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In der hier vorgelegten Studie wurde untersucht, ob mit der retrospektiven Berechnung der Permutationsentropie (PE) eine ergänzende und objektive Evaluation der Verläufe bei Meningitiden möglich ist. Untersucht wurden 107 EEG von 25 Patienten der Universitätskinderklinik Greifswald im Zeitraum vom 01.06.2005 bis zum 03.05.2011, die mit einer diagnostizierten Meningitis bzw. Enzephalitis behandelt wurden. In 3 der insgesamt 25 untersuchten Fälle wurden die PE-Verläufe bei primär lokalisierten Verläufen im Rahmen einer Mastoiditis mit Abszess dargestellt werden. In 22 von insgesamt 25 untersuchten Fällen wurden die Verläufe generalisierter Verlangsamungen ausgewertet, wie sie bei nicht exakt lokalisierbaren entzündlichen Erkrankungen des ZNS zu finden sind. Verglichen wurden die PE-Werte mit den in den konventionellen EEG-Befunden festgestellten Veränderungen der Grundaktivität. Es wurde festgestellt, dass in 69,5% der Fälle die Evaluation des EEG mit der Entwicklung der berechneten PE übereinstimmt. Weiterhin wurde ermittelt, dass die Evaluierung des Outcome mittels der konventionellen Befundung in 84% mit der PE-Berechnung übereinstimmt. Bei der Evaluierung des Outcome mittels der PE hingegen wurde eine Übereinstimmung von 96% ermittelt. Die sich verändernde Grundaktivität korreliert mit der durchschnittlichen PE. Bei abgegrenzten Herdbefunden, wie z.B. Abszessen ist die PE des betroffenen Gebietes statistisch signifikant reduziert. Die PE bildet die Signalkomplexität der einzelnen EEG-Kanäle in Form symbolischer Zeitreihen ab und gestattet so einen numerischen Vergleich. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die ordinale Zeitreihenanalyse für die automatische Analyse und Klassifikation der sich bei entzündlichen Erkrankungen des ZNS verändernden Grundaktivität genutzt werden kann. Die berechnete PE stellt somit ein objektives Maß für die Einschätzung einer Allgemeinveränderung bzw. eines Herdbefundes dar. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass mit der Berechnung der PE eine sicherere Prognoseabschätzung möglich ist, als allein durch die konventionelle Befundung der EEG. Die Berechnung der PE scheint geeignet, zusätzliche Informationen im Rahmen der Diagnostik, Therapie und Prognoseabschätzung von entzündlichen ZNS-Erkrankungen zu liefern.
Encephalitides induced by lyssa-, borna- and astroviruses: molecular detection and characterization
(2017)
Encephalitis is a severe inflammatory disease of the brain which often has a fatal outcome or can lead to subsequent damages. In around two-thirds of all human encephalitis cases, the causative agent is, despite improved diagnostics, unknown today. Aim of this work was the development, improvement and validation of diagnostic methods, improvement of sampling strategies and the development of optimized systems for characterization of three viruses causing viral encephalitis. The main burden of RABV lies in developing countries, were standard diagnostic tools are often not realizable. Therefore, simple and rapid diagnostic tests for the use under resource limited settings, so called point-of-care tests (POCT), are favorable. Commercially available lateral flow device (LFD) based immunodiagnostic tests were analyzed and failed in terms of sensitivity compared to the standard FAT and RT-qPCR (Paper I). Therefore, molecular RABV alternative targeting genome tests were developed and combined with rapid nucleic acid extraction methods. The new HighSpeed RT-qPCR and RPA assays together with magnetic bead based automated or manual extraction methods delivered a specificity between 100% and 97.2% and a limit of detection of 10 or 1,000 genome copies per reaction, respectively and seem suitable as novel POCT (Paper II). Recently, a novel zoonotic VSBV-1, responsible for fatal encephalitis of three squirrel breeders, was detected. For further investigations of this new virus, methods for an in-vivo sampling approach of squirrels were established. They were useful to identify animals harboring this dangerous virus, and new sequence data could be obtained from the VSBV-1 positive animals. Until now, 3.5% of all investigated squirrels were VSBV-1 RNA positive and two subfamilies (Sciurinae and Callosciurinae) are affected. The pathogen occurs not only in Germany, but also squirrel holdings and zoological gardens in the Netherlands and Croatia were tested positive, indicating a serious human health threat of this virus (Paper III and IV). With the help of a metagenomic approach, astroviruses were detected to be associated to encephalitis in cattle and sheep. These viruses were detected in a cow in Germany (Paper V), and in brain samples from two sheep in the United Kingdom (Paper VI). In both cases, the sequences generated by high-throughput-sequencing (HTS) were confirmed by specific RT-qPCRs, which could be used for subsequent screening approaches. Together, methods for the detection of three different encephalitis viruses were developed, validated and applied for different sample material.
Background
Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects respiratory centres in the brainstem may help to preclude assisted ventilation for patients in intensive care setting. Viral invasion appears unlikely, although autoimmunity has been implicated, the responsible antigens remain unknown. We previously predicted the involvement of three epitopes within distinct brainstem proteins: disabled homolog 1 (DAB1), apoptosis-inducing-factor-1 (AIFM1), and surfeit-locus-protein-1 (SURF1).
Methods
Here, we used microarrays to screen serum from COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care and compared those with controls who experienced mild course of the disease.
Findings
The results confirm the occurrence of IgG and IgM antibodies against the hypothesised epitopes in COVID-19 patients. Importantly, while IgM levels were similar in both groups, IgG levels were significantly elevated in severely ill patients compared to controls, suggesting a pathogenic role of IgG.
Interpretation
The newly discovered anti-neuronal antibodies might be promising markers of severe disease and the targeted peptide epitopes might be used for targeted immunomodulation. Further work is needed to determine whether these antibodies may play a role in long-COVID.
Funding
AF, CF and PR received support from the German Research Foundation (grants FL 379/22-1, 327654276-SFB 1315, FR 4479/1-1, PR 1274/8-1). SH, DR, and DB received support from the Ministry of Economy, State of Mecklenburg Western Pomerania, Germany (grant COVIDPROTECT: “Optimisation of diagnostic and therapeutic pathways for COVID-19 patients in MV”). SH received support from the Research Group Molecular Medicine University of Greifswald (FVMM, seed funding FOVB-2021-01). AV received support from the Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation and the Alzheimer Research Initiative.