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PIM1 Inhibition Affects Glioblastoma Stem Cell Behavior and Kills Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells
(2021)
Despite comprehensive therapy and extensive research, glioblastoma (GBM) still represents the most aggressive brain tumor in adults. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are thought to play a major role in tumor progression and resistance of GBM cells to radiochemotherapy. The PIM1 kinase has become a focus in cancer research. We have previously demonstrated that PIM1 is involved in survival of GBM cells and in GBM growth in a mouse model. However, little is known about the importance of PIM1 in cancer stem cells. Here, we report on the role of PIM1 in GBM stem cell behavior and killing. PIM1 inhibition negatively regulates the protein expression of the stem cell markers CD133 and Nestin in GBM cells (LN-18, U-87 MG). In contrast, CD44 and the astrocytic differentiation marker GFAP were up-regulated. Furthermore, PIM1 expression was increased in neurospheres as a model of GBM stem-like cells. Treatment of neurospheres with PIM1 inhibitors (TCS PIM1-1, Quercetagetin, and LY294002) diminished the cell viability associated with reduced DNA synthesis rate, increased caspase 3 activity, decreased PCNA protein expression, and reduced neurosphere formation. Our results indicate that PIM1 affects the glioblastoma stem cell behavior, and its inhibition kills glioblastoma stem-like cells, pointing to PIM1 targeting as a potential anti-glioblastoma therapy.
Doxorubicin is a frequently used anticancer drug to treat many types of tumors, such as breast cancer or bronchial carcinoma. The clinical use of doxorubicin is limited by its poorly predictable cardiotoxicity, the reasons of which are so far not fully understood. The drug is a substrate of several efflux transporters such as P-gp or BCRP and was recently reported to be a substrate of cation uptake transporters. To evaluate the potential role of transporter proteins in the accumulation of doxorubicin at its site of action (e.g., mammary carcinoma cells) or adverse effects (e.g., heart muscle cells), we studied the expression of important uptake and efflux transporters in human breast cancer and cardiac tissue, and investigated the affinity of doxorubicin to the identified transporters. The cellular uptake studies on doxorubicin were performed with OATP1A2*1, OATP1A2*2, and OATP1A2*3-overexpressing HEK293 cells, as well as OCT1-, OCT2-, and OCT3- overexpressing MDCKII cells. To assess the contribution of transporters to the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin, we determined the cell viability in the presence and absence of transporter inhibitors in different cell lines. Several transporters, including P-gp, BCRP, OCT1, OCT3, and OATP1A2 were expressed in human heart and/or breast cancer tissue. Doxorubicin could be identified as a substrate of OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, and OATP1A2. The cellular uptake into cells expressing genetic OATP1A2 variants was markedly reduced and correlated well with the increased cellular viability. Inhibition of OATP1A2 (naringin) and OCT transporters (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) resulted in a significant decrease of doxorubicin-mediated cytotoxicity in cell lines expressing the respective transporters. Similarly, the excipient Cremophor EL significantly inhibited the OCT1-3- and OATP1A2-mediated cellular uptake and attenuated the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin. In conclusion, genetic and environmental-related variability in the expression and function of these transporters may contribute to the substantial variability seen in terms of doxorubicin efficacy and toxicity.
The Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) is located in the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes, where it transports bile acids from the portal blood back into hepatocytes. Furthermore, NTCP has a role for the hepatic transport of some drugs. Extrapolation of drug transport data from rodents to humans is not always possible, because species differences in the expression level, localization, affinity, and substrate selectivity of relevant transport proteins must be considered. In the present study, a functional comparison of human NTCP (hNTCP) and mouse Ntcp (mNtcp) showed similar Km values of 67 ± 10 µM and 104 ± 9 µM for the probe substrate estrone-3-sulfate as well as of 258 ± 42 µM and 199 ± 13 µM for the drug rosuvastatin, respectively. IC50 values for the probe inhibitor cyclosporine A were 3.1 ± 0.3 µM for hNTCP and 1.6 ± 0.4 µM for mNtcp. In a drug and pesticide inhibitory screening on both transporters, 4 of the 15 tested drugs (cyclosporine A, benzbromarone, MK571, and fluvastatin) showed high inhibitory potency, but only slight inhibition was observed for the 13 tested pesticides. Among these compounds, only four drugs and three pesticides showed significant differences in their inhibition pattern on hNTCP and mNtcp. Most pronounced was the difference for benzbromarone with a fivefold higher IC50 for mNtcp (27 ± 10 µM) than for hNTCP (5.5 ± 0.6 µM).
