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The cortical silent period (CSP), assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), provides insights into motor cortex excitability. Alterations in the CSP have been observed in multiple sclerosis (MS), although a comparison of the sometimes contradictory results is difficult due to methodological differences. The aim of this study is to provide a more profound neurophysiological understanding of fatigue’s pathophysiology and its relationship to the CSP. Twenty-three patients with MS, along with a matched control group, underwent comprehensive CSP measurements at four intensities (125, 150, 175, and 200% resting motor threshold), while their fatigue levels were assessed using the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC) and its motor and cognitive subscore. MS patients exhibited a significantly increased CSP duration compared to controls (p = 0.02), but CSP duration was not associated with the total FSMC, or the motor or cognitive subscore. Our data suggest a systematic difference in MS patients compared to healthy controls in the CSP but no association with fatigue when measured with the FSMC. Based on these results, and considering the heterogeneous literature in the field, our study highlights the need for a more standardized approach to neurophysiological data collection and validation. This standardization is crucial for exploring the link between TMS and clinical impairments in diseases like MS.
Foraging behavior, neuroanatomy and neuroplasticity in cursorial and stationary hunting spiders
(2023)
The central nervous system (CNS) is the integration center for the coordination and regulation of
all body activities of animals and the source of behavioral patterns, behavioral plasticity and
personality. Understanding the anatomy and the potential for plastic changes of the CNS not only
widens the knowledge on the biology of the respective species, but also enables a more
fundamental understanding of behavioral and ecological patterns. The CNS of species with
different sensory ecologies for example, will show specific differences in the wiring of their CNS,
related to their lifestyle. Spiders are a group of mesopredators that include stationary hunting
species that build webs for prey capture, and cursorial hunting species that do not build capture
webs. These distinct lifestyles are associated with major differences in their sensory equipment,
such as size of the different eyes.
In this thesis, I aimed to answer if a cursorial mesopredator would change its behavior due to
different levels of perceived predation risk, and if this behavior would be influenced by individual
differences (chapter 1); how the visual pathways in the brain of the cursorial hunting jumping
spider Marpissa muscosa differs from that of the nocturnal cursorial hunting wandering spider
Cupiennius salei (chapter 2); to what degree the visual systems of stationary and cursorial hunting
spiders differ and whether CNS areas that process vibratory information show similar differences
(chapter 3); and finally if the CNS in stationary and cursorial hunting spiders shows different
patterns of neuroplasticity in response to sensory input and deprivation during development
(chapter 4).
In chapter 1, I found that jumping spiders adjust their foraging behavior to the perceived level of
risk. By favoring a dark over a light substrate, they displayed a background-matching strategy.
Short pulses of acute risk, produced by simulated bird overflights, had only small effects on the
behavior. Instead, a large degree of variation in behavior was due to among-individual differences
in foraging intensity. These covaried with consistent among-individual differences in activity,
forming a behavioral syndrome. Our findings highlight the importance of consistent amongindividual
differences in the behavior of animals that forage under risk. Future studies should
address the mechanisms underlying these stable differences, as well as potential fitness
consequences that may influence food-web dynamics.
In chapter 2, I found that the visual pathways in the brain of the jumping spider M. muscosa differ
from that in the wandering spider C. salei. While the pathway of the principal eyes, which are
responsible for object discrimination, is the same in both species, considerable differences occur
in the pathway of the secondary eyes, which detect movement. Notably, M. muscosa possesses
an additional second-order visual neuropil, which is integrating information from two different
secondary eyes, and may enable faster movement decisions. I also showed that the tiny posterior
median eye is connected to a first-order visual neuropil which in turn connects to the arcuate body
(a higher-order neuropil), and is thus not vestigial as suggested before. Subsequent studies should
focus on exploring the function of the posterior median eyes in different jumping spider species,
Foraging behavior, neuroanatomy, and neuroplasticity in cursorial and stationary hunting spiders
as they show considerable inter-specific size differences that may be correlated with a differing
connectivity in the brain.
