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Objective
This study provides a comprehensive overview of the associations of five adipokines (adiponectin, chemerin, galectin‐3, leptin, and resistin) with fat deposits, behavioral risk factors, and metabolic phenotypes.
Methods
Using multivariable linear and logistic regression models, cross‐sectional data from 4,116 participants of the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania were analyzed.
Results
Participants with obesity showed higher chemerin, galectin‐3, and leptin but showed lower adiponectin concentrations. Independently of other fat compounds, liver fat content, visceral adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were inversely associated with adiponectin. Independent positive associations of liver fat content and SAT with chemerin as well as of SAT with galectin‐3 and leptin were observed. Physically inactive participants had higher chemerin and leptin concentrations. Smokers had higher chemerin and galectin‐3 as well as lower leptin. Alcohol consumption was associated with adiponectin (positive) and resistin (inverse). All adipokines were associated with at least one lipid marker. Associations with glucose metabolism were seen for adiponectin, chemerin, galectin‐3, and leptin.
Conclusions
High adiponectin concentrations were related to favorable metabolic conditions, whereas high chemerin, galectin‐3, and leptin were associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile. High leptin seems to be primarily indicative of obesity, whereas high adiponectin and chemerin are associated with a broader range of metabolic phenotypes.
Sex-specific associations of cardiorespiratory fitness and galectin-3 in the general population
(2022)
Aims
Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with greater mortality and morbidity. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a prognostic biomarker for fibrosis and heart failure. Gal-3 is also associated with a greater risk for cardiovascular mortality. Whether CRF is related with Gal-3 is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the sex-specific associations of CRF and Gal-3 levels in the general population.
Methods
Gal-3 concentrations were determined using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay in the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0). Sex-stratified linear regression models adjusted for age, current smoking status, and renal function were used. Individuals with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40%, previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, chronic lung disease, severe renal disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/mm2), a history of cancer, and extreme values for Gal-3 (<1st percentile; >99th percentile) were excluded.
Results
A total of n = 1515 participants with a median age of 49 (IQR: 39–60 years, 48% males) were included. In men, a 1 L/min greater VO2peak was significantly related to 0.50 ng/mL (95% CI −0.8068 to −0.1938, P < 0.01) less Gal-3. In males, a 1 mL/min/kg higher VO2peak adjusted for body weight was associated with −0.0286 ng/mL (95% CI −0.0052 to −0.0005, P = 0.02) less Gal-3. When VO2peak was adjusted for lean mass 1 mL/kg/min more was correlated with a −0.0022 ng/mL (95% CI −0.0043 to -0.0007, P = 0.04) less Gal-3. In women, VO2peak (β −0.2046 95% CI −0.6541 to 0.2449, P = 0.37) and VO2peak adjusted for lean mass (β −0.0019 95% CI −0.0421 to –0.0050, P = 0.12) were not related with Gal-3, whereas a 1 mL/min/kg higher VO2peak adjusted for body weight was significantly associated with a −0.0064 ng/mL lower Gal-3 (95% CI −0.0092 to -0.0035, P < 0.01). There were no differences between pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women.
Conclusions
VO2peak was associated with Gal-3 only in men, but VO2peak adjusted for body weight in women and men. Our results suggest that the adverse consequences of low CRF may be mediated by Gal-3. Further research is needed to understand the sex-specific association between CRF and Gal-3 and whether they are clinically relevant.
The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a population-based study from a rural state in northeastern Germany with a relatively poor life expectancy, supplemented its comprehensive examination program in 2008 with whole-body MR imaging at 1.5 T (SHIP-MR). We reviewed more than 100 publications that used the SHIP-MR data and analyzed which sequences already produced fruitful scientific outputs and which manuscripts have been referenced frequently. Upon reviewing the publications about imaging sequences, those that used T1-weighted structured imaging of the brain and a gradient-echo sequence for R2* mapping obtained the highest scientific output; regarding specific body parts examined, most scientific publications focused on MR sequences involving the brain and the (upper) abdomen. We conclude that population-based MR imaging in cohort studies should define more precise goals when allocating imaging time. In addition, quality control measures might include recording the number and impact of published work, preferably on a bi-annual basis and starting 2 years after initiation of the study. Structured teaching courses may enhance the desired output in areas that appear underrepresented.
Background and objectives
Various cross-sectional studies have observed an association between high circulating concentrations of the adipokine chemerin and an unfavorable metabolic profile. However, the prognostic value of chemerin for the risk of associated diseases and mortality was examined only in a few studies mostly using small and highly selected patient populations. We aimed to analyze the association between plasma chemerin concentrations and all-cause as well as cause-specific mortality in the general population.
Study design and methods
From the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), participants of two independent cohorts (SHIP-START-1 [n = 3037], SHIP-TREND-0 [n = 4193]) were followed up for 15 and 9 years (median), respectively. The association between plasma chemerin and all-cause mortality was analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models. Additionally, cause-specific hazards for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality were modeled considering competing events.
