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Abstract
Nanoscale multilayer thin films of W and PC (Polycarbonate) show, due to the great difference of the components’ characteristics, fascinating properties for a variety of possible applications and provide an interesting research field, but are hard to fabricate with low layer thicknesses. Because of the great acoustic mismatch between the two materials, such nanoscale structures are promising candidates for new phononic materials, where phonon propagation is strongly reduced. In this article we show for the first time that W/PC-multilayers can indeed be grown with high quality by pulsed laser deposition. We analyzed the polymer properties depending on the laser fluence used for deposition, which enabled us to find best experimental conditions for the fabrication of high-acoustic-mismatch W/PC multilayers. The multilayers were analyzed by fs pump-probe spectroscopy showing that phonon dynamics on the ps time-scale can strongly be tailored by structural design. While already periodic multilayers exhibit strong phonon localization, especially aperiodic structures present outstandingly low phonon propagation properties making such 1D-layered W/PC nano-structures interesting for new phononic applications.
Editorial
(2016)
Zerstückte Laufbahn
(2016)
Karl Philipp Moritz’ Roman Anton Reiser (1785–1790) schildert die Laufbahn
seines Titelhelden.1 Trotz aller Bewegungsmetaphorik, die bereits in dessen Namen eingetragen ist, erscheint diese – der zeitgenössischen Semantik entsprechend2 – dabei zumindest nicht als rein linearer Prozess: Reisers Laufbahn ist
nämlich nicht nur durch progredierende, sondern auch durch zirkuläre, retardie
The antigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is expressed on platelet factor 4 (PF4) when PF4 complexes with polyanions. In recent years, biophysical tools (e.g. circular dichroism spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, x-ray crystallography, electron microscopy) have gained an important role to complement immunological and functional assays for better understanding the interaction of heparin with PF4. This allowed identification of those features that make PF4 immunogenic (e.g. a certain conformational change induced by the polyanion, a threshold energy of the complexes, the existence of multimeric complexes, a certain number of bonds formed by PF4 with the polyanion) and to characterize the morphology and thermal stability of complexes formed by the protein with polyanions. These findings and methods can now be applied to test new drugs for their potential to induce the HIT-like adverse drug effect by preclinical in vitro testing. The methods and techniques applied to characterize the antigen in HIT may also be helpful to better understand the mechanisms underlying other antibody-mediated disorders in thrombosis and hemostasis (e.g. acquired hemophilia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura). Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms making the endogenous protein PF4 immunogenic may help to understand the mechanisms underlying other autoimmune disorders.
Little is known about mechanics underlying the interaction among platelets during activation and aggregation. Although the strength of a blood thrombus has likely major biological importance, no
previous study has measured directly the adhesion forces of single platelet-platelet interaction at different activation states. Here, we filled this void first, by minimizing surface mediated plateletactivation and second, by generating a strong adhesion force between a single platelet and an AFM cantilever, preventing early platelet detachment. We applied our setup to measure rupture forces between two platelets using different platelet activation states, and blockade of platelet receptors. The rupture force was found to increase proportionally to the degree of platelet activation, but reduced with blockade of specific platelet receptors. Quantification of single platelet-platelet interaction provides major perspectives for testing and improving biocompatibility of new materials; quantifying the effect of drugs on platelet function; and assessing the mechanical characteristics of acquired/inherited platelet
defects.