In chapter 3, I described all neuropils and major tracts in the CNS of two stationary (Argiope
bruennichi and Parasteatoda tepidariorum) and two cursorial hunting spiders (Pardosa amentata
and M. muscosa). I found major differences in the visual systems of the secondary eyes between
cursorial and stationary hunting spiders, but also within the groups. A. bruennichi has specialized
retinula cells in two of the secondary eyes, which connect to different higher-order neuropils. P.
tepidariorum has only a single visual neuropil connected to all secondary eyes, and lacks
recognizable mushroom bodies. The neuroanatomy of CNS areas that process mechanosensory
information on the other hand, is remarkably similar between cursorial and stationary hunting
species. This suggests that the same major circuits are used for the processing of mechanosensory
information in both cursorial and stationary hunting spiders. Future studies on functional aspects
of sensory processing in spiders can build on the findings of our study.
In chapter 4, I found that developmental neuroplasticity in response to sensory input differs
between a cursorial (M. muscosa) and a stationary hunting spider (P. tepidariorum). While
deprivation of sensory input leads to a volume increase in several visual and mechanosensory
neuropils M. muscosa, neither sensory deprivation nor sensory enrichment had an effect on the
volume of neuropils in P. tepidariorum. However, exposure to mechanical cues during
development had an effect on the allometric scaling slope of the leg neuropils in both M. muscosa
and P. tepidariorum. Future studies should focus on the genetic and cellular basis of
developmental neuroplasticity in response to sensory input in order to explain the observed
patterns.
Neural characteristics of verbal creativity as assessed by word generation tasks have been recently identified, but differences in resting-state functional connectivity (rFC) between experts and non-experts in creative writing have not been reported yet. Previous electroencephalography (EEG) coherence measures during rest demonstrated a decreased cooperation between brain areas in association with creative thinking ability. Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare 20 experts in creative writing and 23 age-matched non-experts with respect to rFC strengths within a brain network previously found to be associated with creative writing. Decreased rFC for experts was found between areas 44 of both hemispheres. Increased rFC for experts was observed between right hemispheric caudate and intraparietal sulcus. Correlation analysis of verbal creativity indices (VCIs) with rFC values in the expert group revealed predominantly negative associations, particularly of rFC between left area 44 and left temporal pole. Overall, our data support previous findings of reduced connectivity between interhemispheric areas and increased right-hemispheric connectivity during rest in highly verbally creative individuals.
Niemann–Pick type C1 (NPC1) is a lysosomal storage disorder, inherited as an
autosomal-recessive trait. Mutations in the Npc1 gene result in malfunction of the NPC1 protein,
leading to an accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. Beside visceral
symptoms like hepatosplenomegaly, severe neurological symptoms such as ataxia occur. Here,
we analyzed the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor (S1PR) axis in different brain regions
of Npc1−/− mice and evaluated specific effects of treatment with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
(HPβCD) together with the iminosugar miglustat. Using high-performance thin-layer chromatography
(HPTLC), mass spectrometry, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses, we
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4502; doi:10.3390/ijms21124502 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4502 2 of 31
studied lipid metabolism in an NPC1 mouse model and human skin fibroblasts. Lipid analyses
showed disrupted S1P metabolism in Npc1−/− mice in all brain regions, together with distinct changes
in S1pr3/S1PR3 and S1pr5/S1PR5 expression. Brains of Npc1−/− mice showed only weak treatment
effects. However, side effects of the treatment were observed in Npc1+/+ mice. The S1P/S1PR axis
seems to be involved in NPC1 pathology, showing only weak treatment effects in mouse brain. S1pr
expression appears to be affected in human fibroblasts, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived
neural progenitor and neuronal differentiated cells. Nevertheless, treatment-induced side effects
make examination of further treatment strategies indispensable
