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Development of the Greifswald questionnaire for the measurement of interprofessional attitudes
(2020)
Subjektives Stresserleben und dessen objektive Erfassung mittels des Antioxidativen Potentials
(2020)
Die Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastungen ist seit der Novellierung des Arbeitsschutzgesetzes im Jahr 2013 für jeden Arbeitgeber Pflicht. Das stellt die Verantwortlichen Akteure des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes vor große Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der praktischen Umsetzung (Bamberg & Mohr, 2016), da der Gesetzgeber offengelassen hat, wie genau die Gefährdungsbeurteilung umzusetzen ist. Empfehlungen zu geeigneten Verfahren, wie sie in der DIN EN ISO 10075-3 formuliert werden, sind insofern kritisch zu bewerten, als dass von geeigneten Instrumenten neben der Erfassung der psychischen Belastung zudem die Erfassung der psychischen Beanspruchung gefordert wird. Dies kann vor allem bei schriftlichen Befragungen zu Verzerrungen führen (Podsakoff, Mackenzie, Lee & Podsakoff, 2003; Specter, 2006). Hier könnten parallel zu den Befragungsinstrumenten eingesetzte physiologische Maße Abhilfe schaffen.
Mit dieser Arbeit sollte die Eignung des Antioxidativen Potentials (AOP) als Indikator des oxidativen Stresses zur objektiven Erfassung des subjektiven Stresserlebens überprüft werden. Dazu wurden sechs Studien in unterschiedlichen Settings durchgeführt. Sie sollten die Zusammenhänge zwischen AOP, subjektivem Stresserleben und der Ernährung untersuchen. In keiner der Studien konnte das angenommene Wirkmuster vollständig bestätigt werden. Vielmehr ließen sich teils konträre Wirkrichtungen feststellen, so dass die Befundlage als inkonsistent bezeichnet werden muss. Ungeachtet methodischer Limitationen der Studien, verdeutlichen die Ergebnisse vor allem den hohen Forschungsbedarf der bezüglich der Wechselwirkungen von psychischen, physiologischen und behavioralen Prozessen in diesem Bereich noch besteht.
Zusammenfassend und basierend auf den durchgeführten Studien muss daher festgestellt werden, dass das AOP nicht als objektiver Parameter zur Erfassung des subjektiven Stresserlebens geeignet ist.
Over the last years, there has been a resurge in the interest to study the relationship between interoception and emotion. By now, it is well established that interoception contributes to the experience of emotions. However, it may also be possible that interoception contributes to the regulation of emotions. To test this possibility, we studied the relationship between interoception and emotion regulation in a sample of healthy individuals (n = 84). We used a similar heartbeat detection task and a similar self-report questionnaire for the assessment of interoceptive accuracy and emotion regulation as in previous studies. In contrast to previous studies, we differentiated between male and female individuals in our analyses and controlled our analyses for individual characteristics that may affect the relationship between interoceptive accuracy and emotion regulation. We found sex-differences in interoceptive accuracy and emotion regulation that amounted to a sex-specific relationship between interoceptive accuracy and emotion regulation: Whereas interoceptive accuracy was related to reappraisal but not to suppression in male individuals, interoceptive accuracy was unrelated to reappraisal and suppression in female individuals. These findings indicate that the relationship between interoception and emotion regulation is far more complex than has been suggested by previous findings. However, these findings nonetheless support the view that interoception is essential for both, the regulation and experience of emotions.
