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Seit Einführung der multimodalen Chemotherapie vor über 30 Jahren liegt die 5- Jahres-Überlebensrate des Osteosarkoms (OS) unverändert bei ca. 70 %. Als potentielle neue Therapieoption ruft kaltes atmosphärisches Plasma (cold atmospheric plasma, CAP) in vitro antiproliferative Effekte in OS-Zellen hervor. Die zugrundeliegenden zellulären und molekularen Mechanismen wurden unter der Hypothese einer Induktion von Apoptose infolge CAP Behandlung untersucht. Effekte von CAP wurden anhand von zwei CAP-Quellen (kINPen MED und MiniJet-R) an zwei OS-Zelllinien (U2OS und MNNG/HOS) überprüft. Hinsichtlich früher apoptotischer Prozesse auf zellulärer Ebene erfolgte die Aktivitätsbestimmung der Effektorcaspasen 3 und 7 im Caspase-Assay. Spät in der apoptotischen Kaskade auftretende molekulare Prozesse wurden durch zwei unabhängige Nachweisverfahren von DNA-Strangbrüchen untersucht – Komet-Assay und TUNEL-Assay.
CAP Behandlungen mit dem kINPen MED führten zu signifikanter Hemmung der Zellproliferation zwischen 24 h und 120 h. Die Effektorcaspasen 3 und 7 zeigten infolge CAP Behandlung nach 24 h und 48 h erhöhte Aktivitätsniveaus. Im Komet- Assay wurden 24 h nach CAP Behandlung in U2OS-Zellen signifikant mehr DNA- Strangbrüche detektiert als in Kontrollansätzen. Der TUNEL-Assay ergab in beiden OS-Zelllinien nach 24 h und 48 h signifikant mehr DNA-Strangbrüche infolge CAP Behandlung. Die Effekte von CAP des kINPen MED konnten durch den MiniJet-R, der erstmals hinsichtlich biologischer Effekte auf maligne Zellen charakterisiert wurde, bestätigt werden. Sowohl antiproliferative Effekte als auch die Prozesse der frühen und späten apoptotischen Kaskade traten signifikant häufiger infolge CAP Behandlung mit dem MiniJet-R auf. Schlussfolgernd gehen antiproliferative Effekte von CAP mit Induktion von Apoptose in OS-Zellen einher, unabhängig von der verwendeten CAP-Quelle.
Die in vitro gezeigte CAP Effekte sollten hinsichtlich der klinischen Anwendung in vivo bestätigt werden. Obgleich die OS-Therapie weiterhin Domäne der Chirurgie und Chemotherapie bleiben wird, bilden die dargestellten zellulären und molekularen Effekte eine aussichtsreiche Grundlage für einen erfolgreichen adjuvanten Einsatz von CAP am OS.
Chondrosarcoma is the second most common malign bone tumor in adults. Surgical
resection of the tumor is recommended because of its resistance to clinical treatment such as
chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Thus, the prognosis for patients mainly depends on sufficient
surgical resection. Due to this, research on alternative therapies is needed. Cold atmospheric plasma
(CAP) is an ionized gas that contains various reactive species. Previous studies have shown an
anti-oncogenic potential of CAP on different cancer cell types. The current study examined the effects
of treatment with CAP on two chondrosarcoma cell lines (CAL-78, SW1353). Through proliferation
assay, the cell growth after CAP-treatment was determined. A strong antiproliferative effect for
both cell lines was detected. By fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assay and ATP release assay, alterations
in the cell membrane and associated translocation of low molecular weight particles through the
cytoplasmic membrane were observed. In supernatant, the non-membrane-permeable FDA and
endogenously synthesized ATP detected suggest an increased membrane permeability after CAP
treatment. Similar results were shown by the dextran-uptake assay. Furthermore, fluorescence
microscopic G-/F-actin assay was performed. G- and F-actin were selectively dyed, and the ratio
was measured. The presented results indicate CAP-induced changes in cell membrane function and
possible alterations in actin-cytoskeleton, which may contribute to the antiproliferative effects of CAP.
Background: Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is increasingly used in the field of oncology.
Many of the mechanisms of action of CAP, such as inhibiting proliferation, DNA breakage, or the
destruction of cell membrane integrity, have been investigated in many different types of tumors.
In this regard, data are available from both in vivo and in vitro studies. Not only the direct treatment
of a tumor but also the influence on its blood supply play a decisive role in the success of the therapy
and the patient’s further prognosis. Whether the CAP influences this process is unknown, and the
first indications in this regard are addressed in this study. Methods: Two different devices, kINPen
and MiniJet, were used as CAP sources. Human endothelial cell line HDMEC were treated directly
and indirectly with CAP, and growth kinetics were performed. To indicate apoptotic processes,
caspase-3/7 assay and TUNEL assay were used. The influence of CAP on cellular metabolism
was examined using the MTT and glucose assay. After CAP exposure, tube formation assay was
performed to examine the capillary tube formation abilities of HDMEC and their migration was
messured in separate assays. To investigate in a possible mutagenic effect of CAP treatment,
a hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl-transferase assay with non malignant cell (CCL-93) line was
performed. Results: The direct CAP treatment of the HDMEC showed a robust growth-inhibiting
effect, but the indirect one did not. The MMT assay showed an apparent reduction in cell metabolism
in the first 24 h after CAP treatment, which appeared to normalize 48 h and 72 h after CAP application.
These results were also confirmed by the glucose assay. The caspase 3/7 assay and TUNEL assay
showed a significant increase in apoptotic processes in the HDMEC after CAP treatment. These results
were independent of the CAP device. Both the migration and tube formation of HDMEC were
significant inhibited after CAP-treatment. No malignant effects could be demonstrated by the CAP
treatment on a non-malignant cell line.
Osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma are the most common malignant bone tumors.Conventional therapies such as polychemotherapy, local surgery, and radiotherapy improve theclinical outcome for patients. However, they are accompanied by acute and chronic side effectsthat affect the quality of life of patients, motivating novel research lines on therapeutic optionsfor the treatment of sarcomas. Previous experimental work with physical plasma operated atbody temperature (cold atmospheric plasma, CAP) demonstrated anti-oncogenic effects on differentcancer cell types. This study investigated the anti-cancer effect of CAP on two bone sarcomaentities, osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma, which were represented by four cell lines (U2-OS,MNNG/HOS, A673, and RD-ES). A time-dependent anti-proliferative effect of CAP on all cell lineswas observed. CAP-induced alterations in cell membrane functionality were detected by performinga fluorescein diacetate (FDA) release assay and an ATP release assay. Additionally, modifications ofthe cell membrane and modifications in the actin cytoskeleton composition were examined usingfluorescence microscopy monitoring dextran-uptake assay and G-/F-actin distribution. Furthermore,the CAP-induced induction of apoptosis was determined by TUNEL and active caspases assays.The observations suggest that a single CAP treatment of bone sarcoma cells may have significantanti-oncogenic effects and thus may be a promising extension to existing applications.