In conclusion, we found a strong correlation between the transport kinetics and inhibition pattern among hNTCP and mNtcp. However, specific compounds, such as benzbromarone, showed clear species differences. Such species differences have to be considered when pharmacokinetic data are transferred from rodent to humans.
(1) Background: Sepsis is a leading cause of death and a global public health problem. Accordingly, deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms of this disease and the determinants of its morbidity and mortality is pivotal. This study examined the effect of the rs951818 SNP of the negative costimulatory lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) on sepsis mortality and disease severity. (2) Methods: 707 consecutive patients with sepsis were prospectively enrolled into the present study from three surgical ICUs at University Medical Center Goettingen. Both 28- and 90-day mortality were analyzed as the primary outcome, while parameters of disease severity served as secondary endpoints. (3) Results: In the Kaplan–Meier analysis LAG-3 rs951818 AA-homozygote patients showed a significantly lower 28-day mortality (17.3%) compared to carriers of the C-allele (23.7%, p = 0.0476). In addition, these patients more often received invasive mechanical ventilation (96%) during the course of disease than C-allele carriers (92%, p = 0.0466). (4) Conclusions: Genetic profiling of LAG-3 genetic variants alone or in combination with other genetic biomarkers may represent a promising approach for risk stratification of patients with sepsis. Patient-individual therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints, such as LAG-3, may be a future component of sepsis therapy. Further detailed investigations in clinically relevant sepsis models are necessary.
Pentathiepins are polysulfur-containing compounds that exert antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity in cancer cells, induce oxidative stress and apoptosis, and inhibit glutathione peroxidase (GPx1). This renders them promising candidates for anticancer drug development. However, the biological effects and how they intertwine have not yet been systematically assessed in diverse cancer cell lines. In this study, six novel pentathiepins were synthesized to suit particular requirements such as fluorescent properties or improved water solubility. Structural elucidation by X-ray crystallography was successful for three derivatives. All six underwent extensive biological evaluation in 14 human cancer cell lines. These studies included investigating the inhibition of GPx1 and cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and the induction of ROS and DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, selected hallmarks of apoptosis and the impact on cell cycle progression were studied. All six pentathiepins exerted high cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity, while five also strongly inhibited GPx1. There is a clear connection between the potential to provoke oxidative stress and damage to DNA in the form of single- and double-strand breaks. Additionally, these studies support apoptosis but not ferroptosis as the mechanism of cell death in some of the cell lines. As the various pentathiepins give rise to different biological responses, modulation of the biological effects depends on the distinct chemical structures fused to the sulfur ring. This may allow for an optimization of the anticancer activity of pentathiepins in the future.
Purpose: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the oral cavity with an alarmingly high prevalence within the adult population. The signaling lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays a crucial role in inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses. In addition to cardiovascular disease, sepsis and tumor entities, S1P has been recently identified as both mediator and biomarker in osteoporosis. We hypothesized that S1P may play a role in periodontitis as an inflammation-prone bone destructive disorder. The goal of our study was to evaluate associations between periodontitis and S1P serum concentrations in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend cohort. In addition, we investigated the expression of S1P metabolizing enzymes in inflamed gingival tissue.
Patients and Methods: We analyzed data from 3371 participants (51.6% women) of the SHIP-Trend cohort. Periodontal parameters and baseline characteristics were assessed. Serum S1P was measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The expression of S1P metabolizing enzymes was determined by immunofluorescence staining of human gingival tissue.
Results: S1P serum concentrations were significantly increased in subjects with both moderate and severe periodontitis, assessed as probing depth and clinical attachment loss. In contrast, no significant association of S1P was seen with caries variables (number and percentage of decayed or filled surfaces). S1P concentrations significantly increased with increasing high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. Interestingly, inflamed compared to normal human gingival tissue exhibited elevated expression levels of the S1P-generating enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1).
Conclusion: We report an intriguingly significant association of various periodontal parameters with serum levels of the inflammatory lipid mediator S1P. Our data point towards a key role of S1P during periodontitis pathology. Modulation of local S1P levels or its signaling properties may represent a potential future therapeutic strategy to prevent or to retard periodontitis progression and possibly reduce periodontitis-related tooth loss.