Im Rahmen eines assoziierten Projektes zur Study of Health in Pomerania wurde die Lage des Auges in der Orbita bestimmt. Wir arbeiteten dabei mit der Probandenkohorte SHIP-Trend. Insgesamt standen MRT-Datensätze von 2152 Probanden zu Verfügung. Die Daten lagen im DICOM-Format vor. Für die Bildauswertung nutzten wir den DICOM-Betrachter OsiriX (v3.9.2, 32-bit). Da eine große Achsenlänge des Sehorgans einen Exophthalmus vortäuschen kann, bestimmten wir neben der Lage des Bulbus oculi jeweils auch die Bulbusachsenlänge. Die Messung der Bulbusachsenlänge erfolgte ebenfalls anhand der MRT-Aufnahmen. Anschließend konnten die Messwerte auf eine Assoziation mit diversen weiteren gesundheitsbezogenen Parametern überprüft werden. Die transversale T1-gewichtete MRT-Serie mit einer Voxelgröße von 1mm x 1mm x 1mm erwies sich für die Datenerhebung als am besten geeignet. Die Messungen wurden an derjenigen Bildebene durchgeführt, in der das Auge die größte Ausdehnung aufwies und sowohl der Hornhautscheitel als auch der Sehnervenkopf am Bulbus oculi dargestellt waren. Da es sich bei geschlossenen Augenlidern oftmals schwierig gestaltete, den äußeren Rand der Hornhaut auf den radiologischen Schnittbildern zweifelsfrei zu erkennen, nutzten wir die Rückseite der Kornea als Bezugspunkt für unsere Messungen. Die Bulbusachsenlänge war durch eine Strecke definiert, die von der Rückseite der Kornea bis zum Krümmungsmittelpunkt am posterioren Pol des Bulbus oculi reichte. Für die Lageermittlung des Sehorgans wurden zwei verschiedenen Vorgehensweisen angewandt. Zunächst führten wir eine Verbindungslinie zwischen den seitlichen Begrenzungen beider Augenhöhlen (interzygomatische Linie) ein. Die vordere Exophthalmometrie beschrieb die Lage des Augapfels durch den senkrechten Abstand der interzygomatischen Linie von der Rückseite der Hornhaut. Die Messstrecke musste dabei auf Höhe des Hornhautapex liegen. Die hintere Exophthalmometrie war durch eine Strecke definiert, die sich zwischen der interzygomatischen Linie und dem posterioren Augenpol ausdehnte.
Insgesamt konnten die Messdaten von 1808 Probanden in die darauffolgende statistische Analyse übernommen werden. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 51,5 Jahre. In der vorderen Exophthalmometrie unterschieden sich die Mittelwerte beider Geschlechter signifikant (m.: r.: 16,4mm, l.: 16,3mm/w.: r.: 15,2mm, l.: 15,0mm). Auch bei der hinteren Exophthalmometrie ergaben sich geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede (m.: rechts: 6,7mm, links: 6,8mm / w.: rechts: 7,3mm, links 7,4mm). Zwischen dem rechten und linken Auge war für keinen Parameter ein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied zu beobachten. Demgegenüber beeinflusst die Bulbusachsenlänge das Hervorstehen der Augen sehr wohl (p<0,001). Um einen Pseudoexophthalmus zukünftig sicher von einem Exophthalmus mit Krankheitswert unterscheiden zu können, führten wir einen Quotient aus dem Ergebnis der vorderen Exophthalmometrie und der Bulbusachsenlänge eines Auges ein (Quotient Ex/Al). Darüber hinaus besteht ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem BMI eines Menschen und der individuellen Position des Auges innerhalb der Orbita. Studienteilnehmer mit einem BMI >30kg/m² wiesen im Vergleich zu Studienteilnehmern mit einem BMI <25kg/m² im Mittel eine rund 2 mm höhere Protrusion des Bulbus oculi auf. Mit dem gewählten Auswertungsalgorithmus konnte erstmals veranschaulicht werden, dass der Einfluss des BMI unabhängig von der Bulbusachsenlänge, dem Alter und Geschlecht besteht. Ebenso fand sich ein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Taillen- bzw. Hüftumfang und der Augenposition. Steigt der Taillen- bzw. Hüftumfang um einen Zentimeter geht das mit einer Vorverlagerung des Bulbus oculi um 0,05 Millimeter einher. Die Körpergröße hatte innerhalb unserer Untersuchung keine Auswirkung auf die Position des Augapfels. Vielmehr war die Körpergröße mit der Bulbusachsenlänge der Probanden assoziiert. Die Zunahme der Körpergröße um einen Zentimeter ging mit einer rund 0,03 mm höheren Achsenlänge des Sehorgans einher. Innerhalb der Kohorte war eine gewisse Altersabhängigkeit der Bulbusachsenlänge zu beobachten. Im hohen Probandenalter nahm die Achsenlänge ab (0,008 mm/Jahr). Auch die Exophthalmometrie ließ Alterskorrelationen erkennen. Das Hervorstehen der Augen nahm bis zu einem Probandenalter von 50 Jahren zu, um anschließend auf einem Plateau zu verweilen. Als besondere Beobachtung fällt jedoch auf, dass die Resultate der hinteren Exophthalmometrie bei den über 70-Jährigen wieder ansteigen, während die Ergebnisse der vorderen Exophthalmometrie nahezu unverändert bleiben. Die statistische Analyse konnte keinen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen Schilddrüsenparametern und der Lage des Sehorgans aufzeigen. Für diesen Zweck wurden Interviewdaten, Sonografiebefunde der Schilddrüse sowie die TSH- und Anti-TPO-Konzentration im Blutplasma ausgewertet.
