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The leading hypothesis of why organisms age is the “Free Radical Theory of Aging”, which states that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), causes protein, lipid and DNA damage and leads to the observed age-related decline of cells and tissues. A major obstacle in analyzing the role of oxidative stress in aging organisms is the inability to precisely localize and quantify the oxidants, to identify proteins and pathways that might be affected, and ultimately, to correlate changes in oxidant levels with the lifespan of the organism. To directly monitor the onset and extent of oxidative stress during the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, we utilized the fluorescent H2O2 sensor protein HyPer, which enabled us to quantify endogenous peroxide levels in different tissues of living animals in real time. We made the surprising observation that wildtype C. elegans is exposed to very high peroxide levels during development. Peroxide levels drop rapidly as the animals mature, and low peroxide levels then prevail throughout the reproductive age, after which an age-accompanying increase of peroxide level is observed. These results were in excellent agreement with findings obtained by using the highly quantitative redox proteomic technique OxICAT, which monitors the oxidation status of redox-sensitive proteins as read-out for onset, localization, and protein targets of oxidative stress. By using OxICAT, we detected increased protein thiol oxidation during the development of C. elegans and in aging animals. Many processes in C. elegans might potentially contribute to the elevated peroxide levels observed during development, including cuticle formation, apoptosis, proliferation, gametogenesis, or ROS signaling. The finding that all investigated C. elegans mutants regardless of their lifespan are exposed to high developmental peroxide levels argues for ROS accumulation to be a universal and necessary event. Yet, recovery from the early oxidative boost might determine the subsequent adult lifespan, as we found that long-lived daf-2 mutants transition faster to reducing conditions than short-lived daf-16 mutants, which retain higher peroxide levels throughout their mature life. These results suggest that changes in the cellular oxidant homeostasis, encountered at a very early stage in life, might determine subsequent redox levels and potentially the lifespan of organisms. Manipulation of developmental oxidant levels using glucose restriction or a short bolus of superoxide caused a disruption in developmental growth, a delay in reproduction, and a shortened lifespan. These results suggest that developmental oxidant levels are fine-tuned and optimized. Future experiments are aimed to investigate the sources of developmental hydrogen peroxide, and to elucidate whether active down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes during the larval period might foster peroxide accumulation. Preliminary results indicate that this might indeed be the case for peroxiredoxin 2, whose expression was significantly lower during development than at later stages in life. Finally, we investigated whether the observed variances in the developmental peroxide levels of individual worms within a synchronized wildtype population might be responsible for the observed significant variances in lifespan, and hence could serve as a predictor for adult lifespan. Preliminary results revealed that neither too low nor too high peroxide levels during development are beneficial for the lifespan of wildtype worms, suggesting that ROS level during development might be optimized for maximized lifespan. Future experiments aim to reveal the processes that are affected by ROS and which might influence the individual’s lifespan early in life.
The term diabetes mellitus comprises a group of metabolic diseases all distinguished by their main characteristic hyperglycaemia. With a steadily increasing prevalence diabetes displays an enormous burden for patients and health systems and is therefore of special interest for research. The development of the two main types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2, is closely linked to the formation of reactive species, especially hydrogen peroxide, inside different compartments of pancreatic beta cells. However, these cells are especially vulnerable towards oxidative stress mediated by hydrogen peroxide due to a low expression of antioxidative enzymes.
The main aims of the present thesis were to analyse the intracellular generation and to enable the site-specific detection of hydrogen peroxide to evaluate its role in the delicate equilibrium between redox signalling and oxidative stress under certain pathophysiological conditions, and moreover to monitor its movement through compartments and subcellular membranes of insulin-producing cells. Additionally, a new methodology for an artificial site-specific generation of hydrogen peroxide inside living cells was developed.
To this day, the patient’s outcome after any form of cerebral ischemia is often mediocre
at best. The added damage that occurs at reperfusion after ischemia seems to be as
important as the ischemic injury itself. New therapeutic strategies targeted at this
critical issue are therefore crucial. P188, an amphiphilic triblock copolymer, has risen
to be one of the most promising pharmacological therapeutics, as its capability to insert
into injured cell membranes seems to perfectly fit the needed criteria to protect against
I/R injury. Lately, it has become apparent that mitochondrial function particularly profits
from P188 treatment after I/R injury. Therefore, the question arose, if P188 may
interact directly with mitochondria.
In the present study, rat isolated brain mitochondria were injured and then treated with
P188. The injury took place either in vivo by asphyxial cardiac arrest before isolation
of mitochondria or in vitro after isolation by addition of the ROS H2O2. After treatment
with P188, mitochondrial function was evaluated through the assessment of ATP
synthesis, O2 consumption and CRC.
