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In this thesis, all three BVMOs from Pseudomonas putida NCIMB10007, that were known to be responsible for the ability of this strain to degrade camphor since the 1950s were successfully made available as recombinant biocatalysts. While the genomic sequence of 2,5-DKCMO was available from the database, the genes encoding 3,6-DKCMO and OTEMO had to be identified using certain PCR-techniques first. All three enzymes were cloned into standard plasmids enabling convenient expression in E. coli facilitating the application of the enzymes in organic chemistry. Their synthetic potential was already reported during the 1990s, but at that time their efficient application was limited due to difficulties with respect to low production levels and insufficient purity and separation of enzyme fractions. These drawbacks are now overcome. Furthermore, biochemical characterization of the camphor-degrading BVMOs was performed including the substrate spectra of these enzymes. Thereby OTEMO turned out not only to have a broad substrate scope accepting mono- and bicyclic aliphatic and arylaliphatic ketones, but also to efficiently convert alpha/beta-unsaturated cycloalkanones due to the similarity of these compounds to OTEMOs natural substrate. Finally, the major limitation in the synthetic application of Type II BVMOs was addressed by searching a flavin-reductase suitable for coupling to these two-component oxygenases. Putative candidates from the respective P. putida strain were identified by the use of amino acid motifs conserved in other representatives of two-component systems. While these enzymes failed, flavin-reductase Fre from E. coli - that also contained the motifs - was shown to enhance the activity of the DKCMOs when applied as crude cell extract as well as pure enzyme. This finding represents a key step for future application of Type II BVMOs.
Indoloquinoline derivatives are very interesting compounds for pharmaceutical applications because of their broad spectrum of biological activity. However, phenyl-substituted indoloquinolines suffer from solubility problems in aqueous solution and require the synthesis of better soluble derivatives for their effective application. Therefore, the indoloquinoline derivatives were covalently attached to two different types of cationic aminoalkyl linkers. After having successfully established the synthesis and subsequent purification of the novel derivatives that could be isolated in excellent yields, these ligands were characterized in this thesis with regard to their spectral properties in different environments and their sequence specific binding to different types of nucleic acids with a variety of spectroscopic methods.
The widespread use of natural and synthetic estrogens or chemicals with estrogenic activities is causing an increasing accumulation of estrogenic compounds in the environment. Already at very low concentrations these estrogenics can severely affect the wildlife, particularly in an aquatic environment. For these reasons measuring devices for detecting estrogen contaminations are in great demand. The majority of the analytical methods and bioassays on the market so far, lack semi-online adaptability, and usually cannot be used for automatic and continuous determination. Therefore, we have embarked on the development of new systems, which are able to fulfil those demands. The EstraMonitor combines recombinant A. adeninivorans G1212/YRC102-hERa-phyK yeast cells as the microbial component with an amperometric detection method to analyze estrogenic contaminations. A. adeninivorans G1212/YRC102-hERa-phyK was constructed by Kaiser et al. (2010). These cells were engineered to co-express the human estrogen receptor (hERa) gene and the inducible phytase (phyK, derived from Klebsiella sp. ASR1) reporter gene under control of a promoter with estrogen response elements (EREs). In the presence of estrogenic substances, such as 17ß -estradiol (E2), the phyK gene is expressed and recombinant phytase is secreted into the media. The level of phytase is quantified by amperometric detection using substrate p-aminophenyl phosphate (p-APP). Phytase dephosphorylates p-aminophenyl phosphate (p-APP) into an intermediate product p-aminophenol (p-AP). p-AP is electroactive and oxidized at the electrode. This generates electrons and produces a current which is proportional to the level of phytase activity. Since phytase activity is directly correlated to the E2 concentration, the estrogenic activity can thus be calculated from the current measured. The microbial component of the EstraMonitor, the non-immobilized A. adeninivorans G1212/YRC102-hERa-phyK, works well with the amperometric method in a quantitative manner. The optimal applied potential determined for amperometric measurements was 150 mV and provided a low background signal for the amperometric detection. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) and limit of detection (LoD) values for E2 obtained from amperometric measurements with the EstraMonitor were 69.9 ng L-1 and 44.5 ng L-1, respectively. The measuring procedure of the EstraMonitor system including incubation of A. adeninivorans G1212/YRC102-hERa-phyK cells with E2, subsequently incubation with electrochemical substrate (p-APP), and signal recordation is completed within only 4 h and 10 min. Out of this total time, amperometric detection including substrate incubation and signals recordation takes only 10 min out of total time. The use of immobilized cells for a microbial biosensor is an essential advantage of the EstraMonitor system because it allows easy-handiness next to long-term stability and reusability. Immobilized A. adeninivorans G1212/YRC102-hERa-phyK cells revealed excellent properties which make them very suitable for semi-online, automatic and continuous monitoring. They were stable up to 30 days when stored at 4 °C. Furthermore, they could be reused up to 15 times. The EC50 and LoD values achieved for E2 using immobilized cells in combination with amperometric detection were 20.9 and 8.3 ng L-1, respectively. Furthermore, this application also removes the need to separate cells by centrifugation, to sterilize the samples as well as to cultivate repeatly. Additionally, both immobilized and non-immobilized A. adeninivorans G1212/YRC102-hERa-phyK cells remain fully functional in a wide range of untreated wastewater samples and in environments containing up to 5% NaCl. To enhance the sensitivity and reduce the time for estrogenic determination, an alternative A. adeninivorans G1214/YRC103-hERa-phyK strain was developed. This strain can produce a detectable amount of phytase within 2 h after induction with E2. It offers an improved microbial component in terms of sensitivity and time-effectiveness. In addition, to reduce the cost for estrogenic detection an alternative substrate, ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AA2P), was tested. AA2P, which is both cheap and widely available, performed better than p-APP. The EC50 and LoD values for E2 obtained with AA2P were 15.69 and 0.92 ng L-1 versus 20.09 and 8.3 ng L-1 when examined with p-APP, respectively. Taken together, the EstraMonitor is an automated system with respect to sample cycling, sample measuring and calibration supplemented with an alarm function. This system makes it possible to control estrogenic activity semi-online, automatically and continuously. These are advantages of the EstraMonitor compared to other estrogenic detection systems. It can thus be concluded that, the EstraMonitor is a powerful and feasible semi-online device for monitoring estrogenic activity especially adapted for the use in sewage treatment plants.
Ribozymes for Aminoacylation
(2012)
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are at the heart of modern translation, catalyzing the accurate biosynthesis of aminoacyl-tRNAs. According to the RNA world hypothesis, the early translation system should have aminoacylation ribozymes for RNA aminoacylation. For this, an aaRS ribozyme system, consisting of the KK13 ribozyme and the C3a ribozyme was successfully designed, which can perform both amino acid activation and aminoacyl transfer reaction. Generation of such aminoacylation ribozyme system would fill up the gap between the RNA world and the modern biological world. In addition, two types of diversified aminoacylation ribozymes, symmetrical ribozymes and self-assembling ribozymes were successfully developed, which may have great meaning in the origin of life.