Editorial
(2016)
Ausbildung des Charakters
(2016)
Zerstückte Laufbahn
(2016)
High-Frequency Binaural Beats Increase Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence from Dual-Task Crosstalk
(2016)
Increasing evidence suggests that cognitive-control processes can be configured to optimize either persistence of information processing (by amplifying competition between decision-making alternatives and top-down biasing of this competition) or flexibility (by dampening competition and biasing). We investigated whether high-frequency binaural beats, an auditory illusion suspected to act as a cognitive enhancer, have an impact on cognitive-control configuration. We hypothesized that binaural beats in the gamma range bias the cognitive-control style toward flexibility, which in turn should increase the crosstalk between tasks in a dual-task paradigm. We replicated earlier findings that the reaction time in the first-performed task is sensitive to the compatibility between the responses in the first and the second task—an indication of crosstalk. As predicted, exposing participants to binaural beats in the gamma range increased this effect as compared to a control condition in which participants were exposed to a continuous tone of 340 Hz. These findings provide converging evidence that the cognitive-control style can be systematically biased by inducing particular internal states; that high-frequency binaural beats bias the control style toward more flexibility; and that different styles are implemented by changing the strength of local competition and top-down bias.
This multi-methodological study applied functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neural activation in a group of adolescent students (N = 88) during a probabilistic reinforcement learning task. We related patterns of emerging brain activity and individual learning rates to socio-motivational (in-)dependence manifested in four different motivation types (MTs): (1) peer-dependent MT, (2) teacher-dependent MT, (3) peer-and-teacher-dependent MT, (4) peer-and-teacher-independent MT. A multinomial regression analysis revealed that the individual learning rate predicts students’ membership to the independent MT, or the peer-and-teacher-dependent MT. Additionally, the striatum, a brain region associated with behavioral adaptation and flexibility, showed increased learning-related activation in students with motivational independence. Moreover, the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in behavioral control, was more active in students of the peer-and-teacher-dependent MT. Overall, this study offers new insights into the interplay of motivation and learning with (1) a focus on inter-individual differences in the role of peers and teachers as source of students’ individual motivation and (2) its potential neurobiological basis.
Observed recent and expected future increases in frequency and intensity of climatic extremes in central Europe may pose critical challenges for domestic tree species. Continuous dendrometer recordings provide a valuable source of information on tree stem radius variations, offering the possibility to study a tree's response to environmental influences at a high temporal resolution. In this study, we analyze stem radius variations (SRV) of three domestic tree species (beech, oak, and pine) from 2012 to 2014. We use the novel statistical approach of event coincidence analysis (ECA) to investigate the simultaneous occurrence of extreme daily weather conditions and extreme SRVs, where extremes are defined with respect to the common values at a given phase of the annual growth period. Besides defining extreme events based on individual meteorological variables, we additionally introduce conditional and joint ECA as new multivariate extensions of the original methodology and apply them for testing 105 different combinations of variables regarding their impact on SRV extremes. Our results reveal a strong susceptibility of all three species to the extremes of several meteorological variables. Yet, the inter-species differences regarding their response to the meteorological extremes are comparatively low. The obtained results provide a thorough extension of previous correlation-based studies by emphasizing on the timings of climatic extremes only. We suggest that the employed methodological approach should be further promoted in forest research regarding the investigation of tree responses to changing environmental conditions.
Connectivity-Based Predictions of Hand Motor Outcome for Patients at the Subacute Stage After Stroke
(2016)
Background: Connectivity-based predictions of hand motor outcome have been proposed to be useful in stroke patients. We intended to assess the prognostic value of different imaging methods on short-term (3 months) and long-term (6 months) motor outcome after stroke.