Der Schlaganfall ist nach Herz- und Krebsleiden die dritthäufigste Todesursache in den westlichen Industrieländern und einer der Hauptgründe für eine permanente Behinderung. Ein entscheidender Faktor in der Therapie des akuten ischämischen Schlaganfalls ist die Rekanalisation des Gefäßverschlusses. Endovaskuläre Therapieverfahren, sowohl medikamentöse als auch mechanische, spielen eine immer bedeutendere Rolle. Es gibt keinen Konsens darüber, ob für solche Intervention eine Intubationsnarkose (ITN) notwendig ist oder eine lokale Anästhesie (LA) im Zugangsbereich erfolgen sollte. Ziel der Studie war es, die Durchführbarkeit der lokalen Schlaganfalltherapie unter lokaler Anästhesie zu evaluieren. Über einen Zeitraum von fünf Jahren wurden 131 Patienten mit einem akut ischämischen Schlaganfall eingeschlossen. Die endovaskuläre Therapie erfolgte als lokale intraarterielle Thrombolyse, als primäre mechanische Rekanalisation oder als Kombinationstherapie. Die systematische Auswertung erfolgte retrospektiv hinsichtlich Rekanalisationsrate, primärem anästhesiologischem Vorgehen, Konversion von lokaler Anästhesie zu Intubationsnarkose, neurologischem Outcome sowie postinterventionellen Komplikationen. Von den 124 Patienten (mittleres Alter 68,8 ± 14,6) waren 65 weiblich (52,4 %) und 59 (47,6 %) männlich. Der Verschluss lag bei 94 Patienten (75,8 %) im vorderen, bei 30 Patienten (24,4 %) im hinteren Stromgebiet. 105 Patienten (84,7 %) wurden in lokaler Anästhesie, 16 Patienten (12,9 %) primär in ITN behandelt. In 3 Fällen (2,4 %) erfolgte eine Konversion von LA in ITN. Eine primäre Lyse bzw. mechanische Rekanalisation erfolgte bei 60 (48,4 %) bzw. 27 (21,8 %) Patienten, in 37 Fällen (29,8 %) erfolgte eine Kombination beider Verfahren. Zwischen der LA- und ITN-Gruppe bestand weder hinsichtlich Rekanalisationsrate noch peri- oder postinterventionellen Komplikationen ein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied. Das finale Infarktvolumen war bei Behandlung in Lokalanästhesie signifikant kleiner (p = 0.024). Lokal rekanalisierende Verfahren in der Therapie des akut ischämischen Schlaganfalls sind unter lokaler Anästhesie und bedarfsweiser Analgosedierung mit niedrigem Risikoprofil möglich und scheinen zu einem geringeren Infarktvolumen und besserem klinischen und radiologischem Outcome zu führen.
Diese Dissertation handelt von den zerebralen Repräsentationen des professionellen Kreativen Schreibens. Mit einem neuen Paradigma, bestehend aus verschiedenen Schreibphasen („Nachdenken“ und „Kreatives Schreiben“; „Lesen“ und „Abschreiben“ als Kontrollbedingungen), wurde das Kreative Schreiben eines literarischen Textes möglichst wirklichkeitsnah in einem Setting der funktionellen Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT) ermöglicht. Damit wurden 20 professionell ausgebildete Studenten des Kreativen Schreibens (Expertengruppe) untersucht und mit 28 ungeübten Probanden (Kontrollgruppe) verglichen. Zudem wurden Analysen zur funktionellen Resting-State-Konnektivität (rFC) durchgeführt. Die Expertengruppe aktivierte beim „Nachdenken“ vermehrt zerebrale Areale, die mit der Sprachproduktion (rechtes Putamen, rechte posteriore Insel, prä- und supplementär-motorische Areale) assoziiert sind. Beim „Kreativen Schreiben“ unterschieden sich die Experten von den Ungeübten durch eine verstärkte Aktivierung eines linksseitigen fronto-striatalen Netzwerkes (medialer präfrontaler Kortex, dorsolateraler präfrontaler Kortex und linker Nucleus caudatus). Dies deutet auf eine höhere Arbeitsgedächtnisleistung und kognitive Kontrolle bei den Experten hin und legt auch eine bessere Verarbeitung der Schreibfertigkeiten durch automatisierte Prozesse nahe. Dagegen waren bei den Ungeübten verstärkt die okzipitalen Regionen des primären visuellen Kortex involviert, was erhöhte visuelle Wahrnehmungsprozesse anzeigt. Die Expertengruppe wies eine reduzierte links- und interhemisphärische rFC (vor allem BA 44 links) und eine erhöhte rFC im rechten Nucleus caudatus auf, so dass wiederum die Expertise im Umgang mit verbalen Informationen betont wird. Die kreative Leistung wurde mittels einer qualitativen Beurteilung der Schriftstücke und eines standardisierten verbalen Kreativitätstestes gemessen und korrelierte positiv mit der Schreiberfahrung. Insgesamt stellen diese Ergebnisse einen ersten Schritt zur Erforschung erfahrungsbedingter Veränderungen im Gehirn beim Kreativen Schreiben dar, die auch mit einer besseren kreativen Ausdrucksfähigkeit einhergehen. Dieser kumulativen Dissertation liegen drei Peer-Review-Artikel zugrunde, die in renommierten, neurowissenschaftlichen Journalen veröffentlicht worden sind.