Results
A total number of 507 and 208 deaths occurred during follow-up in SHIP-START-1 and SHIP-TREND-0, respectively. Multivariable regression analyses revealed a significant association between high plasma chemerin concentrations and greater overall mortality that was independent of major confounders. Each 30 ng/mL increase in chemerin was associated with a 17% higher risk of all-cause mortality (95%-confidence interval: 1.10–1.26). Cause-specific analyses further showed that the chemerin concentration was significantly associated with cancer mortality but not with CVD mortality.
Conclusion
The present study detected a positive association between plasma chemerin concentrations and all-cause mortality in a large population-based study sample. Cause-specific analyses have shown that chemerin is likely to play a decisive role in cancer-related deaths. However, a direct association with cardiovascular mortality could not be established.
Introduction
Supplementation with spermidine may support healthy aging, but elevated spermidine tissue levels were shown to be an indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Methods
Data from 659 participants (age range: 21–81 years) of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania TREND were included. We investigated the association between spermidine plasma levels and markers of brain aging (hippocampal volume, AD score, global cortical thickness [CT], and white matter hyperintensities [WMH]).
Results
Higher spermidine levels were significantly associated with lower hippocampal volume (ß = −0.076; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.13 to −0.02; q = 0.026), higher AD score (ß = 0.118; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.19; q = 0.006), lower global CT (ß = −0.104; 95% CI: −0.17 to −0.04; q = 0.014), but not WMH volume. Sensitivity analysis revealed no substantial changes after excluding participants with cancer, depression, or hemolysis.
Discussion
Elevated spermidine plasma levels are associated with advanced brain aging and might serve as potential early biomarker for AD and vascular brain pathology.
Chemerin ist ein Adipokin, welches unter anderem vom Fettgewebe exprimiert wird und wichtige Funktionen im Rahmen des Fettstoffwechsels übernimmt. Verschiedene klinische Studien konnten Korrelationen zwischen der Chemerinkonzentration im Blut und diversen metabolischen, renalen sowie kardiovaskulären Phänotypen identifizieren. Aufgrund der Verwendung von sehr unterschiedlichen Patientenpopulationen mit häufig kleinen Kollektiven ist die derzeitige Befundlage insgesamt allerdings noch recht widersprüchlich. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher, den Zusammenhang zwischen Chemerin und einem breiten Spektrum von inflammatorischen, metabolischen, renalen sowie kardiovaskulären Parametern in einer großen, gut charakterisierten, populationsbasierten Studie zu analysieren und dabei den Einfluss der Fettmasse und anderer Störfaktoren angemessen zu berücksichtigen.
Unter Zuhilfenahme von Methoden der multivariablen linearen und logistischen Regressionsanalyse wurden in dieser Arbeit Daten von 4420 Probanden der SHIP-TREND-Population ausgewertet. Die Analysen zeigten positive Assoziationen zwischen Chemerin und den Inflammationsparametern hsCRP und Fibrinogen. Darüber hinaus konnten positive Zusammenhänge mit dem HbA1c-Wert, dem Nüchterninsulinwert und dem HOMA-IR identifiziert werden. Für den Glukosespiegel ließ sich dagegen kein Zusammenhang mit Chemerin nachweisen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten weiterhin, dass ein hoher Chemerinspiegel mit einem unvorteilhaften Lipid-Profil assoziiert ist. Während eine glockenförmige Assoziation zwischen Chemerin und dem diastolischen Blutdruck vorlag, wurde kein Zusammenhang mit dem systolischen Blutdruck beobachtet. Alle beschriebenen Zusammenhänge waren unabhängig von Unterschieden der Probanden in der individuellen Fettmasse sichtbar. Die Analysen zeigten darüber hinaus, dass ein hoher Chemerinspiegel signifikant mit einer schlechteren Nierenfunktion einhergeht und dass sich dieser Effekt mit zunehmender Fettmasse noch verstärkt. Bezüglich der verschiedenen subklinischen Parameter der Atherosklerose konnte nach vollständiger Modelladjustierung eine inverse Assoziation von Chemerin mit dem ABI sowie eine positive Assoziation mit dem Vorliegen einer Karotisstenose beobachtet werden.
Zusammenfassend zeigen die dargestellten Ergebnisse, dass Chemerin unabhängig von individuellen Unterschieden in der Fettmasse mit einer ganzen Reihe von verschiedenen inflammatorischen, metabolischen, renalen und kardiovaskulären Parametern assoziiert ist. Dementsprechend kann vermutet werden, dass Chemerin auch abseits seiner Funktionen im Fettgewebe wichtige pathophysiologische Prozesse im Körper steuert. Existierende experimentelle Arbeiten liefern erste Hinweise auf die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen. Das gesamte Funktionsspektrum von Chemerin ist zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt allerdings nicht vollständig geklärt. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert einen umfassenden Überblick über die epidemiologischen Zusammenhänge der genannten Parameter in einer allgemeinen Bevölkerung und stellt damit eine wichtige Grundlage für weitere Forschungsarbeiten dar. Langfristig ist denkbar, dass Chemerin als diagnostischer Biomarker oder Therapeutikum im klinischen Alltag eingesetzt wird.