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Manual sleep scoring for research purposes and for the diagnosis of sleep disorders is labor-intensive and often varies significantly between scorers, which has motivated many attempts to design automatic sleep stage classifiers. With the recent introduction of large, publicly available hand-scored polysomnographic data, and concomitant advances in machine learning methods to solve complex classification problems with supervised learning, the problem has received new attention, and a number of new classifiers that provide excellent accuracy. Most of these however have non-trivial barriers to use. We introduce the Greifswald Sleep Stage Classifier (GSSC), which is free, open source, and can be relatively easily installed and used on any moderately powered computer. In addition, the GSSC has been trained to perform well on a large variety of electrode set-ups, allowing high performance sleep staging with portable systems. The GSSC can also be readily integrated into brain-computer interfaces for real-time inference. These innovations were achieved while simultaneously reaching a level of accuracy equal to, or exceeding, recent state of the art classifiers and human experts, making the GSSC an excellent choice for researchers in need of reliable, automatic sleep staging.
Separating EEG correlates of stress: Cognitive effort, time pressure, and social‐evaluative threat
(2022)
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is a key player in stress response regulation. Electroencephalographic (EEG) responses, such as a decrease in frontal alpha and an increase in frontal beta power, have been proposed to reflect stress‐related brain activity. However, the stress response is likely composed of different parts such as cognitive effort, time pressure, and social‐evaluative threat, which have not been distinguished in previous studies. This distinction, however, is crucial if we aim to establish reliable tools for early detection of stress‐related conditions and monitoring of stress responses throughout treatment. This randomized cross‐over study (N = 38) aimed to disentangle EEG correlates of stress. With linear mixed models accounting for missing values in some conditions, we found a decrease in frontal alpha and increase in beta power when performing the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; cognitive effort; n = 32) compared to resting state (n = 33). No change in EEG power was found when the PASAT was performed under time pressure (n = 29) or when adding social‐evaluative threat (video camera; n = 29). These findings suggest that frontal EEG power can discriminate stress from resting state but not more fine‐grained differences of the stress response.
Der Fokus meiner Dissertation lag auf der genauen Charakterisierung epileptischer Anfälle eines klar definierten Patientenkollektivs mit spät manifestierender (≥ 55. Lebensjahr) nicht-läsioneller Epilepsie (nonlesional late-onset epilepsy, NLLOE). Erstmalig wurden semiologische Merkmale der epileptischen Anfälle in dieser Kohorte systematisch untersucht und entsprechend des neusten Klassifikationssystems der Internationalen League Against Epilepsy von 2017 eingeordnet. Die Kohorte umfasste 54 Patienten, von denen zusätzlich EEG- und Liquordaten im Rahmen ihrer Behandlung am Epilepsiezentrum der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald erhoben und mit einer Kontrollkohorte verglichen wurden. Diese setzte sich aus 58 Patienten mit früh beginnender nicht-läsioneller Epilepsie (nonlesional early-onset epilepsy, NLEOE) zusammen. Ein weiterer wesentlicher Aspekt meiner Dissertation war die Überprüfung des Behandlungserfolges nach 12-monatiger antikonvulsiver Therapie in der NLLOE-Kohorte.
Die durchgeführte Studie zeigte bei Patienten mit spät manifestierender nicht-läsioneller Epilepsie ein im Vergleich zur Kontrollkohorte signifikant häufigeres Auftreten von focal onset impaired awareness non-motor seizures. Diese manifestierten sich insbesondere in Form von passageren Beeinträchtigungen der Kognition und sensorischen Auren. Im Liquor der NLLOE-Patienten konnten bei drei Patienten oligoklonale Banden nachgewiesen werden. Bei einem dieser Patienten wurde im Nachhinein eine autoimmune Enzephalitis als Ursache der Epilepsie postuliert. Ferner waren 70% der NLLOE-Patienten nach einem Beobachtungszeitraum von 12 Monaten anfallsfrei. Den besten Behandlungserfolg, jedoch auch die höchste Nebenwirkungsrate, wurde mit dem Antikonvulsivum Levetiracetam erzielt.
Diese Ergebnisse machen deutlich, dass bei NLLOE-Patienten durch das Fehlen charakteristischer und leicht erkennbarer motorischer Symptome eine genaue Charakterisierung auch anderer semiologischer Merkmale unabdingbar ist, um gerade in dieser Patientengruppe epileptische Anfälle sicher identifizieren und eine adäquate Therapie einleiten zu können. Die Liquoranalyse deutet zudem daraufhin, dass systematische Antikörpertestungen im Liquor und Serum als weiterführende diagnostische Maßnahme zum Ausschluss einer autoimmunen Genese einer Epilepsie berücksichtigt werden sollten. Darüber hinaus belegen die Resultate ein gutes therapeutisches Ansprechen der medikamentösen antikonvulsiven Therapie bei Patienten mit nicht-läsioneller Epilepsie im höheren Lebensalter.
Recent research suggests that the P3b may be closely related to the activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. To further study the potential association, we applied a novel technique, the non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), which is speculated to increase noradrenaline levels. Using a within-subject cross-over design, 20 healthy participants received continuous tVNS and sham stimulation on two consecutive days (stimulation counterbalanced across participants) while performing a visual oddball task. During stimulation, oval non-targets (standard), normal-head (easy) and rotated-head (difficult) targets, as well as novel stimuli (scenes) were presented. As an indirect marker of noradrenergic activation we also collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) before and after stimulation. Results showed larger P3b amplitudes for target, relative to standard stimuli, irrespective of stimulation condition. Exploratory post hoc analyses, however, revealed that, in comparison to standard stimuli, easy (but not difficult) targets produced larger P3b (but not P3a) amplitudes during active tVNS, compared to sham stimulation. For sAA levels, although main analyses did not show differential effects of stimulation, direct testing revealed that tVNS (but not sham stimulation) increased sAA levels after stimulation. Additionally, larger differences between tVNS and sham stimulation in P3b magnitudes for easy targets were associated with larger increase in sAA levels after tVNS, but not after sham stimulation. Despite preliminary evidence for a modulatory influence of tVNS on the P3b, which may be partly mediated by activation of the noradrenergic system, additional research in this field is clearly warranted. Future studies need to clarify whether tVNS also facilitates other processes, such as learning and memory, and whether tVNS can be used as therapeutic tool.
In aged humans, stroke is a major cause of disability for which no neuroprotective measures are available. In animal studies of focal ischemia, short-term hypothermia often reduces infarct size. Nevertheless, efficient neuroprotection requires long-term, regulated lowering of whole-body temperature. Previously, it is reported that post-stroke exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) effectively lowers whole-body temperature and confers neuroprotection in aged animals. Here we report for the first time that the animals exposed to H2S the normal sleep–wake oscillations are replaced by a low-amplitude EEG dominated by a 4-Hz rhythmicactivity, reminiscent of EEG recordings in hibernating animals. In the present study using magnetic resonance imaging, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence, we characterized the central nervous system response to H2S -induced hypothermia and report, that annexin A1, a major constituent of peripheral leukocytes that is upregulated after stroke, was consistently downregulated in polymorphonuclear cells in the peri-lesional cortex of post-ischemic, aged rat brain after 48 hours of hypothermia induced by exposure to H2S. This might be due to the reduced kinetics of recruitment, adherence and infiltration of PMN cells by H2S -induced hypothermia. Our findings further suggest that, in contrast to monotherapies that have thus far uniformly failed in clinical practice, prolonged hypothermia has pleiotropic effects on brain physiology that may be necessary for effective protection of the brain after stroke.