. Three tokamak benchmarks are presented, where the stability of TAE modes are studied as a function of fast particle energy, or in one case as a function of the fast particle charge. The benchmarks show good agreement with other codes. Stellarator calculations were performed for Wendelstein 7-AS and the results demonstrate that the finite orbit width effects tend to be strongly stabilizing.
Die Plazenta als funktionstüchtiges Organ ist für einen unkomplizierten Schwangerschaftsverlauf sowie die Geburt eines gesunden Kindes unabdingbar. Während der Organogenese ist die korrekte Differenzierung der einzelnen Trophoblast-Subpopulationen zu villösen oder extravillösen Zytotrophoblasten und Synzytiotrophoblasten sowie eine ungestörte Vaskulogenese und Angiogenese der Plazenta enorm wichtig. Eine entscheidende Rolle spielt hierbei das Gleichgewicht von Wachstumsfaktoren, Hormonen und Zytokinen. Störungen der Entwicklungsprozesse können weit reichende Folgen wie z.B. Präeklampsie, Schwangerschaftsdiabetes, intrauterine Wachstumsretardierung bis hin zum Abort haben. Das in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Protein CXCL12 gehört zur Familie der chemotaktischen Zytokine und wird deshalb den Chemokinen zugeordent. Seine Wirkung entfaltet CXCL12 über seinen spezifischen G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptor CXCR4. Um die Rolle des CXCL12/CXCR4-Systems während der plazentaren Entwicklung besser zu verstehen, erfolgten im Rahmen dieser Arbeit mittels immunhistochemischer Methoden zunächst Expressions- und Kolokalisationsstudien von CXCL12 und CXCR4 mit spezifischen plazentaren Markern. Hierbei zeigte sich in der frühen Schwangerschaft während der Proliferationsphase eine starke CXCR4-Expression in allen Trophoblast-Subpopulationen, insbesondere in Zytotrophoblasten, welche im Verlauf der Plazentareifung abnimmt. CXCL12 hingegen ist während der gesamten Schwangerschaft in allen plazentaren Trophoblast-Subpopulationen sowie z. T. in Assoziation mit Blutgefäßen nachweisbar. Mittels Fusions-Assays und Proliferationsstudien in Explantat- und Zellkulturen wurde in dieser Arbeit die Rolle des CXCL12/CXCR4-Systems in der Plazenta ex vivo und in vitro weiterführend charakterisiert. Um den natürlichen Bedingungen während der Plazentaentwicklung möglichst genau zu entsprechen, erfolgten die Experimente bei unterschiedlichen Sauerstoffpatialdrücken (pO2). Es konnte ein eindeutiger pro-proliferativer Effekt von CXCL12 auf Trophoblasten nachgewiesen werden. Des Weiteren fördert CXCL12 die synzytiale Fusion, wobei die Fusion vom Zytotrophoblasten zum Synzytium erst durch Kontakt zum mütterlichen Blut und damit steigendem pO2 (etwa ab der 10. SSW) intensiv durch CXCL12 stimuliert wird. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit weisen zudem auf einen möglichen Zusammenhang mit der Ätiologie der Präeklampsie hin. Durch eine mögliche CXCL12-vermittelte Dickenzunahme der Synzytiumschicht könnte die veränderte Plazentaschranke zu einer Mangelversorgung des Feten beitragen.
In dieser Studie aus dem Jahre 2012 wurden zwei verschiedenen Operationsmethoden zur Therapie des zervikalen Radikulärsyndroms verglichen im Bezug auf klinische, radiologische und bewegungsanalytische Operationsergebnisse/ Parameter. Dabei wurde die Goldstandardmethode der Fusion, die seit 1950 angewendet wird mit der neuen Innovation der Bandscheibenendoprothetik verglichen. Insgesamt nahmen 80 Patienten an dieser Studie teil. Von diesen 80 Patienten erhielten 35 Patienten die ACDA- Methode (anterior cervical decompression and arthroplasty) und 45 Patienten die ACDF- Methode (anterior cervical decompression and fusion). Diese beiden Hauptgruppen wurden dann entsprechend der Anzahl der versorgten Segmente in ihre Untergruppen unterteilt. Diese waren: Gruppe A= monosegmentale ACDA (n= 18), Gruppe B= bisegmentale ACDA (n= 17), Gruppe C= monosegmentale ACDF (n= 16), Gruppe D= bisegmentale ACDF (n= 17) und Gruppe E= trisegmentale ACDF (n= 12). Dann wurden sowohl die beiden Hauptgruppen, als auch alle Untergruppen im Bezug auf klinische (40), radiologische (15) und bewegungsanalytische (12) Parameter mit einander verglichen. Anschließend wurden beide Hauptgruppen und alle Untergruppen mit einer Kontrollgruppe (n= 25) verglichen hinsichtlich der bewegungsanalytischen Parameter. Die Statistik für diese Studie wurde in dem Institut für Biometrie und medizinische Informatik der Ernst- Moritz- Arndt- Universität Greifswald angefertigt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass wir bei der Notwendigkeit einer monosegmentalen Versorgung die ACDA- Methode empfehlen müssen hinsichtlich klinischer und bewegungsanalytischer Parameter. Ist aber eine bisegmentale Versorgung notwendig, dann ist die ACDF- Methode das bessere Verfahren im Bezug auf klinische und bewegungsanalytische Parameter. Kernaussage dieser Studie ist: Die Anzahl der zu versorgenden Segmente stellt einen wesentlichen Parameter bei der Entscheidung zw. ACDA und ACDF da.