Dynamics of Vascular Protective and Immune Supportive Sphingosine-1-Phosphate During Cardiac Surgery
(2021)
Introduction
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling lipid and crucial in vascular protection and immune response. S1P mediated processes involve regulation of the endothelial barrier, blood pressure and S1P is the only known inducer of lymphocyte migration. Low levels of circulatory S1P correlate with severe systemic inflammatory syndromes such as sepsis and shock states, which are associated with endothelial barrier breakdown and immunosuppression. We investigated whether S1P levels are affected by sterile inflammation induced by cardiac surgery.
Materials and Methods
In this prospective observational study we included 46 cardiac surgery patients, with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB, n=31) and without CPB (off-pump, n=15). Serum-S1P, S1P-sources and carriers, von-Willebrand factor (vWF), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured at baseline, post-surgery and at day 1 (POD 1) and day 4 (POD 4) after surgical stimulus.
Results
Median S1P levels at baseline were 0.77 nmol/mL (IQR 0.61-0.99) and dropped significantly post-surgery. S1P was lowest post-surgery with median levels of 0.37 nmol/mL (IQR 0.31-0.47) after CPB and 0.46 nmol/mL (IQR 0.36-0.51) after off-pump procedures (P<0.001). The decrease of S1P was independent of surgical technique and observed in all individuals. In patients, in which S1P levels did not recover to preoperative baseline ICU stay was longer and postoperative inflammation was more severe. S1P levels are associated with its sources and carriers and vWF, as a more specific endothelial injury marker, in different phases of the postoperative course. Determination of S1P levels during surgery suggested that also the anticoagulative effect of heparin might influence systemic S1P.
Discussion
In summary, serum-S1P levels are disrupted by major cardiac surgery. Low S1P levels post-surgery may play a role as a new marker for severity of cardiac surgery induced inflammation. Due to well-known protective effects of S1P, low S1P levels may further contribute to the observed prolonged ICU stay and worse clinical status. Moreover, we cannot exclude a potential inhibitory effect on circulating S1P levels by heparin anticoagulation during surgery, which would be a new pro-inflammatory pleiotropic effect of high dose heparin in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Gene Expression and Protein Abundance of Hepatic Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in Liver Pathology
(2021)
The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline is frequently prescribed but its use is limited by its narrow therapeutic range and large variation in pharmacokinetics. Apart from interindividual differences in the activity of the metabolising enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 2C19, genetic polymorphism of the hepatic influx transporter organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) could be contributing to interindividual variation in pharmacokinetics. Here, the impact of OCT1 genetic variation on the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline was studied in vitro as well as in healthy volunteers and in depressive disorder patients. Amitriptyline and nortriptyline were found to inhibit OCT1 in recombinant cells with IC50 values of 28.6 and 40.4 µM. Thirty other antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs were also found to be moderate to strong OCT1 inhibitors with IC50 values in the micromolar range. However, in 35 healthy volunteers, preselected for their OCT1 genotypes, who received a single dose of 25 mg amitriptyline, no significant effects on amitriptyline and nortriptyline pharmacokinetics could be attributed to OCT1 genetic polymorphism. In contrast, the strong impact of the CYP2D6 genotype on amitriptyline and nortriptyline pharmacokinetics and of the CYP2C19 genotype on nortriptyline was confirmed. In addition, acylcarnitine derivatives were measured as endogenous biomarkers for OCT1 activity. The mean plasma concentrations of isobutyrylcarnitine and 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine were higher in participants with two active OCT1 alleles compared to those with zero OCT1 activity, further supporting their role as endogenous in vivo biomarkers for OCT1 activity. A moderate reduction in plasma isobutyrylcarnitine concentrations occurred at the time points at which amitriptyline plasma concentrations were the highest. In a second, independent study sample of 50 patients who underwent amitriptyline therapy of 75 mg twice daily, a significant trend of increasing amitriptyline plasma concentrations with decreasing OCT1 activity was observed (p = 0.018), while nortriptyline plasma concentrations were unaffected by the OCT1 genotype. Altogether, this comprehensive study showed that OCT1 activity does not appear to be a major factor determining amitriptyline and nortriptyline pharmacokinetics and that hepatic uptake occurs mainly through other mechanisms.
