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The release of DNA by cells during extracellular trap (ET) formation is a defense function of neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophil ET (NET) formation in term infants is reduced compared to adults. Objective: The aim was to quantify NET and monocyte ET (MET) release and the respective key enzymes myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE) in preterm infants. In this prospective explorative study, ET induction was stimulated by N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in the cord blood of preterm infants (n = 55, 23–36 weeks) compared to term infants and adults. METs were quantified by microscopy, and NETs by microscopy and flow cytometry. We also determined the MPO levels within NETs and the intracellular concentrations of NE and MPO in neutrophils. The percentage of neutrophils releasing ET was significantly reduced for preterm infants compared to adults for all stimulants, and with a 68% further reduction for PMA compared to term infants (p = 0.0141). The NET area was not reduced except for when fMLP was administered. The amount of MPO in NET-producing cells was reduced in preterm infants compared to term infants. For preterm infants, but not term infants, the percentage of monocytes releasing ETs was significantly reduced compared to healthy adults for LTA and LPS stimulation. Conclusion: In preterm infants, ETs are measurable parts of the innate immune system, but are released in a reduced percentage of cells compared to adults.
Populationsbasierte Studie zu Prädispositionsfaktoren und Häufigkeit der Hüftgelenksdysplasie
(2006)
6.1 Zusammenfassung Ziel der prospektiven Dissertation war die Analyse von Korrelationen zwischen sonographischem Hüftbefund zum Zeitpunkt der U2 (4.-6. Lebenstag), familiärer Vorbelastung, Geschlecht und intrauterinem Lagetyp. Im Rahmen der Surveillance of Neonates in Pommerania (SNiP), einer populationsbasierten Studie zu Prävalenz und Inzidenz neonataler Morbiditätsfaktoren, wurden zwischen Mai 2002 und März 2004 insgesamt 2256 Neugeborene Kinder registriert (2030 termingeborene Kinder und 226 Frühgeborene Kinder). Davon erhielten 1053 Reifgeborene einen Hüftgelenksultraschall zum Zeitpunkt der U2 (4.-6. Lebenstag), sowie seit Oktober 2003 auch Frühgeborene (n=45) im korrigierten Alter von 4-5 Tagen. Die sonographische Einteilung der Befunde erfolgte nach Graf. Bei 4,9% der untersuchten Kinder wurde ein therapiepflichtiger Befund (ab Typ IIc und höher nach Graf) diagnostiziert. Bei 3,2% der Kinder fand sich ein einseitiger, bei 1,7 % ein beidseitiger pathologischer Befund. Die Analyse der Geschlechtsverteilung zeigte ein signifikant gehäuftes Auftreten bei Mädchen (6,5% w / 3,4% m, p <0,023). Es ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede bezüglich betroffener Seite und intrauterinen Lagetyp. Analysen zur familiären Belastung wiesen eine nicht-signifikante mütterliche Prädisposition (p<0.083) aus. Signifikanter Risikofaktor für eine therapiepflichtige Hüftgelenksdysplasie ist das weibliche Geschlecht. Daneben findet sich intrafamiliär eine durch die Mutter vermittelte Prädisposition. Der frühzeitige Nachweis einer therapiepflichtigen Hüftdysplasie (zum Zeitpunkt U2) in Kenntnis relevanter Risikofaktoren erbringt möglicherweise einen prognostischen Vorteil für das Behandlungsergebnis. Prospektive Untersuchungen auf Basis größerer Fallzahlen sind erforderlich.
Objective
Maternal pre-pregnancy underweight, overweight and obesity might increase the risk for worse short- and long-term outcome in the offspring. There is a need for further study into the relationship between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and the combined outcome of physical development, state of health and social behavior in children. Question: Is maternal pre-pregnancy BMI associated with the child outcome in terms of physical development, state of health and social behavior (school and leisure time behavior) at the age of 9 to 15 years?
Methods
In the population-based birth cohort study Survey of Neonates in Pomerania (SNIP) children at the age 9–15 years and their families were re-examined by questionnaire-based follow-up. 5725 mother–child pairs were invited to SNiP-follow-up. This analysis is based on the recall fraction of 24.1% (n = 1379). Based on the maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (ppBMI), 4 groups were formed: underweight (ppBMI < 19 kg/m2, n = 117), normal weight (ppBMI 19–24.99 kg/m2, n = 913, reference), overweight (ppBMI 25–30 kg). /m2, n = 237) and obesity (ppBMI > 30 kg/m2, n = 109).
Results
In the multiple regression model, the BMI-z-score for children of mothers in the underweight group was −0.50 lower, and 0.50/1.07 higher in the overweight/obese group (p < 0.001) compared to reference at median age of 12 years. No differences were found in children of underweight mothers with regard to social behavior (interaction with friends and family), school and sports performance (coded from “very good” to “poor”), other leisure activities (watching television, using mobile phones, gaming), and health (occurrence of illnesses) compared to children of normal weight mothers. In contrast, maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with lower school and sports performance, and higher screen time (smart phone, gaming, television) compared to children of normal weight mothers.
Conclusion
Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity but not underweight was negatively associated with school performance and leisure time behavior in the offspring at 9–15 years of age.