Methods: We measured resting state functional connectivity (rsFC), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and grip strength in 19 stroke patients within the first days (5–9 days) after stroke. Outcome measurements for short-term (3 months) and long-term (6 months) motor function was assessed by the Motricity Index (MI) of the upper limb and the box and block test (BB). Patients were predominantly mildly affected since signed consent was necessary at inclusion. We performed a multiple stepwise regression analysis to compare the predictive value of rsFC, DWI and clinical measurements.
Results: Patients showed relevant improvement in both motor outcome tests. As expected grip strength at inclusion was a predictor for short- and long-term motor outcome as assessed by MI. Diffusion-based tract volume (DTV) of the tracts between ipsilesional primary motor cortex and contralesional anterior cerebellar hemisphere showed a strong trend (p = 0.05) for a predictive power for long-term motor outcome as measured by MI. DTV of the interhemispheric tracts between both primary motor cortices was predictive for both short- and long-term motor outcome in BB. rsFC was not associated with motor outcome.
Conclusions: Grip strength is a good predictor of hand motor outcome concerning strength-related measurements (MI) for mildly affected subacute patients. Therefore additional connectivity measurements seem to be redundant in this group. Using more complex movement recruiting bilateral motor areas as an outcome parameter, DTV and in particular interhemispheric pathways might enhance predictive value of hand motor outcome.
Induction of Central Host Signaling Kinases during Pneumococcal Infection of Human THP-1 Cells
(2016)
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a widespread colonizer of the mucosal epithelia of the upper respiratory tract of human. However, pneumococci are also responsible for numerous local as well as severe systemic infections, especially in children under the age of five and the elderly. Under certain conditions, pneumococci are able to conquer the epithelial barrier, which can lead to a dissemination of the bacteria into underlying tissues and the bloodstream. Here, specialized macrophages represent an essential part of the innate immune system against bacterial intruders. Recognition of the bacteria through different receptors on the surface of macrophages leads thereby to an uptake and elimination of bacteria. Accompanied cytokine release triggers the migration of leukocytes from peripheral blood to the site of infection, where monocytes differentiate into mature macrophages. The rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton during phagocytosis, resulting in the engulfment of bacteria, is thereby tightly regulated by receptor-mediated phosphorylation cascades of different protein kinases. The molecular cellular processes including the modulation of central protein kinases are only partially solved. In this study, the human monocytic THP-1 cell line was used as a model system to examine the activation of Fcγ and complement receptor-independent signal cascades during infection with S. pneumoniae. Pneumococci cultured either in chemically defined or complex medium showed no significant differences in pneumococcal phagocytosis by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) differentiated THP-1 cells. Double immuno-fluorescence microscopy and antibiotic protection assays demonstrated a time-dependent uptake and killing of S. pneumoniae 35A inside of macrophages. Infections of THP-1 cells in the presence of specific pharmacological inhibitors revealed a crucial role of actin polymerization and importance of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Protein kinase B (Akt) as well during bacterial uptake. The participation of essential host cell signaling kinases in pneumococcal phagocytosis was deciphered for the kinase Akt, ERK1/2, and p38 and phosphoimmunoblots showed an increased phosphorylation and thus activation upon infection with pneumococci. Taken together, this study deciphers host cell kinases in innate immune cells that are induced upon infection with pneumococci and interfere with bacterial clearance after phagocytosis.
This paper reviews the first part of the outcomes of the ORCA Saturday Afternoon Symposium 2014 dealing with ‘caries epidemiology and community dentistry: chances for future improvements in caries risk groups'. After the caries decline in many countries, there are remaining pockets of higher caries levels, mostly in the primary dentition and/or linked to a low socio-economic status (SES). The review into the evidence of caries-preventive measures clearly points to the use of fluorides, especially toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste and collective measures such as water fluoridation. In contrast to several unsuccessful high-risk approaches, community and public health programmes seem to be able to ensure a population-wide access and compliance in risk groups. Their simple and evidence-based measures mostly combine regular plaque removal and fluoride applications via toothbrushing, at least for children and adolescents. For the future, the common risk factor approach which addresses associations between oral health, social deprivation, diet, hygiene, smoking, alcohol use and stress should lead to combined efforts with other community health and education specialists. Further engagement with public policy, community leaders and administration is needed in order to strengthen healthy choices and behaviour, e.g. in ‘healthy' schools and kindergartens. It seems advisable that these population programmes also aim at improving upstream factors.