Moral dilemmas often concern actions that involve causing harm to others in the attempt to prevent greater harm. But not all actions of this kind are equal in terms of their moral evaluation. In particular, a harm-causing preventive action is typically regarded as less acceptable if the harm is a means to achieve the goal of preventing greater harm than if it is a foreseen but unintended side-effect of the action. Likewise, a harm-causing preventive action is typically deemed less acceptable if it directly produces the harm than if it merely initiates a process that brings about the harmful consequence by its own dynamics. We report three experiments that investigated to which degree these two variables, the instrumentality of the harm (harm as means vs. side-effect; Experiments 1, 2, and 3) and personal force (personal vs. impersonal dilemmas; Experiments 2 and 3) influence deontological (harm-rejection) and utilitarian (outcome-maximization) inclinations that have been hypothesized to underly moral judgments in harm-related moral dilemmas. To measure these moral inclinations, the process dissociation procedure was used. The results suggest that the instrumentality of the harm and personal force affect both inclinations, but in opposite ways. Personal dilemmas and dilemmas characterized by harm as a means evoked higher deontological tendencies and lower utilitarian tendencies, than impersonal dilemmas and dilemmas where the harm was a side-effect. These distinct influences of the two dilemma conceptualization variables went undetected if the conventional measure of moral inclinations, the proportion of harm-accepting judgments, was analyzed. Furthermore, although deontological and utilitarian inclinations were found to be largely independent overall, there was some evidence that their correlation depended on the experimental conditions.
Much research has been devoted to the development of emotion recognition tests that can be used to investigate how individuals identify and discriminate emotional expressions of other individuals. One of the most prominent emotion recognition tests is the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RME-T). The original RME-T has been widely used to investigate how individuals recognize complex emotional expressions from the eye region of adult faces. However, the RME-T can only be used to investigate inter-individual differences in complex emotion recognition during the processing of adult faces. To extend its usefulness, we developed a modified version of the RME-T, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes of Children Test (RME-C-T). The RME-C-T can be used to investigate how individuals recognize complex emotional expressions from the eye region of child faces. However, the validity of the RME-C-T has not been evaluated yet. We, thus, administered the RME-C-T together with the RME-T to a sample of healthy adult participants (n = 119). The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) were also administered. Participants’ RME-C-T performance correlated with participants’ RME-T performance, implying that the RME-C-T measures similar emotion recognition abilities as the RME-T. Participants’ RME-C-T performance also correlated with participants’ IRI and TAS scores, indicating that these emotion recognition abilities are affected by empathetic and alexithymic traits. Moreover, participants’ RME-C-T performance differed between participants with high and low TAS scores, suggesting that the RME-C-T is sensitive enough to detect impairments in these emotion recognition abilities. The RME-C-T, thus, turned out to be a valid measure of inter-individual differences in complex emotion recognition during the processing of child faces.
Abstract
In crisis communication, warning messages are key to prevent or mitigate damage by informing the public about impending risks and hazards. The present study explored the influence of hazard type, trait anxiety, and warning message on different components of risk perception. A survey examined 614 German participants (18–96 years, M = 31.64, 63.0% female) using a pre–post comparison. Participants were randomly allocated to one of five hazards (severe weather, act of violence, breakdown of emergency number, discovery of a World War II bomb, or major fire) for which they received a warning message. Four components of risk perception (perceived severity, anticipatory worry, anticipated emotions, and perceived likelihood) were measured before and after the receipt. Also, trait anxiety was assessed. Analyses of covariance of risk perception were calculated, examining the effect of warning message, trait anxiety, and hazard type while controlling for age, gender, and previous hazard experience. Results showed main effects of hazard type and trait anxiety on every component of risk perception, except for perceived likelihood. The receipt of a warning message led to a significant decrease in anticipated negative emotions. However, changes across components of risk perception, as well as hazards, were inconsistent, as perceived severity decreased while perceived likelihood and anticipatory worry increased. In addition, three interactional effects were found (perceived severity × hazard type, perceived severity × trait anxiety, and anticipated emotions × hazard type). The findings point toward differences in the processing of warning messages yet underline the importance of hazard type, as well as characteristics of the recipient.