Genome-wide association studies have identified an association between isobutyrylcarnitine (IBC) and organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) genotypes. Higher IBC blood concentrations in humans with active OCT1 genotypes and experimental studies with mouse OCT1 suggested an OCT1-mediated efflux of IBC. In this study, we wanted to confirm the suggested use of IBC as an endogenous biomarker of OCT1 activity and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the association between blood concentrations of carnitine derivatives and OCT1 genotype. Blood and urine IBC concentrations were quantified in healthy volunteers regarding intra- and interindividual variation and correlation with OCT1 genotype and with pharmacokinetics of known OCT1 substrates. Furthermore, IBC formation and transport were studied in cell lines overexpressing OCT1 and its naturally occurring variants. Carriers of high-activity OCT1 genotypes had about 3-fold higher IBC blood concentrations and 2-fold higher amounts of IBC excreted in urine compared to deficient OCT1. This was likely due to OCT1 function, as indicated by the fact that IBC correlated with the pharmacokinetics of known OCT1 substrates, like fenoterol, and blood IBC concentrations declined with a 1 h time delay following peak concentrations of the OCT1 substrate sumatriptan. Thus, IBC is a suitable endogenous biomarker reflecting both, human OCT1 (hOCT1) genotype and activity. While murine OCT1 (mOCT1) was an efflux transporter of IBC, hOCT1 exhibited no IBC efflux activity. Inhibition experiments confirmed this data showing that IBC and other acylcarnitines, like butyrylcarnitine, 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine, and hexanoylcarnitine, showed reduced efflux upon inhibition of mOCT1 but not of hOCT1. IBC and other carnitine derivatives are endogenous biomarkers of hOCT1 genotype and phenotype. However, in contrast to mice, the mechanisms underlying the IBC-OCT1 correlation in humans is apparently not directly the OCT1-mediated efflux of IBC. A plausible explanation could be that hOCT1 mediates cellular concentrations of specific regulators or co-substrates in lipid and energy metabolism, which is supported by our in vitro finding that at baseline intracellular IBC concentration is about 6-fold lower alone by OCT1 overexpression.
Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1, SLC22A1) is localized in the sinusoidal membrane of human hepatocytes and mediates hepatic uptake of weakly basic or cationic drugs and endogenous compounds. Common amino acid substitutions in OCT1 were associated with altered pharmacokinetics and efficacy of drugs like sumatriptan and fenoterol. Recently, the common splice variant rs35854239 has also been suggested to affect OCT1 function. rs35854239 represents an 8 bp duplication of the donor splice site at the exon 7-intron 7 junction. Here we quantified the extent to which this duplication affects OCT1 splicing and, as a consequence, the expression and the function of OCT1. We used pyrosequencing and deep RNA-sequencing to quantify the effect of rs35854239 on splicing after minigene expression of this variant in HepG2 and Huh7 cells and directly in human liver samples. Further, we analyzed the effects of rs35854239 on OCT1 mRNA expression in total, localization and activity of the resulting OCT1 protein, and on the pharmacokinetics of sumatriptan and fenoterol. The 8 bp duplication caused alternative splicing in 38% (deep RNA-sequencing) to 52% (pyrosequencing) of the minigene transcripts when analyzed in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. The alternatively spliced transcript encodes for a truncated protein that after transient transfection in HEK293 cells was not localized in the plasma membrane and was not able to transport the OCT1 model substrate ASP+. In human liver, however, the alternatively spliced OCT1 transcript was detectable only at very low levels (0.3% in heterozygous and 0.6% in homozygous carriers of the 8 bp duplication, deep RNA-sequencing). The 8 bp duplication was associated with a significant reduction of OCT1 expression in the human liver, but explained only 9% of the general variability in OCT1 expression and was not associated with significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of sumatriptan and fenoterol. Therefore, the rs35854239 variant only partially changes splicing, causing moderate changes in OCT1 expression and may be of only limited therapeutic relevance.
Intestinal transporter proteins are known to affect the pharmacokinetics and in turn the efficacy and safety of many orally administered drugs in a clinically relevant manner. This knowledge is especially well-established for intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters such as P-gp and BCRP. In contrast to this, information about intestinal uptake carriers is much more limited although many hydrophilic or ionic drugs are not expected to undergo passive diffusion but probably require specific uptake transporters. A transporter which is controversially discussed with respect to its expression, localization and function in the human intestine is the organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1). This review article provides an up-to-date summary on the available data from expression analysis as well as functional studies in vitro, animal findings and clinical observations. The current evidence suggests that OCT1 is expressed in the human intestine in small amounts (on gene and protein levels), while its cellular localization in the apical or basolateral membrane of the enterocytes remains to be finally defined, but functional data point to a secretory function of the transporter at the basolateral membrane. Thus, OCT1 should not be considered as a classical uptake transporter in the intestine but rather as an intestinal elimination pathway for cationic compounds from the systemic circulation.