10 or 15 min of asphyxia in vivo as well as 200 μM H2O2 for 10 min in vitro significantly
impaired mitochondrial function. Furthermore, a damaging effect of RT on isolated
mitochondria became apparent. Contrary to the underlying hypothesis, P188 did not
preserve mitochondrial function independently of the injury mechanism chosen.
In conclusion, in the context of studying P188, two new methods of I/R injury
simulation, namely asphyxial cardiac arrest in vivo and the injury with H2O2 in isolated
mitochondria in vitro, have been established. However, it is not yet conclusive, if P188
does or does not directly improve mitochondrial function after I/R injury. Further
research looking at different injuring methods as well as modulating the treatment
method is needed to ultimately clarify this question.
Kontaktlinsenträger haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für Keratitiden. Die Ursache liegt u.a. in unzureichend wirksamen Kontaktlinsenpflegesystemen, insbesondere All-in-One Lösungen. Die vorliegende Studie liefert einen aktuellen Überblick über die meistverwendeten Kontaktlinsenpflegesysteme in Deutschland. Hauptaugenmerk war die Untersuchung unter Belastung mit 1% Albumin, 0,1% Mucin. All-in-One Lösungen wirken weiterhin insbesondere unter Belastung nur unzureichend. Mikrobiologisch sind daher z.Z. nur Wasserstoffperoxidlösung zu empfehlen.
Einige Oberflächenstrukturen, die sogenannten aktiven Zentren, sind Katalysatoren für heterogene Reaktionen. Ihre Beständigkeit ist von Art und Zusammensetzung der Phasengrenze abhängig. Eine Wechselwirkung mit reaktiven Molekülen ändert die Oberfläche durch Auflösung, Adsorption oder Oberflächendiffusion. In dieser Arbeit werden die Änderungen der Oberflächenaktivität und –struktur von Gold und Platin nach der Behandlung mit den Hydroxyl-Radikalen aufgezeigt.
Die elektrochemische Aktivität von Platin gegenüber Hydrochinon, K3Fe(CN)6 und [Ru(NH3)6]Cl2 wurde durch die Behandlung mit Hydroxyl-Radikalen nicht beeinflusst. Die Oberfläche wurde allerdings, durch die Bildung einer Oxidschicht, rauer. Die Oxidschichtbildung konnte zyklovoltammetrisch und potentiometrisch nachgewiesen werden. Im Verlauf der Wechselwirkung von H2O2 mit Platin ging Platin in Lösung (ICP-AES).
Bei Gold wurden im letzten Jahrzehnt Oberflächenstrukturen mit vielfach erhöhter Aktivität nachgewiesen. Die Experimente zeigten, dass Hydroxyl-Radikale die reaktiven Goldstrukturen (aktiven Zentren) selektiv beeinflussen. Die elektrokatalytische Sauerstoffreduktionsreaktion und die defektorientierte Platinabscheidung wurden durch die vorherige Behandlung mit Hydroxyl-Radikalen inaktiver. Der Keimbildungsmechanismus blieb hingegen unverändert (instantaneous). Dies wurde mit Hilfe der Zyklovoltammetrie und der Chronoamperometrie nachgewiesen. Topographische Experimente mit dem Rasterkraftmikroskop (AFM) zeigten ein Platinwachstum auf den oberen Teilen der polykristallinen polierten Goldelektrode. Verschiedene Politurmethoden (fein und grob) wiesen zudem eine komplett unterschiedliche Aktivität und Reproduzierbarkeit auf. Mit einer groben Politur konnte eine deutlich bessere Reproduzierbarkeit erreicht werden.
Die Identifizierung chemisch aktiver Zentren ist sehr reizvoll. Mit Hilfe von AFM Experimenten konnte die Auflösung von Gold direkt verfolgt werden und damit die aktiven Zentren charakterisiert werden. Morphologische Untersuchungen mit dem Rasterkraftmikroskop belegen eine selektive Änderung der Kristallite und Korngrenzen nach der Wechselwirkung einer ausgeheilten Goldoberfläche mit Hydroxyl-Radikalen (in- und ex-situ). Es kann angenommen werden, dass die selektive Oberflächenänderung bei Gold durch die inhomogene Verteilung der Elektronendichte und verschiedene Bindungszustände der Oberflächengoldatome beeinflusst ist. Herausstehende Kristallstrukturen sind nach der Wechselwirkung mit den Hydroxyl-Radikalen kleiner und die Korngrenzen zwischen den Goldkristallen tiefer. Die nach der einmaligen elektrochemischen Zyklisierung auftretenden Oberflächenänderungen sind den Änderungen nach Behandlung mit Hydroxyl-Radikalen ähnlich. Ein mehrmaliges Zyklisieren führt hingegen zu ein er deutlich veränderten Oberflächenstruktur.