Extinction learning is suggested to be a central mechanism during exposure-based cognitive behavioralpsychotherapy. A positive association between the patients’pretreatment extinction learning performance andtreatment outcome would corroborate the hypothesis. Indeed, there isfirst correlational evidence between reducedextinction learning and therapy efficacy. However, the results of these association studies may be hampered byextinction-training protocols that do not match treatment procedures. Therefore, we developed an extinction-trainingprotocol highly tailored to the procedure of exposure therapy and tested it in two samples of 46 subjects in total. Byusing instructed fear acquisition training, including a consolidation period overnight, we wanted to ensure that theconditioned fear response was well established prior to extinction training, which is the case in patients with anxietydisorders prior to treatment. Moreover, the extinction learning process was analyzed on multiple response levels,comprising unconditioned stimulus (US) expectancy ratings, autonomic responses, defensive brain stem reflexes, andneural activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Using this protocol, we found robust fearconditioning and slow-speed extinction learning. We also observed within-group heterogeneity in extinction learning,albeit a stable fear response at the beginning of the extinction training. Finally, we found discordance betweendifferent response systems, suggesting that multiple processes are involved in extinction learning. The paradigmpresented here might help to ameliorate the association between extinction learning performance assessed in thelaboratory and therapy outcomes and thus facilitate translational science in anxiety disorders
Introduction: Following behavioral recommendations is key to successful containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is important to identify causes and patterns of non-compliance in the population to further optimize risk and health communication.
Methods: A total of 157 participants [80% female; mean age = 27.82 years (SD = 11.01)] were surveyed regarding their intention to comply with behavioral recommendations issued by the German government. Latent class analysis examined patterns of compliance, and subsequent multinomial logistic regression models tested sociodemographic (age, gender, country of origin, level of education, region, and number of persons per household) and psychosocial (knowledge about preventive behaviors, risk perception, stigmatizing attitudes) predictors.
Results: Three latent classes were identified: high compliance (25%) with all recommendations; public compliance (51%), with high compliance regarding public but not personal behaviors; and low compliance (24%) with most recommendations. Compared to high compliance, low compliance was associated with male gender [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 0.08 (0.01; 0.85)], younger age [RRR = 0.72 (0.57; 0.93)], and lower public stigma [RRR = 0.21 (0.05; 0.88)]. Low compliers were also younger than public compliers [RRR = 0.76 (0.59; 0.98)].
Discussion: With 25% of the sample reporting full compliance, and 51% differing in terms of public and personal compliance, these findings challenge the sustainability of strict regulatory measures. Moreover, young males were most likely to express low compliance, stressing the need for selective health promotion efforts. Finally, the positive association between public stigma and compliance points to potential othering effects of stigma during a pandemic, but further longitudinal research is required to examine its impact on health and social processes throughout the pandemic.
Zusammenfassung. Die Klinische Psychologie ist essentieller Bestandteil interdisziplinärer
Forschung im Bereich psychischer Störungen. Ziel der präsentierten Analyse war es, den individuellen
Beitrag der Psychologie abzubilden. Wir bestimmten daher objektive Indikatoren für die Mitwirkung der
deutschsprachigen Klinischen Psychologie und ihrer psychologischen Nachbardisziplinen an den Forschungsthemen
zu psychischen Störungen. Eine themenbezogene Drittmittelanalyse für den Zeitraum
2000 – 2018 identifizierte 85 Großprojekte unter klinisch-psychologischer
Leitung sowie 10 Personenförderungen mit einem Gesamtfördervolumen von 156 Millionen Euro.
Weiterhin zeigte eine Publikationsanalyse, dass in den Jahren 1980 – 2018 die
150 deutschsprachigen Autor_innen mit den meisten themenrelevanten Publikationen mehrheitlich
(63 %) einen akademischen Abschluss in Psychologie hatten. Die Anzahl der Publikationen nahm unter den
psychologischen Autor_innen insgesamt jährlich zu. Wir identifizierten ein breites Forschungsfeld in
störungsspezifischer, verfahrensspezifischer und neurowissenschaftlich fundierter Forschung. Die
Ergebnisse verdeutlichen den substantiellen Beitrag der Psychologie in der Grundlagen- und
Behandlungsforschung zu psychischen Störungen.