Das Glioblastoma multiforme zählt bis heute trotz multimodaler Therapieansätze zu den prognostisch ungünstigsten malignen Neoplasien des Menschen. Ein mittleres Überleben von etwa 15 Monaten unter der derzeitigen Standardtherapie konnte trotz intensiver Forschung bislang nicht wesentlich gesteigert werden. Die hohe Proliferationsrate und das ausgeprägte infiltrative Wachstum sowie die fehlende Radio- und Chemosensitivität dieser Tumorentität limitieren bis dato die therapeutischen Optionen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die Etablierung alternativer Therapieansätze eine vordringliche Forschungsaufgabe. In Glioblastomen konnte eine erhöhte Expression von Komponenten der Endothelin-Achse sowie der Cystein-Protease Cathepsin B nachgewiesen werden. In anderen malignen Neoplasien wie dem Kolon-, Mamma- oder Prostatakarzinom vermochte die Hemmung dieser Hormone/Enzyme die proliferative und migratorische Aktivität der Tumorzellen zu vermindern, wobei gewebespezifische Differenzen sowie Ambivalenzen der Inhibitionsresultate zu beobachten waren. In dieser Dissertation sollte unter in vitro-Bedingungen das Expressionsverhalten der Glioblastomzelllinien LN 18 und U 87 MG hinsichtlich obig genannter Systeme sowie der Einfluss einer dualen Blockade der Endothelin-Rezeptoren A und B durch Bosentan bzw. der selektiven Inhibition von Cathepsin B durch CA-074 Me auf die zelluläre Proliferation und Migration untersucht werden. Mittels quantitativer RT-PCR konnte in beiden Zelllinien – verglichen mit gesundem Hirngewebe – eine erhöhte mRNA-Expression sowohl der Endothelin-Achse als auch von Cathepsin B nachgewiesen werden. Die Western-Blot- und ELISA-Untersuchungen bestätigten eine erhöhte Expression von Endothelin-1, dem ETAR und dem ETBR sowie von Cathepsin B in beiden Zelltypen. Im Weiteren wurde der Einfluss der Inhibitoren Bosentan und CA-074 Me auf die Proliferation der beiden Zelllinien im Resazurin- und Kristallviolett-Assay sowie auf die Migration im xCelligenceTM-System und im Wundheilungs-Assay untersucht. Ein signifikanter Einfluss von Bosentan konnte in den durchgeführten Experimenten in beiden Zelllinien weder für die Proliferation noch die Migration nachgewiesen werden. Für CA-074 Me zeigte sich jedoch in einer Konzentration von 10 µM ein hemmender Einfluss auf die Zellviabilität sowie die Migration der Zelllinien LN 18 und U 87 MG. Längere Inkubationszeiten und höhere Konzentrationen der verwendeten Inhibitoren, wie in der Fachliteratur beschrieben, sollten in weiterführenden Analysen in die Experimente eingeschlossen werden. Die ebenfalls in die Untersuchungen eingeschlossenen Zytostatika Doxorubicin, Teniposid und Vincristin bewirkten eine signifikante Reduktion der Zellviabilität beider Glioblastomzelllinien, während Carmustin, Lomustin und Temozolomid kaum Einfluss auf diese Zellen nahmen. Weder Bosentan noch CA 074 Me führten dabei zu einer signifikanten Modulation der Zytostatika-Wirkungen. Alle untersuchten Zytostatika verursachten zudem eine verminderte Migration der Glioblastomzellen in vitro, jedoch war das Ausmaß dieser Migrationshemmung sehr unterschiedlich. Auch hier konnte kein Einfluss von Bosentan oder CA 074 Me auf die durch die Zytostatika verursachte Hemmung der Zellmigration beobachtet werden. Die Komplexität und Multifunktionalität beider Hormon-/Enzymsysteme innerhalb verschiedener Zellkompartimente und Gewebetypen machen weitere Untersuchungen in vitro und in vivo notwendig, um das Potenzial beider Systeme für einen gezielten Einsatz in der Tumortherapie bzw. der Behandlung des Glioblastoms vollends zu klären. Zudem muss berücksichtigt werden, dass bei Verwendung pharmakologischer Hemmstoffe unspezifische bzw. pleiotrope Effekte nicht gänzlich ausgeschlossen werden können, weshalb weiterführende Analysen mit gezielter, genetischer Ausschaltung der Zielgene, beispielsweise mittels siRNA oder CRISPR/Cas9-Technologie, sinnvoll erscheinen.
Parodontitis als eine Volkskrankheit ist die Entzündung des Zahnhalteapparates. Sie wird durch parodontalpathogene Mikroorganismen im Biofilm der Mundhöhle verursacht und kann unbehandelt über zunehmenden Attachmentverlust und Knochenabbau bis hin zum Zahnverlust führen. In der Ätiologie ist die bakterielle Plaque der entscheidende Auslöser, während Verlauf und Schwere durch die Wirtsreaktivität und modulierende Faktoren (Genetik, systemische Vorerkrankungen, Verhaltensfaktoren) determiniert werden. Durch Bestandteile und Stoffwechselprodukte der in der Plaque enthaltenden Bakterien wird die Immunantwort des Wirtes initiiert. Infolgedessen zerstören freigesetzte proinflammatorische Mediatoren das umgebende Stützgewebe und den Knochen.
Auch das proinflammatorische Lipidmolekül Sphingosin-1-phosphat (S1P) scheint bei der Pathogenese der Parodontitis eine Rolle zu spielen. S1P ist an zahlreichen physiologischen Prozessen wie Zellproliferation, vaskulärer Barrierefunktion und Lymphozyten-Zirkulation beteiligt und beeinflusst pathologische Zustände wie beispielsweise das Entzündungsgeschehen und Osteoporose. Die zellulären Signalwege werden durch eine Familie von G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren (S1PR1 bis 5) gesteuert, wobei die S1P Ausgangskonzentrationen und die unterschiedliche Rezeptoren-Expression in den Geweben entscheidend sind. Verschiedene Studien deuten auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen Parodontitis und S1P hin: Durch Eingriff in den Knochenmetabolismus fördert S1P insgesamt die Knochen-Resorption und steigert die Expression von Zytokinen in humanen gingivalen Epithelzellen.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde basierend auf der randomisierten Bevölkerungsstudie Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) untersucht, ob die individuellen S1P-Serumkonzentrationen mit der Parodontitis-Prävalenz in der SHIP-Trend-Kohorte assoziiert sind. Darüber hinaus wurden die individuellen S1P Konzentrationen mit verschiedenen Parodontitis-Variablen (Taschentiefe, klinischer Attachmentverlust, Anzahl der Zähne) und mit klassischen systemischen Entzündungsparametern (hoch-sensitives C-reaktives Protein, Leukozytenzahl, Fibrinogen) korreliert. Außerdem wurde anhand von Gewebeschnitten untersucht, inwiefern Enzyme des S1P-Stoffwechsels im Parodontalgewebe exprimiert sind und ob sich deren Expression im entzündeten Gewebe verändert.
Sowohl höhere Werte der untersuchten Parodontitis-Variablen als auch höhere Werte der untersuchten Entzündungsmarker waren konsistent mit höheren S1P-Konzentrationen assoziiert. S1P stellt somit einen potentiellen Biomarker für Parodontitis dar und ist möglicherweise in der Lage, das lokale parodontale Entzündungsgeschehen als systemische Konzentrationserhöhung im Serum zu reflektieren.
Kein Zusammenhang konnte zwischen Karies-Variablen und S1P gefunden werden, wodurch die Spezifität der Assoziation zwischen den Parodontitis-Variablen und S1P hervorgehoben wird.
Die Enzyme des S1P-Stoffwechsels waren sowohl in gesunden Gewebeproben als auch im Gewebe von parodontal erkrankten Probanden nachweisbar. Allerdings waren die Enzyme Sphingosin-Kinase 1 und S1P-Lyase im Gewebe von Probanden mit Parodontitis hochreguliert und zunehmend auch in anderen Zelltypen exprimiert, sodass womöglich ebenso die lokalen S1P-Gewebekonzentrationen bei Parodontitis erhöht sind.
Basierend auf den in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnissen und den bereits existierenden Studien zum Thema ist ein Zusammenhang zwischen Parodontitis und S1P anzunehmen. Bei einer Parodontitis liegen sowohl ein lokal verstärkter S1P-Metabolismus im Gewebe als auch systemisch erhöhte S1P-Konzentrationen im Serum vor.